臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著3G行動電話越來越普及，人們總會問基地台可以涵蓋多遠？一座基地台同時可以有多少人使用？在CDMA系統中，反向鏈路的涵蓋距離與其容量成反比的關係，依據先前其它研究報告所提出的方法，我們利用這些方法計算，每座基地台設計的涵蓋半徑大約介於350至650公尺之間，可以涵蓋至台北市複雜的室內環境，當然這些計算出來的涵蓋半徑，會依容量大小而有所不同。計算出來的涵蓋半徑與實際安裝於台北市基地台涵蓋半徑相近。

描繪出行動電話系統的傳播損耗模型，對於涵蓋距離的設計與預測非常重要；本論文中，我們量測台北市在870 MHz頻率的傳播路徑損耗，而且將量測的路徑損耗與Hata及COST231 WI 兩個傳播模型作比較，可明顯看出依距離的不同，量測的傳播路徑損耗比上述兩個模型高約0~5 dB。研究中我們也指出，先前一些利用Lee傳播模型表示式的研究報告需要修正。

同時，我們另外選擇A、B及C三個區域當作路測的區域，這三個區域與論文中模擬分析的區域有相似的站台特性。將模擬分析區域中combined Ec/I0 的計算結果，與A、B及C三個區域路測的結果作比較，模擬分析區域中計算的結果與A、B及C三個區域中路測的結果相近。

As 3G mobile phone is more and more popular worldwide, people usually ask how far the coverage of base station is. How many users can be served by a base station at the same time? It is well known that the reverse link coverage of a cell has an inverse relationship with the user capacity in a CDMA system. According to the methods that the other papers brought out previously, we use these methods to calculate and find out the coverage radius of base station is about 350~650 m (dependent on capacity) in deep indoor environment of Taipei city. The calculation results are approximate to the actual coverage radius of base stations installed in Taipei city.
Propagation loss modeling of a cellular mobile system is important for coverage design and prediction. We measure propagation path loss using frequency of 870 MHz in Taipei city. Furthermore, observed field strength values are converted into path loss and compare with Hata and COST231 WI models, it’s apparent the measured propagation path loss in Taipei City is higher at 0~5 dB (dependent on distances) than the two models. Our study also indicates that expression used in Lee model in some previous papers need to be corrected.
We also choose three areas (A, B, and C areas) which site characterizations are similar to the analysis area as drive test areas. We compare the calculation results of combined Ec/I0 in the analysis area with measured results in A, B, and C areas and find out the calculation results in the analysis area are similar to the measured results in A, B, and C areas.

Contents

Abstract II
Acknowledgements III
Contents V
List of Tables VII
List of Figures VIII

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Outline of the Thesis 2

Chapter 2 CDMA Technology 4
2.1 Second Generation (2G) Technology Evolution 5
2.2 Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 6
2.3 Third Generation (3G) Technology Evolution 8
2.3.1 CDMA2000 Evolution 10
2.3.2 UMTS Evolution 14
2.4 CDMA Overview 16
2.4.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 16
2.4.2 Frequency Reuse 18
2.4.3 Voice Activity 22
2.4.4 Handoff 23
2.4.5 Power Control 26
2.4.5.1 Forward Link Power Control 28
2.4.5.2 Reverse Link Power Control 33
2.4.6 Rake Receiver 37

Chapter 3 Coverage and Capacity 39
3.1 Log-normal Shadowing and Fade Margin 39
3.2 Q Function and Area Reliability 41
3.3 Reverse Load Factor 49
3.4 Link Budget 52
3.5 CDMA Coverage vs. Capacity Tradeoff 56
3.5.1 Power Control Feasibility and Pole Capacity 58
3.5.2 Coverage vs. number of Users 62
3.6 Numerical Results for Coverage vs. Capacity 66

Chapter 4 Propagation Models and Measurement 70
4.1 Basic Propagation Mechanisms 70
4.2 Free Space Propagation Model 73
4.3 Hata Model 74
4.4 COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami Model 76
4.5 Lee Model 81
4.6 Propagation Model Comparison 84
4.7 Penetration Loss into Building 87
4.8 Propagation Path Loss Measurement in Taipei City 89
4.8.1 Measurement 91
4.8.2 Results and Comparison with Hata and COST231 WI Model 93
4.8.3 Comparison with Lee Model 95
4.8.4 Conclusions 99

Chapter 5 Simulation and Measurement 100
5.1 Clutter Database (Morphology) 101
5.2 Description and Parameters Setting 103
5.3 CDMA Analysis Layers 106
5.4 Simulation Results of Analysis Area 110
5.4.1 Pilot Ec/I0 Analysis 110
5.4.2 Reverse Link Interference Layers Analysis 115
5.4.3 Forward Link Interference Layers Analysis 117
5.4.4 Handoff Layers Analysis 121
5.4.5 Path Balance Analysis 123
5.4.6 Reverse Load Analysis 124
5.5 Simulation Results of Analysis Path 125
5.6 Comparing with the Measurement Results 129

Chapter 6 Conclusions 144
6.1 Conclusions 144
6.2 Future Work 145

Vita 158
Publications 158

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