臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

土番鴨為台灣肉鴨之大宗，是番鴨與白色菜鴨屬間雜交而來，其羽色變異大，鑑於白色羽毛土番鴨可以增加屠體美觀與提高羽毛價值，因此改良土番鴨羽色是很重要的。酪胺酸酶 (tyrosinase, TYR)、酪胺酸酶相關蛋白一 (tyrosinase-related protein 1, TYRP1) 及相關蛋白二 (tyrosinase-related protein 2, TYRP2) 在黑色素生成上扮演關鍵之角色，本試驗之目的為探討TYR基因、TYRP1基因及TYRP2基因多型性與白色菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色之關係，並探討羽色相關基因之多型性交互作用對白色菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色之影響。試驗分析兩個白色菜鴨族群，分別為保種族群與選拔族群，後者因長期選拔羽色因此與保種族群之遺傳組成迥異。首先利用DNA定序尋找TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因之單一核苷酸多型性 (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) ，再應用RFLP測定兩族群白色菜鴨與其後裔土番鴨之基因型，並分析其與後裔土番鴨羽色之關係。試驗結果顯示，在兩白色菜鴨族群之TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因共有12個SNP，其中TYRP1基因之c.876A>G與TYRP2基因之c.314G>A、c.726G>A為錯義SNP，經卡方獨立性分析確認TYRP2基因c.314G>A與白色菜鴨選拔與否具有顯著關聯性(P<0.05)。本試驗進一步分析兩白色菜鴨族群後裔土番鴨之基因型，TYRP2基因 c.314多型性與保種族群後裔土番鴨黑色羽毛分佈具有顯著關聯性 (P < 0.05)，顯示白色菜鴨TYRP2基因c.314 G>A與菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色有關。本試驗進一步將MC1R基因 c.376A>G與EDNRB2基因 c.995G>A聯合TYRP2基因c.314G>A進行交互作用分析，保種族群白色菜鴨TYRP2、MC1R與EDNRB2基因分別為AG型、AA型與AA型，其後裔土番鴨羽色最白，等級為5.25 ± 1.5，且MC1R基因與EDNRB2基因可能對TYRP2基因有上位作用。綜上所述，TYRP2基因c.314 G>A與菜鴨後裔土番鴨確實具有關聯性，為土番鴨親代育種選拔之分子指標。

The mule ducks are common meat duck breed in Taiwan, which is bred by crossing the white Tsaiya ducks and Muscovy drakes. Plumage color of mule ducks is variable. It possesses the white plumage color in the fine carcass and increases the value of feather. So improving the plumage color of mule ducks is important. Studies showed tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) played the key rules in melanogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms of TYR, TYRP1 and TYRP2 genes, analyze the association between polymorphisms and plumage color in mule ducks derived from white Tsaiya ducks and to explore the effects of polymorphisms’ interactions in candidate genes on the plumage color. Two populations of conserved and selected white Tsaiya ducks were analyzed in these tests. The latter population was highly selected for plumage color and possessed different genetic compositions with conserved white Tsaiya ducks. We sequenced the entire coding regions in candidate genes to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We applied restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to verify SNP in two populations and associate with plumage color in mule ducks. 12 SNPs were found in the TYR, TYRP1 and TYRP2 genes, respectively. The non-synonymous SNPs were c.876A>G in TYRP1 and c.314G>A, c.726G>A in the TYRP2. One nsSNP (c.314G>A) was significantly associated with selection of plumage color in white Tsaiya ducks by using chi-square analysis (P<0.05) and associated with the plumage color of mule ducks derived from white Tsaiya ducks. The experiment further explored the effects of polymorphisms’ interactions in MC1R gene c.376A>G and EDNRB2 gene c.995G>A combined with TYRP2 gene c.314G>A. In the conserved white Tsaiya ducks, TYRP2, MC1R, and EDNRB2 genes were AG, AA and AA type, respectively. The plumage color of mule ducks was the whitest and the color grading was 5.25 ± 1.5. MC1R and EDNRB2 gene may have an epistatic effect on the TYRP2 gene. In summary, TYRP2 gene c.314 G>A was associated with the mule ducks derived from white Tsaiya ducks and it can be used as a molecular indicator for the selection of the mule duck’s parents.

目錄
中文摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻探討 2
一、 台灣養鴨產業現況 2
二、 台灣主要鴨隻種類與特徵 2
（一） 家鴨屬 2
（二） 棲鴨屬 7
（三） 雜交品系 8
三、 家鴨羽色基因型研究 10
四、 番鴨羽色基因型研究 21
五、 改善土番鴨白色羽毛出現率 24
六、 家禽黑色素基因研究 27
（一）禽類黑色素生成 27
（二）家禽羽色相關基因 33
參、 材料與方法 39
一、 試驗樣品來源 39
二、 核酸萃取方法 39
（一） 血液核酸萃取 39
（二） 組織核酸萃取 39
（三） Genomic DNA品質測定 41
三、 基因定序分析 41
（一） 基因分析 41
（二） PCR條件 42
（三） PCR產物純化 42
（四） 目標基因定序 47
（五） 不同鳥禽類目標基因之同質性分析 47
四、 基因分型 47
（一） 限制片段長度多型性 (restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP) 47
（二） 擴增創造限制酵素切位法 (amplification-created restriction site, ACRS) 47
五、 配種試驗 50
六、 羽色相關基因多型性關聯性分析 50
七、 統計分析 50
肆、 結果 52
一、 白色菜鴨之TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因序列分析 52
（一） TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因之PCR增幅 52
（二） 不同鳥禽類目標基因之同質性分析 52
二、 白色菜鴨TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因多型性 56
（一） TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2之基因多型性 56
（二） 建立PCR-RFLP分析TYRP2基因多型性 61
（三） 建立ACRS分析TYRP1、TYRP2基因多型性 61
三、 土番鴨親代白色菜鴨TYRP1與TYRP2基因之多型性 65
（一） TYRP1基因c.876 A>G之多型性 65
（二） TYRP2基因c.314 G>A與c.726 G>A之多型性 65
四、 TYRP2 C.314基因多型性與白色菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色之關係 69
（一） 白色菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色鑑定 69
（二） TYRP2基因c.314 G>A之多型性對白色菜鴨後裔土番鴨羽色之影響 69
五、 TYRP2、MC1R與EDNRB2基因多型性之關聯性分析 72
伍、 討論 76
一、 白色菜鴨TYR、TYRP1與TYRP2基因多型性比較 76
二、 白色菜鴨TYRP2基因多型性與後裔土番鴨羽色之關係 78
三、 白色菜鴨保種與選拔族群後裔土番鴨數量差異 79
四、 白色菜鴨TYRP2、MC1R與EDNRB2基因多型性之交互作用與土番鴨羽色之關係 80
五、 羽色相關基因座與鴨羽色之關係 81
陸、 結論 83
柒、 參考文獻 84

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