臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii) 為一好氧非葡萄糖發酵革蘭氏陰性球桿菌，廣泛存在於自然的環境，在乾燥環境中可存活長達13天，甚至於超過2星期，此特性使其得以長期存在醫院內乾燥或潮濕的環境中，而成為重要的伺機性致病菌。由於鮑氏不動桿菌很容易產生具抗藥性的新菌株,近年發現許多多重抗藥性菌株，只能藉由多種抗生素合併使用治療。
對於鮑氏不動桿菌的伺機性感染，目前有許多相關研究探討，多數以肺部與傷口感染，然而我們的實驗設計為小鼠動物模式: 從醫院菌血症病患分離出多重抗藥菌株(MDRAB)經培養經由腹腔注射，以109 CFU注射3小時後，抽血做血液抹片染色及細菌培養呈現陽性；犧牲小鼠取部分肝、脾及腎三種器官均質化做細菌培養也呈現陽性反應，顯示早期即產生菌血及可能形成全身性器官感染，其24小時死亡率達100 %。注射低107 CFU，不同時間抽血做抹片染色及細菌培養，在 12小時後有2/3呈現陽性，於24小時後則為陰性；任何時間點取肝、脾及腎三種器官均質化做細菌培養皆呈現陰性，顯示107 CFU需較長時間才會產生菌血但不會形成全身性器官感染，在 24 小時死亡率為 0 %。在小鼠的白血球計數上其結果在注射細菌3小時後，白血球總量下降至2000/mm3 (正常4000-5000/mm3) ，但是在下降白血球總量中之嗜中性球比例卻明顯增加到30%以上，而淋巴球之比例則下降至小於80 % 。另外組織切片染色在109 CFU注射下，肝、脾及腎臟則都有大量嗜中性球浸潤，6-12小時後肝臟與腎臟充血，同時產生肝臟與脾臟膿腫現象。尤其在組織方面某些的變異,是其他老鼠模式動物試驗較少提及。我們也測量細菌注射後3-12小時血液中細胞激素TNF-α以及IL-1β之量的變化，呈現出TNF-α以及IL-1β都有很顯著的增加並與注射菌量呈正向關係。另外發現細菌由腹腔注射後，發現也會導致小鼠腹瀉與鼻腔出血。因此本研究以腹腔注射抗藥性鮑氏不動桿菌，的確可引發菌血，並造成血液白血球量的改變，器官細菌與白血球的浸潤，而細胞激素也明顯的增加。所以我們在此建構的小鼠感染動物模式，有助於此菌感染機制之後續探討和研究。

Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) is an aerobic, non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacillus and distributed widespread in the natural environment, could survival in a dry environment for up to 13 days, even longer than 2 weeks. AB can persistently living in dry or moist hospital environment in this special characteristic become an important opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. AB is easily produced a new antibiotic resistant strain in recent years and many multiple-resistant strains are emerged, and the only treatment method is antibiotics combination therapy. The past researches for opportunistic infection of AB were focused on the infections from lung or wound. However, our experimental design is in mouse model: multi-resistant strains (MDRAB) isolated from the hospital patients. 109 CFU of bacteria are injected by intra-peritoneal, mice were sacrificed after 3 hours then blood smear staining and bacterial cultures were all positive. The bacterial cultures of homogeneous liquids from liver, spleen or kidney were also positive. These results indicated that the production of bacteremia was in early stages to induce systemic infection and the mortality rate reached 100% after 24 hours. The blood smear staining and bacterial culture were two-thirds positive under the injection of 107 CFU after 12 hours, but the results were negative after 24 hours. The bacterial cultures of homogeneous liquids from liver, spleen or kidney were negative in any periods, indicating the inoculation of 107 CFU required longer duration to produce bacteremia, and the death was 0 % after 24 hrs showed would not form the systemic infection. The WBC counts were less than 2000/mm3 (normal 4000-5000/mm3) after 3 hours MDRAB injection. However, the ratios of neutrophils were significantly increased above 30%. The ratio of lymphocytes decreased to below 80% in low concentrations treatment. Usage of tissue biopsy stain, the liver, spleen and kidneys were infiltrated by large number of neutrophils, liver and spleen was congested after 6-12 hours and liver and spleen displayed abscess (abscess) phenomenon under high bacteria concentration treatment. In particular, some of variations for tissue biopsy are not mentioned by other mice model studies. We also measured the production of the cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β from blood after bacteria infection. The productions of TNF-α and IL-1β showed a positive relationship to the dose of injection. However, the productions were beginning decline after injection for 12 hours. The results also showed that multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lead to diarrhea and nasal bleeding. Thus, mice injected MDRAB by intraperitoneal actually induced bacteremia, change the amount of WBC in blood. The organs infiltrated by bacteria and WBC. The productions of cytokines were also increased significantly. Therefore, the injection of MDRAB in mice model could benefit for future investigation and research on the infection mechanism.

致謝...................................................................................................................I
中文摘要............................................................................................................III
英文摘要............................................................................................................V
目錄....................................................................................................................VII
表目錄................................................................................................................IX
圖目錄................................................................................................................X
縮寫字................................................................................................................XII
緒論
第一章 背景介紹..............................................................................................1
1.1 鮑氏不動.....................................................................................................1
1.2 發炎反應.....................................................................................................4
1.3 研究目的.....................................................................................................9
第二章 實驗材料與方法………………………………………………………11
1. 鮑氏不動桿菌之處理
1.1 菌株篩選分離……………………………………………………………11
1.2 動物試驗菌液的配製……………………………………………………12
1.3 細菌蠟塊製作……………………………………………………………12
VIII
2.動物處理
2.1 動物之細菌注射………………………………………………………13
2.2 血液分析………………………………………………………………13
2.3 組織切片………………………………………………………………14
2.4染色
2.4.1脫蠟…………………………………………………………………14
2.4.2 H-E 染色(Hematoxylin-eosin stain)……………………15
2.4.3 Gram stain革蘭氏染色………………………………………15
2.4.4 Liu stain劉氏染色……………………………………………15
2.5 閲片…………………………………………………………………16
2.6器官組織均質化處理…………………………………………………16
3. 細胞激素的測定………………………………………………………17
4. 統計分析………………………………………………………………18
第三章實驗結果……………………………………………………………………………19
第四章 討論…………………………………………………………………29
第五章 表……………………………………………………………………36
第六章 圖……………………………………………………………………38
第七章 參考文獻……………………………………………………………59
第八章 附錄…………………………………………………………………65

1. Afzal-Shah M, Livermore DM. (1998) Worldwide emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41:576-577
2. Aharon Abbo, Navon-Venezia, Shiri, Orly Hammer-Muntz, Tami Krichali, Yardena Siegman-Igra, Yehuda Carmeli. 2005. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11:22-8
3. American Thoracic Society. 2005. Guidelines for the management of adult with hospitalacquired, ventilator-associated and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 171:388–416
4. Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS. 2000. Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 4:1818~1824
5. Aşık G. 2011. Current approaches to explain the virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. Mikrobiyol Bul. 45(2):371-80
6. Bayuga Sharon , Zeana Cosmina , Sahni Jyoti , Della-Latta Phyllis , El-Sadr Wafaa , Larson Elaine. 2002. Prevalence and antimicrobial patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii on hands and nares of hospital personnel and patients: The iceberg phenomenon again . Heart & lung. 31: 382-390
7. Beenken KE, Dunman PM, McAleese F, et al, 2004. Global gene expression in Staphlococcus aureus biofilms. J Bacteriol. 186(14):4665~84
8. Bergogne-Berezin, E. 1995. Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 108:26S-34S
9. Bergogne-Berezin E, Joly-Guillou ML, Towner KJ, eds. Acinetobacter: microbiology, epidemiology, infections, management. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1996
10. Bernabeu-Wittel, M., C. Pichardo, A. Garcia-Curiel, M. E. Pachon-Ibanez, J. Ibanez-Martinez, M. E. Jimenez-Mejias, and J. Pachon. 2005. Pharmacokinetic /pharmacodynamic assessment of the in-vivo efficacy of imipenem alone or in combination with amikacin for the treatment of experimental multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 11(4): 319–325
11. Bouvet P J & Grimont P A (1987). Identification and biotyping of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 138:569-578.
12. Carbella X, Montero A, Pujol M. Angeles Dominguez M, Ayats J, Jose Argerich M. (2000) Emergence and rapid spread of carbapenem resistance furing a large and sustained hospital outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4086-4095
13. Catalina March, Verónica Regueiro, Enrique Llobet2, David Moranta, Pau Morey, Junkal Garmendia, José A. Bengoechea. 2010. Dissection of Host Cell Signal Transduction during Acinetobacter baumannii – Triggered Inflammatory Response. PLoS One. 2010; 5(4): -10033
14. Chiang SR, Chuang YC, Tang HJ, Chen CC, Chen CH, Lee NY, Chou CH. 2009. Intratracheal colistin sulfate for BALB/c mice with earlypneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Crit Care Med 2009 Vol. 37, No. 9
15. Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, Tomasinsig L, Orlando F, Silvestri C, Skerlavaj B, Riva A, Rocchi M, Saba V, Zanetti M, Scalise G, Giacometti A. 2008. EFFICACY OF LL-37 AND GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR IN A NEUTROPENIC MURINE SEPSIS DUE TO PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. Shock Issue. 30(4): 443-448
16. Clett Erridge, Olga L. Moncayo-Nieto, Robert Morgan, Michelle Young and Ian R. Poxton. 2007. Acinetobacter baumannii lipopolysaccharides are potent stimulators of human monocyte activation via Toll-like receptor 4 signalling. J. Med. Microbiol. 56: 165-171
17. Collinet-Adler S, Castro CA, Ledonio CG, Bechtold JE, Tsukayama DT. 2011.
Acinetobacter baumannii is not associated with osteomyelitis in a rat model: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 469(1):274-82
18. Davies D. 2003. Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2:114~122
19. Euan Burton, Purushottam V. Gawande, Nandadeva Yakandawala, Karen LoVetri, George G. Zhanel, Tony Romeo, Albert D. Friesen, Srinivasa Madhyastha. 2006. Antibiofilm of GlmU enzyme inhibitors against catheter-associated uropathogens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50(5):1835~1840.
20. Falagas ME, Karveli EA. (2007) The changing global epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a development with major public health implications. Clin Microbiol Infect. 13:117-119
21. Fournier PE, Vallenet D, Barbe V, Audic S, Ogata H, Poirel L, Richet H, Robert C, Mangenot S, Abergel C, Nordmann P, Weissenbach J, Raoult D, Claverie JM. 2006. Comparative genomics of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS Genet. 2(1): e7
22. Fux C, Wilson S, Stoodley P. 2004. Detachment characteristics and oxacillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm emboli in an in vitro catheter infection model. J Bacteriol. 186:4486~4491
23. Gander S. Bacterial biofilms: resistance to antimicrobial agents. 1999. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 37:1047~1050
24. Garnacho-Montero, J. C. Ortiz-Leyba, F. J. Jime´nez, et al. 2003. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with imipenemsusceptible VAP. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36: 1111-1118
25. Gaynes, R., and J. R. Edwards. 2005. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Clin. Infect. 41: 848–854.
26. Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. 2004. Bacterial biofilms from the natural environment to infectious diseases. 2004. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2(2): 95~108
27. Henk van Faassen, Rhonda KuoLee, Greg Harris, Xigeng Zhao, J. Wayne Conlan, and Wangxue Chen (2007). Neutrophils Play an Important Role in Host Resistance to Respiratory Infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice. INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 5597–5608
28. Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S, Zychlinsky A. (1999) The Salmonella invasion SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 2396-2401
29. Hongyu Qiu, Rhonda KuoLee, Greg Harris, Wangxue Chen. 2009. Role of NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase in Host Defense against Acute Respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in Mice. Infection and Immunity. 77(3) 1015–1021
30. Houhamdi L, Raoult D. 2006. Experimental infection of human body lice with Acinetobacter baumannii. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 74 (4):526-31.
31. Hsueh PR, Liu YC, Yang D, et al. 2001. Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of major bacterial pathogens in intensive care units in 2000 in Taiwan. Micro Drug Resist. 7: 373-382
32. Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Chen CY, Chen WH, Yu CJ, Ho SW, Luh KT. (2002) Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in a university hospital, Taiwan. Emerg. Infect. 8, 63-68
33. Jeff Miller O.D. 2005. Acinetobacter as a causative agent in preseptal cellulitis. Optometry. 76(3):176-80
34. Joly-Guillou ML. 2005. Clinical impact and pathogenicity of Acinetobacter. Clin Microbiol Infect. 11(11): 868-873
35. Jung JY, Moo Suk Park, Song Ee Kim, Byung Hoon Park, Ji Young Son, Eun Young Kim, Joo Eun Lim, Sang Kook Lee, Sang Hoon Lee, Kyung Jong Lee, Young Ae Kang, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Young Sam Kim. 2010. Risk factors for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in patients with colonization in the intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 10:228
36. Karina Eugeˆnia Schimith Bier, Simone Oliveira Luiz, Mara Cristina Scheffer, Ana Cristina Gales,Maria Cristina Paganini, Agnaldo Jose´ do Nascimento, Evelyn Carignano, and Libera Maria Dalla Costa. 2010. Temporal evolution of carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Curitiba, southern Brazil. Am J Infect Control 38: 308-14
37. Knapp S, Wieland CW, Florquin S, Pantophlet R, Dijkshoorn L, Tshimbalanga N, Akira S, Poll Tom vd. 2006. Differential roles of CD14 and Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in murine Acinetobacter pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173: 122-129
38. Kolayli Fetiye, Aynur Karadenizli, Erdem Okay, Sarpkaya Oz, Fatma Budak, Sibel Gundes and Haluk Vahaboglu. 2004. Comparison in a rat thigh abscess model of imipenem, meropenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii strains in terms of bactericidal efficacy and resistance selection. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 3(2):1-5
39. Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Brenner C. 2007. Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Cell Death. Physiol Rev. 87:99-163.
40. Kuo LC, Teng LJ, Yu CJ, Ho SW, Hsueh PR. 2004. Dissemination of a clone of unusual phenotype of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii at a university hospital in Taiwan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 1759-1763
41. Larsen T. 2002. Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis in biofilms to amoxicillin, doxycycline and metronidazole. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 17:267~271
42. Lauderdale TL, McDonald LC, Shiau YR, Chen PC, Wang HY, Lai JF, Ho M, TSAR participating hospitals. 2004. The status of antimicrobial resistance in Taiwan among gram-negative pathogens: the Taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (TSAR) program, 2000. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. 48, 211-219
43. Lee HW, Koh YM, Kim J, Lee JC, Seol SY, Cho DT, Kim J. 2008. Capacity of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces. Clin Microbiol Infect. 14:49-54
44. Lee NY, Chang TC, Wu CJ, Chang CM, Lee HC, Chen PL, Lee CC, Ko NY , Ko WC. 2010. Clinical manifestations, antimicrobial therapy, and prognostic factors of monomicrobial Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteremia. Journal of Infection. 61: 219-227
45. Lee JS, Lee JC, Lee CM, Jung ID, Jeong YI, Seong EY, Chung HY, Park YM. 2007. Outer membrane protein A of Acinetobacter baumannii induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells toward a Th1 polarizing phenotype through the activation of dendritic cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 30;74(1):86-97. Epub 2007 Feb 27.
46. Link C, Eickernjäger S, Porstendörfer D, Averhoff B. 1998. Identification and characterization of a novel competence gene, comC, required for DNA binding and uptake in Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413. J Bacteriol. 180:1592-1595
47. Liu RJ, Xu SF, Chen LA, Wang P, Liang ZX, Sun JP, Li AM. 2011. Investigation of inflammatory responses of alveolar epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide and mechanism. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 34(5):367-370.
48. Martínez-Pellús A, Ruiz Gómez J, Jaime Sánchez F, Simarro Córdoba E, Fernández Lozano JA. 2002. Incidence of colonization and infection by Acinetobacter baumannii in an endemic seting (ICU). Analysis of risk factors by means of a surveillance study. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 20(5):194-9
49. Marroni M, Pasquarella C, Agodi A, Nnanga N, Barchitta M, Prattichizzo L, Fiorio M, Bulletti M, Dentini N, Baldelli F, Stefani S, Savino A, Stagni G. 2004 Clonal spread of Acinetobacter baumannii in a general intensive care unit. Ann Ig. 16(1-2):95-102
50. Matthieu Eveillard, Christophe Soltner, Marie Kempf, Jean-Paul Saint-Andre, Carole Lemarie, Catherine Randrianarivelo, Harald Seifert e, Michel Wolff f, Marie-Laure Joly-Guillou. 2010. The virulence variability of different Acinetobacter baumannii strains in experimental pneumonia. Journal of Infection. 60(2): 154-161
51. Metzgar D, Bacher JM, Pezo V, Reader J, Döring V, Schimmel P, Marlière P, de Crécy-Lagard V. 2004. Acinetobacter sp. ADP1: an ideal model organism for genetic analysis and genome engineering. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:5780-5790
52. Mircea Radu Mihu, Uriel Sandkovsky, George Han, Joel M. Friedman, Joshua D. Nosanchuk, Luis R.Martinez. 2010. Nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles are therapeutic for Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections. 1(2): 62-67
53. Montero A, Ariza J, Corbella X, Domenech A, Cabellos C, Ayats J, Tubau F, Borraz C, Gudiol F. 2004. Antibiotic combinations for serious infections caused by carbapenem- resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse pneumonia model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54: 1085–1091
54. Obana Y. (1986) Pathogenic significance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: analysis of experimental infection in mice. Microbiol. Immunol. 30, 645-657
55. Pachon-Ibanez M E, Fernandez-Cuenca F, Docobo-Perez F, Pachon J, Pascual A. 2006. Prevention of rifampicin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in an experimental pneumonia murine model, using rifampicin associated with imipenem or sulbactam. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 58:689– 692
56. Pantopoulou A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E J, Raftogannis M, Tsaganos T, Dontas I, Koutoukas P, Baziaka F, Giamarellou H, Perrea D. 2007. Colistin offers prolonged survival in experimental infection by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: the significance of co-administration of rifampicin. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 29:51–55
57. Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. 2008. Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a Successful Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 21(3):538–582
58. Piechaud D, Piechaud M, Second L. 1956. Proteolytic types of Moraxella lwoffi and Moraxella glucidolytica (Bacterium anitratum) Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 90:517-522
59. Potera C. Forging a link between biofilms and disease. 1999. Science. 283:1837~1839
60. Qiu Hongyu, Lee RK, Greg Harris, Chen Wangxue. 2009. High susceptibility to respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii infection in A/J mice is associated with a delay in early pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils. Microbes and Infection. 11:946-955
61. Rodriguez-Hernandez M J, Jimenez-Mejias ME, Pichardo C, Cuberos L, Garcia-Curiel A, and Pachon J. 2004. Colistin efficacy in an experimental model of Acinetobacter baumannii endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 10(6): 581–584
62. Ruckdeschel K, Mannel O, Richter K, Jacobi CA, Trulzsch K, Rouot B, Heesemsnn J. 2001. Yersinia outer protein P of Yersinia enterocolitica simultaneously blocks the nuclear factor-kB pathway and exploits lipopolysaccharide signaling to trigger apoptosis in macrophages. J. Immunol. 166:1823-1831
63. Sunenshine RH, Wright MO, Maragakis LL, Harris AD, Song X, Hebden J, Cosgrove SE, Anderson A, Carnell J, Jernigan DB, Kleinbaum DG, Perl TM, Standiford HC, Srinivasan A. 2007. Multdrutg-resistant Acinetobacter infection mortality rate and length of hospitalization. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(1):97-103
64. Takahashi N, Shimada T, Tanabe K, Sato M, Kitamura J, Sato H, Yoshitomi H, Ishibashi Y, Sakane T. 2009. A case of unforeseen intractable severe bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii--an efficacy of sulbactam--. Jpn J Infect Dis. 62(6):461-3
65. Takahashi N, Ishihara K, Kimizuka R, Okuda K, Kato T.2006. The effects of tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline and ofloxacin on Prevotella intermedia biofilm. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 21: 366~371
66. Thomas A Russo, Janet M Beanan, Ruth Olson, Ulrike MacDonald, Nicole R Luke, Steven R Gill, Anthony A Campagnari. 2008. Rat Pneumonia and Soft-Tissue Infection Models for the Study of Acinetobacter baumannii Biology. INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, 76(8): 3577–3586
67. Wang SH, Sheng WH, Chang YY, Wang LH, Lin HC, Chen ML, Pan HJ, Ko WJ, Chang SC, Lin FY. 2003. Healthcare-associated outbreak due to pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a surgical intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 53, 97-102
68. Yang CM, Lin MF, Lin CH, Liu HF, Liu HF, Huang HY, Kuo HY, Liou ML. 2008. Retrospective analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated during a 6 year period in a Taiwanese regional hospital. The 28th World Congress of Biomedical Laboratory Science, oral presentation.
69. Younes Smani, Fernando DP, Michael J, McConnell, Jerónimo Pachón. 2011. Acinetobacter baumannii-induced lung cell death: Role of inflammation, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium. Microbial Pathogenesis. 50:224-232
70. Zhao Lisa, Lee RK, Greg Harris, Kha Tram,Yan Hongbin, Chen Wangxue. 2011. c-di-GMP protects against intranasal Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice by chemokine induction and enhanced neutrophil recruitment. International Immunopharmacology. INTIMP-02300; No of Pages 6
71. Zurowska A, Feneberg R, Warady BA, Zimmering M, Monteverde M, Testa S, Calyskan S, Drozdz D, Salusky I, Kemper MJ, Ekim M, Verrina E, Misselwitz J, Schaefer F. 2008. Gram-Negative Peritonitis in Children Undergoing Long-term Peritoneal Dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 51(3): 455-462
72. Zychlinsky A, Fitting C, Cavaillon JM, Sansinetti PJ. 1994. Interlukin 1 is released by murine macrophages during apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1328-1332.