臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自2013年末開始，臺灣爆發由新型G2b亞型豬流行性下痢病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PEDV）所引起之豬流行性下痢（porcine epidemic diarrhea; PED）。此疾病以急性嚴重下痢、劇烈嘔吐、脫水甚至死亡為特徵，重創台灣養豬產業。自2015年後，此新型G2b PEDV轉而成為週期性爆發的疾病。為了暸解於2016以後臺灣PEDV基因序列之轉變，在本論文研究中，首先（第二章），將討論臺灣於2016到2018期間，PEDV棘突基因（spike; S gene）中的序列變化，並與過去臺灣及全世界PEDV病毒株進行序列分析比對；接著使用次世代定序（next generation sequencing; NGS）針對可能重組的PEDV病毒株進一步分析。此外，由於成功誘導黏膜免疫一直以來為研發PEDV疫苗之最大瓶頸，本論文第三章則為構築及表現豬源趨化激素（CC chemokines）包含CCL27、CCL28及CCL25蛋白作為誘發黏膜免疫之佐劑，並以離乳豬為模式評估豬源趨化激素CCL27、CCL28及CCL25是否能成功誘發黏膜免疫及保護豬隻免於PED之致害，以發展能刺激黏膜免疫反應為導向之新型疫苗。
在第二章節中，本研究在2016到2018期間，總共收集31株源於28個不同的豬場PED確診之腸道或糞便之PEDV病毒株。經由棘突蛋白基因全長定序結果顯示，除了TW/Yunlin550/2018此序列外，臺灣大部分PEDV序列仍皆與全世界G2b PEDV較為相似；並於棘突蛋白的中和抗體決定位中，發現臺灣近年PEDV序列相較於過去G2b PEDV序列出現較多變異的胺基酸位點。另外，經由棘突蛋白及次世代全基因全長定序更確認TW/Yunlin550/2018病毒株為一新型基因分群G1c，其可能為G2b與G1a重組過後的病毒株。
在第三章節中，本研究成功以哺乳動物細胞表現系統穩定製造三種不同豬源趨化激素蛋白CCL27、CCL28及CCL25，並應用為疫苗佐劑，在離乳豬實驗中，證實在兩次肌肉注射、期間間隔兩週之疫苗組合不同趨化激素蛋白後，可以顯著提升PEDV特異性之系統性免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin; Ig）G、黏膜相關IgA與病毒中和抗體力價，並可保護豬隻免於後續強毒PEDV攻毒之致害。本研究證實肌肉注射豬隻CC趨化激素可依靠其不同的免疫趨化功能，來同時提升系統性及黏膜相關免疫反應。此豬源趨化激素不僅可用於PEDV之疫苗研發，將可進一步發展於其他常見豬隻疾病之疫苗開發。

The newly emerging variant of group 2b (G2b) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) leading to porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) with characteristic of acute severe diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration or even death has devastated the swine industry in Taiwan since late 2013. After 2015, the novel G2b PEDV variant further transformed into a cyclical outbreak. To understand the diversity of PEDVs circulating in Taiwan after 2016, phylogenetic analysis of genetic sequence of the S gene of PEDVs collected during 2016-2018 in Taiwan were compared with the historic and global PEDV strains (Chapter II). The next generation sequencing (NGS) was further performed for the analysis of a potential recombinant Taiwan PEDV variant. In addition, the successful induction of mucosal immunity has always been a bottleneck for the development of vaccines by route of intramuscular (IM) administration. In Chapter III, three porcine CCL proteins (CCL27, CCL28, and CCL25) derived from mammalian cell expression system were constructed and applied as mucosal immune adjuvants with an inactivated PEDV (iPEDV) as immunogen by IM immunization. The immunogenicity and protective efficiency of the iPEDV adjuvanted with different combinations of CC chemokines (CCL27, CCL28 and/or CCL25) were evaluated in 5-week-old pigs by IM immunization to develop the novel vaccine strategy for inducing mucosal immune responses.
In Chapter II, a total of 31 intestinal and/or fecal specimens from 1-day to 6-week old piglets or sows with watery diarrhea confirmed to be PEDV-positive by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) from 28 different herds in Taiwan during 2016-2018 were sequenced and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis of the S gene of PEDV revealed that the majority (28/31) of Taiwan new PEDV strains, except for the TW/Yunlin550/2018 strain, were closely related to the global G2b PEDV strains with unique deletions and insertions scattered in the neutralizing epitope regions of the S protein as compared to the historic G2b PEDV strains. Moreover, the TW/Yunlin550/2018 strain was proposed a recombinant between a G2b strain and a circulating wild-type PEDV G1 strain based on the results of sequencing of S gene and NGS of the whole PEDV genome.
In Chapter III, three porcine CCL proteins (CCL27, CCL28, and CCL25) derived from the mammalian cell expression system were stably expressed and applied as vaccine adjuvants. In the experiment of post-weaning pigs, our data showed that IM co-administration of iPEDV with the above mentioned chemokines as adjuvants for two times at a two-week interval could induce higher levels of systemic PEDV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, mucosal PEDV-specific IgA, and viral neutralizing antibody titer; and better substantial protection against PEDV challenge than those administrated without CC chemokines and in control pigs. The present study verified that IM immunization with different combinations of porcine CC chemokines could trigger their unique immune trafficking abilities to elevate the antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses simultaneously. These porcine CC chemokines can be used in the vaccine development for not only PEDV but also other mucosal transmissible swine diseases.

目 錄
口試委員會審定書 iii
誌謝 iv
中文摘要 viii
Abstract x
Chapter I
Introduction 1-36
References 19-36
Chapter II
Updated Phylogenetic Analysis of the Spike Gene and Identification of a Novel Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Strain in Taiwan 37-76
References 56-64
Chapter III
Systemic Immunization with Chemokine-adjuvanted Inactive Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Induces Substantial Protection in Pigs 77-125
References 100-115
Chapter IV
Future Works 126-130
References 129-130

CH1
1. Ajayi, T., Dara, R., Misener, M., Pasma, T., Moser, L., & Poljak, Z. (2018). Herd-level prevalence and incidence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in swine herds in Ontario, Canada. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 1197-1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12858
2. Alonso, C., Goede, D. P., Morrison, R. B., Davies, P. R., Rovira, A., Marthaler, D. G., & Torremorell, M. (2014). Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds. Veterinary Research, 45, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0073-z
3. Baudoux, P., Carrat, C., Besnardeau, L., Charley, B., & Laude, H. (1998). Coronavirus pseudoparticles formed with recombinant M and E proteins induce alpha interferon synthesis by leukocytes. Journal of Virology, 72, 8636-8643. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0073-z
4. Berri, M., Meurens, F., Lefevre, F., Chevaleyre, C., Zanello, G., Gerdts, V., & Salmon, H. (2008). Molecular cloning and functional characterization of porcine CCL28: Possible involvement in homing of IgA antibody secreting cells into the mammary gland. Molecular Immunology, 45, 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.026
5. Boniotti, M. B., Papetti, A., Lavazza, A., Alborali, G., Sozzi, E., Chiapponi, C., Faccini, S., Bonilauri, P., Cordioli, P., & Marthaler, D. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and discovery of a recombinant swine enteric coronavirus, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.150544
6. Brian, D. A., & Baric, R. S. (2005). Coronavirus genome structure and replication. Current Topics Microbiology and Immunology, 287, 1-30.
7. Cavanagh, D. (1997). Nidovirales: A new order comprising Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae. Archives of Virology, 142, 629-633.
8. Chang, S. H., Bae, J. L., Kang, T. J., Kim, J., Chung, G. H., Lim, C. W., Laude, H., Yang, M. S., & Jang, Y. S. (2002). Identification of the epitope region capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Molecules and Cells, 14, 295-299.
9. Chang, C. Y., Cheng, I. C., Chang, Y. C., Tsai, P. S., Lai, S. Y., Huang, Y. L., Jeng, C. R., Pang V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2019). Identification of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting novel conformational epitopes of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus spike protein. Scientific Reports, 9, 2529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39844-5
10. Chiou, H. Y., Huang, Y. L., Deng, M. C., Chang C. Y., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Yang, C., Pang V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2017). Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) gene of the new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Taiwan. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12357
11. Choi, J. C., Lee, K. K., Pi, J. H., Park, S. Y., Song, C. S., Choi, I. S., Lee, J. B., Lee, D. H., & Lee, S. W. (2014). Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 26, 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.005
12. Cruz, D. J., Kim, C. J., & Shin, H. J. (2006). Phage-displayed peptides having antigenic similarities with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) neutralizing epitopes. Virology, 354, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.027
13. Duy, D. T., Toan, N. T., & Puranaveja, S. (2011). Genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) isolates from Southern Vietnam during 2009-2010 outbreaks. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41, 9.
14. Fan, J. H., Zuo, Y. Z., Shen, X. Q., Gu, W. Y., & Di, J. M. (2015). Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the monitoring and surveillance of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant membrane protein. Journal of Virological Methods, 225, 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.021
15. Gerdts, V., & Zakhartchouk, A. (2017). Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses. Veterinary Microbiology, 206, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.029
16. Guo, J., Fang, L., Ye, X., Chen, J., Xu, S., Zhu, X., Miao, Y., Wang, D., & Xiao, S. (2019). Evolutionary and genotypic analyses of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12991
17. Hanke, D., Jenckel, M., Petrov, A., Pitzmann, M., Stadler, J., Akimkin, V., Blome, S., Pohlmann, A., Schirrmeier, H., Beer, M., & Hoper, D. (2015). Comparison of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21, 493-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2103.141165
18. Hieshima, K., Kawasaki, Y., Hanamoto, H., Nakayama, T., Nagakubo, D., Kanamaru, A., & Yoshie, O. (2004). CC chemokine ligands 25 and 28 play essential roles in intestinal extravasation of IgA antibody-secreting cells. Journal of Immunology, 173, 3668-3675. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3668
19. Holland, J. J., Domingo, E., de la Torre, J. C., & Steinhauer, D. A. (1990). Mutation frequencies at defined single codon sites in vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus can be increased only slightly by chemical mutagenesis. Journal of Virology, 64, 3960-3962.
20. Homey, B., Wang, W., Soto, H., Buchanan, M. E., Wiesenborn, A., Catron, D., Müller, A., McClanahan, T. K., Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Orozco, R., Ruzicka, T., Lehmann, P., Oldham, E., & Zlotnik, A. (2000). The orphan chemokine receptor G protein-coupled receptor-2 (GPR-2, CCR10) binds the skin-associated chemokine CCL27 (CTACK/ALP/ILC). Journal of Immunology, 164, 3465-3470. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3465
21. Homey, B., Alenius, H., Müller, A., Soto, H., Bowman, E. P., Yuan, W., McEvoy, L., Lauerma, A. I., Assmann, T., Bünemann, E., Lehto, M., Wolff, H., Yen, D., Marxhausen, H., To, W., Sedgwick, J., Ruzicka, T., Lehmann, P., & Zlotnik, A. (2002). CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cell-mediated skin inflammation. Nature Medicine, 8, 157-165.
22. Hudak, S., Hegan, M., Liu, Y., Catron, D., Oldham, E., McEvoy, L. M., & Bowman, E. P. (2002). Immune surveillance and effector functions of CCR10+ skin homing T cells. Journal of Immunology, 169, 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1189
23. Kathuria, N., Kraynyak, K. A., Carnathan, D., Betts, M., Weiner, D. B., & Kutzler, M. A. (2012). Generation of antigen-specific immunity following systemic immunization with DNA vaccine encoding CCL25 chemokine immunoadjuvant. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8, 1607-1619. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.22574
24. Kraynyak, K. A., Kutzler, M. A., Cisper, N. J., Khan, A. S., Draghia-Akli, R., Sardesal, N. Y., Lewis, M. G., Yan, J., & Weiner, D. B. (2010). Systemic immunization with CCL27/CTACK modulates immune responses at mucosal sites in mice and macaques. Vaccine, 28, 1942-1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.095
25. Kocherhans, R., Bridgen, A., Ackermann, M., & Tobler, K. (2001). Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence. Virus Genes, 23, 137-144.
26. Kunkel, E. J., Campbell, J. J., Haraldsen, G., Pan, J., Boisvert, J., Roberts, A. I., Ebert, E. C., Vierra, M. A., Goodman, S. B., Genovese, M. C., Wardlaw, A. J., Greenberg, H. B., Parker, C. M., Butcher, E. C., Andrew, D. P., & Agace, W. W. (2000). Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional immunity. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192, 761-768.
27. Kutzler, M. A., Kraynyak, K. A., Nagle, S. J., Parkinson, R. M., Zharikova, D., Chattergoon, M., Maguire, H., Muthumani, K., Ugen, K., & Weiner, D. B. (2010). Plasmids encoding the mucosal chemokines CCL27 and CCL28 are effective adjuvants in eliciting antigen-specific immunity in vivo. Gene Therapy, 17, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/gt.2009.112
28. Kweon, C. H., Kwon, B. J., Jung, T. S., Kee, Y. J., Hur, D. H., Hwang, E. K., Rhee, J. C., & An, S. H. (1993). Isolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Korea. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 249-254 (in Korean).
29. Langel, S. N., Paim, F. C., Lager, K. M., Vlasova, A. N., & Saif, L. J. (2016). Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts. Virus Research, 226, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016
30. Lara‑Romero, R., Gómez‑Núñez, L., Cerriteño‑Sánchez, J. L., Márquez‑Valdelamar, L., Mendoza‑Elvira, S., Ramírez‑Mendoza, H., & Rivera‑Benítez, J. F. (2018). Molecular characterization of the spike gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Mexico, 2013–2016. Virus Genes, 54, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-017-1528-x
31. Lazarus, N. H., Kunkel, E. J., Johnston, B., Wilson, E., Youngman, K. R., & Butcher, E. C. (2003). A common mucosal chemokine (mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine/CCL28) selectively attracts IgA plasmablasts. Journal of Immunology, 170, 3799-3805. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3799
32. Lee, C. (2015). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus. Virology Journal, 12, 193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0421-2
33. Lee, S., & Lee, C. (2014). Outbreak-related porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains similar to US Strains, South Korea, 2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 1223-1226. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2007.140294
34. Lee, S., & Lee, C. (2018). Genomic and antigenic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains isolated from South Korea, 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12904
35. Li, B. X., Ma, G. P., Ge, J. W., & Li., Y. J. (2007). Porcine aminopeptidase N is a functional receptor for the PEDV coronavirus. Virology, 365, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031
36. Li, C., Li, W., de Esesarte, E. L., Guo, H., van den Elzen, P., Aarts, E., van den Born, E., Rottier, P. J. M., & Bosch, B. J. (2017). Cell attachment domains of the PEDV spike protein are key targets of neutralizing antibodies. Journal of Virology, 91, e00273-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00273-17
37. Li, K., Song, D., Zhang, F., Gong, W., Guo, N., Li, A., Zhou, X., Huang, D., Ye, Y., & Tang, Y. (2018). Complete genome sequence of a recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain, CH/JXJA/2017, isolated in Jiangxi, China, in 2017. Genome announcements, 6, e01590-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01590-17
38. Li, R., Qiao, S., Yang, Y., Guo, J., Xie, S., Zhou, E., & Zhang, G. (2016b). Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China. Virus Genes, 52, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-015-1254-1
39. Li, W., Li, H., Liu, Y., Pan, Y., Deng, F., Song, Y., Tang, X., & He, Q. (2012). New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, China, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18, 1350-1353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1808.120002
40. Li, W., van Kuppeveld, F. J. M., He, Q., Rottier, P. J. M., & Bosch, B. J. (2016). Cellular entry of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virus Research, 226, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.031
41. Li, Z., Chen, F., Yuan, Y., Zeng, X., Wei, Z., Zhu, L., Sun, B., Xie, Q., Cao, Y., Xue, C., Ma, J., & Bee, Y. (2013). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China. Archives of Virology, 158, 1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1592-4
42. Lin, C. M., Ghimire, S., Hou, Y., Boley, P., Langel, S. N., Vlasova, A. N., Saif, L. J., & Wang Q. (2019). Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1756-x
43. Lin, C. N., Chung, W. B., Chang, S. W., Wen, C. C., Liu, H., Chien, C. H., & Chiou, M. T. (2014). US-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in Taiwan, 2013-2014. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 76, 1297-1299. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0098
44. Martelli, P., Lavazza, A., Nigrelli, A. D., Merialdi, G., Alborali, L. G., & Pensaert, M. B. (2008). Epidemic of diarrhoea caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Italy. The Veterinary Record, 162, 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.162.10.307
45. McBride, R., van Zyl, M., & Fielding, B. C. (2014). The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses, 6, 2991–3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6082991
46. Mesquita, J. R., Hakzevan, der Honing., R., Almeida., A., Lourenco, M., van der Poel, H. M., & Nascimento, M. S. J. (2015). Outbreak of porcine epidemic diarreha virus in Portugal, 2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62, 586-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12409
47. Mogler, M. A., Gander, J., Harris, & D. L. H. (2014). Development of an alphavirus RNA particle vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Annual Proceedings of American Association of Swine Veterinarians, 63-64.
48. Morales, J., Homey, B., Vicari, A. P., Hudak, S., Oldham, E., Hedrick, J., Orozco, R., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., McEvoy, L. M., & Zlotnik, A. (1999). CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 14470-14475. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.25.14470
49. Nam, E., & Lee, C. (2010). Contribution of the porcine aminopeptidase N (CD13) receptor density to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology, 144, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.024
50. Nefedeva, M., Titov, I., & Malogolovkin, A. (2019). Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Archives of Virology, 164, 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04166-4
51. Ojkic, D., Hazlett, M., Fairles, J., Marom, A., Slavic, D., Maxie, G., Alexandersen, S., Pasick, J., Alsop, J., & Burlatschenko, S. (2015). The first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 56, 149-152.
52. Opriessnig, T., Gerber, P. F., Shen, H., de Castro, A. M. M. G., Zhang, J., Chen, Q., & Halbur, P. (2017). Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated genogroup 2b-based porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine and experimental live genogroup 1b exposure against 2b challenge. Veterinary Research, 48, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0472-z
53. Pan, J., Kunkel, E. J., Gosslar, U., Lazarus, N., Langdon, P., Broadwell, K., Vierra, M. A., Genovese, M. C., Butcher, E. C., & Soler, D. (2000). A novel chemokine ligand for CCR10 and CCR3 expressed by epithelial cells in mucosal tissues. Journal of Immunology, 165, 2943-2949. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.2943
54. Papadakis, K. A., Prehn, J., Nelson, V., Cheng, L., Binder, S. W., Ponath, P. D., Andrew, D. P., & Targan, S. R. (2000). The role of thymus-expressed chemokine and its receptor CCR9 on lymphocytes in the regional specialization of the mucosal immune system. Journal of Immunology, 165, 5069-5076. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.5069
55. Paraguison-Alili, R., & Domingo, C. Y. (2016). Phylogenetic tracking of current porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in the Philippines. Archives of Virology, 161, 2601-2604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2938-0
56. Pensaert, M. B., & DeBouck, P. (1978). A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Archives of Virology, 58, 243-247.
57. Pensaert, M. B., Debouck, P., & Reynolds, D. J. (1981). An immunoelectron microscopic and immunofluorescent study on the antigenic relationship between the coronavirus-like agent, CV777, and several coronaviruses. Archives of Virology, 68, 45-52.
58. Pensaert, M. B., & Martelli, P. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate. Virus Research, 226, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030
59. Podnar, J., Deiderick, H., Huerta, G., & Hunicke-Smith, S. (2014). Next-Generation Sequencing RNA-Seq Library Construction. Current protocols in molecular biology 106, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0421s106
60. Pritchard, G. C., Paton, D. J., Wibberley, G., & Ibata, G. (1999). Transmissible gastroenteritis and porcine epidemic diarrhoea in Britain. The Veterinary Record, 144, 616-618.
61. Puranaveja, S., Poolperm, P., Lertwatcharasarakul, P., Kesdaengsakonwut, S., Boonsoongnern, A., Urairong, K., Kitikoon, P., Choojai, P., Kedkovid, R., Teankum, K., & Thanawongnuwech, R. (2009). Chinese-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 1112-1125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1507.081256
62. Rainone, V., Dubois, G., Temchura, V., Uberla, K., Clivio, A., Nebuloni, M., Lauri, E., Trabattoni, D., Veas, F., & Clerici, M. (2011). CCL28 induces mucosal homing of HIV-1-specific IgA-secreting plasma cells in mice immunized with HIV-1 virus-like particles. PLoS ONE, 6, e26979. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026979
63. Sato, T., Takeyama, N., Katsumata, A., Tuchiya, K., Kodama, T., & Kusanagi, K. (2011). Mutations in the spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus associated with growth adaptation in vitro and attenuation of virulence in vivo. Virus Genes, 43, 72-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-011-0617-5
64. Sato, T., Oroku, K., Ohshima, Y., Furuya, Y., & Sasakawa, C. (2018). Efficacy of genogroup 1 based porcine epidemic diarrhea live vaccine against genogroup 2 field strain in Japan. Virology Journal, 15, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-0940-8
65. Slatko, B. E., Gardner, A. F., & Ausubel F. M. (2018). Overview of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies. Current protocols in molecular biology, 122, e59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpmb.59
66. Soler, D., Humphreys, T. L., Spinola, S. M., & Campbell, J. J. (2003). CCR4 versus CCR10 in human cutaneous TH lymphocyte trafficking. Blood, 101, 1677-1682. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-07-2348
67. Song, D., & Park, B. (2012). Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines. Virus Genes, 44, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-012-0713-1
68. Sun, D., Feng, L., Shi, H., Chen, J., Cui, X., Chen, H., Liu, S., Tong, Y., Wang, Y., & Tong, G. (2008). Identification of two novel B cell epitopes on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein. Veterinary Microbiology, 131, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.022
69. Sundstrom, P., Lundin, S. B., Nilsson, L., & Quiding-Jarbrink, M. (2008). Human IgA-secreting cells induced by intestinal, but not systemic, immunization respond to CCL25 (TECK) and CCL28 (MEC). European Journal of Immunology, 38, 3327-3338. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838506.
70. Suzuki, T., Murakami, S., Takahashi, O., Kodera, A., Masuda, T., Itoh, S., Miyazaki, A., Ohashi, S., & Tsutsui, T. (2015). Molecular characterization of pig epidemic diarrhoea viruses isolated in Japan from 2013 to 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 36, 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.017
71. Temeeyasen, G., Srijangwad, A., Tripipat, T., Tipsombatboon, P., Piriyapongsa, J., Phoolcharoen, W., Chuanasa, T., Tantituvanont, A., & Nilubol, D. (2014). Genetic diversity of ORF3 and spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Thailand. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 21, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.11.001
72. Van Diep, N., Sueyoshi, M., Norimine, J., Hirai, T., Myint, O., Teh, A.P.P., Izzati, U. Z., Fuke, N., & Yamaguchi, R. (2018). Molecular characterization of US-like and Asian non-S INDEL strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that circulated in Japan during 2013–2016 and PEDVs collected from recurrent outbreaks. BMC Veterinary Research, 14, 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1409-0
73. Van Reeth, K., & Pensaert, M. (1994). Prevalence of infections with enzootic respiratory and enteric viruses in feeder pigs entering fattening herds. The Veterinary Record, 135, 594-7.
74. Vicari, A. P., Figueroa, D. J., Hedrick, J. A., Foster, J. S., Singh, K. P., Menon, S., Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Jenkins, N. A., Bacon, K. B., & Zlotnik, A. (1997). TECK: A novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity, 7, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80531-2
75. Wang, D., Fang, L., & Xiao, S. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea in China. Virus Research, 226, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.026
76. Wang, K., Lu, W., Chen, J., Xie, S., Shi, H., Hsu, H., Yu, W., Xu, K., Bian, C., Fischer, W. B., Schwarz, W., Feng, L., & Sun, B. (2012). PEDV ORF3 encodes an ion channel protein and regulates virus production. FEBS Letters, 586, 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.005
77. Wang, X. M., Niu, B. B., Yan, H., Gao, D. S., Yang, X., Chen, L., Chang, H. T., Zhao, J., & Wang, C. Q. (2013). Genetic properties of endemic Chinese porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated since 2010. Archives of Virology, 158, 2487-2494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1767-7
78. Xu, X., Zhang H., Zhang Q., Dong J., Liang Y., Huang Y., Liu, H. J., & Tong, D. (2013). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression. Virology Journal, 10, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-26
79. Zaballos, A., Gutiérrez, J., Varona, R., Ardavín, C., & Márquez, G. (1999). Identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK. Journal of Immunology, 162, 5671-5675.
80. Zhao, X., Li, Z., Zeng, G., Niu, J., Sun, B., & Ma, J. (2017). Sequence analysis of the spike gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolated from South China during 2011–2015. Journal of Veterinary Science, 18, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.2.237
81. Zhang, J., Yim-Im, W., Chen, Q., Zheng, Y., Schumacher, L., Huang, H., Gauger, P., Harmon, K., & Li, G. (2018). Identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with a large spike gene deletion from a clinical swine sample in the United States. Virus Genes, 54, 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-018-1542-7
82. Zhang, Q., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Zhou, P., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Detection and phylogenetic analyses of spike genes in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in China in 2016–2017. Virology Journal, 14, 194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0860-z
83. Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Shi, H., Chen, X., Shi, D., Feng, L., & Yang, B. (2012). Identification of a conserved linear B-cell epitope in the M protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virology Journal, 9, 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-225
CH2
1. Ajayi, T., Dara, R., Misener, M., Pasma, T., Moser, L., & Poljak, Z. (2018). Herd-level prevalence and incidence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in swine herds in Ontario, Canada. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 1197-1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12858
2. Alonso, C., Goede, D. P., Morrison, R. B., Davies, P. R., Rovira, A., Marthaler, D. G., & Torremorell, M. (2014). Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds. Veterinary Research, 45, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0073-z
3. Boniotti, M. B., Papetti, A., Lavazza, A., Alborali, G., Sozzi, E., Chiapponi, C., Faccini, S., Bonilauri, P., Cordioli, P., & Marthaler, D. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and discovery of a recombinant swine enteric coronavirus, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.150544
4. Brian, D. A., & Baric, R. S. (2005). Coronavirus genome structure and replication. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 287, 1-30.
5. Chang, C. Y., Cheng, I. C., Chang, Y. C., Tsai, P. S., Lai, S. Y., Huang, Y. L., Jeng, C. R., Pang V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2019). Identification of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Novel Conformational Epitopes of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Spike Protein. Scientific Reports, 9, 2529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39844-5
6. Chang, S. H., Bae, J. L., Kang, T. J., Kim, J., Chung, G. H., Lim, C. W., Laude, H., Yang, M. S., & Jang, Y. S. (2002). Identification of the epitope region capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Molecules and Cells, 14, 295-299.
7. Chang, Y. C., Kao, C. F., Chang, C. Y., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Pang V. F., Chiou, H. Y., Peng, J. Y., Cheng, I. C., & Chang, H. W. (2017). Evaluation and Comparison of the Pathogenicity and Host Immune Responses Induced by a G2b Taiwan Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (Strain Pintung 52) and Its Highly Cell-Culture Passaged Strain in Conventional 5-Week-Old Pigs. Viruses, 9, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050121.
8. Chiou, H. Y., Huang, Y. L., Deng, M. C., Chang C. Y., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Yang, C., Pang V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2017). Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) gene of the new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Taiwan. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12357
9. Cruz, D. J., Kim, C. J., & Shin, H. J. (2006). Phage-displayed peptides having antigenic similarities with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) neutralizing epitopes. Virology, 354, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.027
10. Guo, J., Fang, L., Ye, X., Chen, J., Xu, S., Zhu, X., Miao, Y., Wang, D., & Xiao, S. (2019). Evolutionary and genotypic analyses of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12991
11. Hanke, D., Pohlmann, A., Sauter-Louis, C., Höper, D., Stadler, J., Ritzmann, M., Steinrigl, A., Schwarz, B. A., Akimkin, V., Fux, R., Blome, S., & Beer, M. (2017). Porcine epidemic diarrhea in Europe: In-detail analyses of disease dynamics and molecular epidemiology. Viruses, 9, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9070177
12. Holland, J. J., Domingo, E., de la Torre, J. C., & Steinhauer, D. A. (1990). Mutation frequencies at defined single codon sites in vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus can be increased only slightly by chemical mutagenesis. Journal of Virology, 64, 3960-3962.
13. Jung, K., Wang, Q., Scheuer, K. A., Lu, K., Zhang, Y., & Saif, L. J. (2014). Pathology of US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain PC21A in gnotobiotic pigs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 662-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131685
14. Kocherhans, R., Bridgen, A., Ackermann, M., & Tobler, K. (2001). Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence. Virus Genes, 23, 137-144.
15. Li, B. X., Ma, G. P., Ge, J. W., & Li., Y. J. (2007). Porcine aminopeptidase N is a functional receptor for the PEDV coronavirus. Virology, 365, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031
16. Li, C., Li, W., Lucio de Esesarte, E., Guo, H., van den Elzen, P., Aarts, E., van den Born, E., Rottier, P. J. M., & Bosch, B. J. (2017). Cell attachment domains of the PEDV spike protein are key targets of neutralizing antibodies. Journal of Virology, 91, e00273-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00273-17
17. Li, K., Song, D., Zhang, F., Gong, W., Guo, N., Li, A., Zhou, X., Huang, D., Ye, Y., & Tang, Y. (2018). Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain, CH/JXJA/2017, Isolated in Jiangxi, China, in 2017. Genome announcements, 6, e01590-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01590-17
18. Li, R., Qiao, S., Yang, Y., Guo, J., Xie, S., Zhou, E., & Zhang, G. (2016). Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China. Virus Genes, 52, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-015-1254-1
19. Li, W., van Kuppeveld, F. J. M., He, Q., Rottier, P. J. M., & Bosch, B. J. (2016). Cellular entry of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virus Research, 226, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.031
20. Lin, C. N., Chung, W. B., Chang, S. W., Wen, C. C., Liu, H., Chien, C. H., & Chiou, M. T. (2014). US-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in Taiwan, 2013-2014. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 76, 1297-1299. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0098
21. Lee, C. (2016). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus. Virology Journal, 12, 193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0465-y
22. Lee, S., & Lee, C. (2018). Genomic and antigenic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains isolated from South Korea, 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12904
23. Martin, D. P., P. Lemey, M. Lott, V. Moulton, D. Posada, & P. Lefeuvre. (2010). RDP3: a flexible and fast computer program for analyzing recombination. Bioinformatics, 26, 2462-2463. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq467
24. Nam, E., & Lee, C. (2010). Contribution of the porcine aminopeptidase N (CD13) receptor density to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology, 144, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.024
25. Oka, T., Saif, L. J., Marthaler, D., Esseili, M. A., Meulia, T., Lin, C. M., Vlasova, A. N., Jung, K., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2014). Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene. Veterinary Microbiology, 173, 258-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.012
26. Park, S., Kim, S., Song, D., & Park B. (2014). Novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with large genomic deletion, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 2089-2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.131642
27. Pasick, J., Berhane, Y., Ojkic, D., Maxie, G., Embury-Hyatt, C., Swekla, K., Handel, K., Fairles, J., & Alexandersen, S. (2014). Investigation into the role of potentially contaminated feed as a source of the first detected outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 61, 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12269
28. Pensaert, M. B., & de Bouck, P. (1978). A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Archives of Virology, 58, 243-247.
29. Sun, D., Feng, L., Shi, H., Chen, J., Cui, X., Chen, H., Liu, S., Tong, Y., Wang, Y., & Tong, G. (2008). Identification of two novel B cell epitopes on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein. Veterinary Microbiology, 131, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.022.
30. Song, D., & Park, B. (2012). Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines. Virus Genes, 44, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-012-0713-1
31. Stevenson, G. W., Hoang, H., Schwartz, K. J., Burrough, E. R., Sun, D., Madson, D., Cooper, V. L., Pillatzki, A., Gauger, P., Schmitt, B. J., Koster, L. G., Killian, M. L., & Yoon, K. J. (2013). Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 649-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638713501675
32. Steinrigl, A., Fernández, S. R., Stoiber, F., Pikalo, J., Sattler T., & Schmoll, F. (2015). First detection, clinical presentation and phylogenetic characterization of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Austria. BMC Veterinary Research 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0624-1
33. Stott, C. J., Temeeyasen, G., Tripipat, T., Kaewprommal, P., Tantituvanont, A., Piriyapongsa, J., & Nilubol, D. (2017). Evolutionary and epidemiological analyses based on spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus circulating in Thailand in 2008-2015. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 50, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.014
34. Tian, P. F., Jin, Y. L., Xing, G., Qv, L. L., Huang, Y. W., & Zhou, J. Y. (2014). Evidence of recombinant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, United States, 2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 1735-1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2010.140338
35. Van Reeth, K., & Pensaert, M. (1994). Prevalence of infections with enzootic respiratory and enteric viruses in feeder pigs entering fattening herds. The Veterinary record, 135, 594-597.
36. Van Diep, N., Norimine, J., Sueyoshi, M., Lan, N. T., & Yamaguchi, R. (2017). Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Variants with Large Deletions in the Spike (S) Gene Coexist with PEDV Strains Possessing an Intact S Gene in Domestic Pigs in Japan: A New Disease Situation. PLoS One, 12, e0170126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170126
37. Van Diep, N., Sueyoshi, M., Norimine, J., Hirai, T., Myint, O., Teh, A. P. P., Izzati, U. Z., Fuke, N., & Yamaguchi, R. (2018). Molecular characterization of US-like and Asian non-S INDEL strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that circulated in Japan during 2013-2016 and PEDVs collected from recurrent outbreaks. BMC Veterinary Research, 14, 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1409-0
38. Vigerust, D. J., & Shepherd, V. L. (2007). Virus glycosylation: role in virulence and immune interactions. Trends in Microbiology, 15, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2007.03.003
39. Vlasova, A. N., Marthaler, D., Wang, Q., Culhane, M. R., Rossow, K., Rovira, A., Collins, J., & Saif, L. J. (2014). Distinct characteristics and complex evolution of PEDV strains, North America, May 2013-February 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 1620-1628. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2010.140491
40. Wang, L., Bryum, B., & Zhang, Y. (2014). New Variant of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, United States, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20, 917-919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2005.140195
41. Zhang, Q., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Zhou, P., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Detection and phylogenetic analyses of spike genes in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in China in 2016-2017. Virology Journal, 14, 194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0860-z
42. Zhang, J., Yim-Im, W., Chen, Q., Zheng, Y., Schumacher, L., Huang, H., Gauger, P., Harmon, K., & Li, G. (2018). Identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with a large spike gene deletion from a clinical swine sample in the United States. Virus Genes, 54, 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-018-1542-7
43. Zhao, X., Li, Z., Zeng, G., Niu, J., Sun, B., & Ma, J. (2017). Sequence analysis of the spike gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolated from South China during 2011-2015. Journal of Veterinary Science, 18, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.2.237
CH3
1. Alonso, C., Goede, D. P., Morrison, R. B., Davies, P. R., Rovira, A., Marthaler, D. G., & Torremorell, M. (2014). Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds. Veterinary Research, 45:73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0073-z
2. Annamalai, T., Lin, C. M., Gao, X., Liu, X., Lu, Z., Saif, L. J., & Wang, Q. (2017). Cross protective immune responses in nursing piglets infected with a US spike-insertion deletion porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain and challenged with an original US PEDV strain. Veterinary Research, 48:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0469-7
3. Baudoux, P., Carrat, C., Besnardeau, L., Charley, B., & Laude, H. (1998). Coronavirus pseudoparticles formed with recombinant M and E proteins induce alpha interferon synthesis by leukocytes. Journal of Virology, 72, 8636-8643.
4. Berri, M., Meurens, F., Lefevre, F., Chevaleyre, C., Zanello, G., Gerdts, V., & Salmon, H. (2008). Molecular cloning and functional characterization of porcine CCL28: Possible involvement in homing of IgA antibody secreting cells into the mammary gland. Molecular Immunology, 45, 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.026
5. Boyaka, P. N. (2017). Inducing mucosal IgA: a challenge for vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Journal of Immunology, 199, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601775
6. Brian, D. A., & Baric, R. S. (2005). Coronavirus genome structure and replication. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 287, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26765-4_1
7. Chang, C. Y., Hsu, W. T., Chao, Y. C., & Chang, H. W. (2018). Display of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein on baculovirus to improve immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Viruses, 10:346. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070346
8. Chang, Y. C., Kao, C. F., Chang, C. Y., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Pang, V. F., Chiou, H. Y., Peng, J. Y., Cheng, I. C., & Chang, H. W. (2017). Evaluation and Comparison of the pathogenicity and host immune responses induced by a G2b Taiwan porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain Pintung 52) and its highly cell-culture passaged strain in conventional 5-week-old pigs. Viruses, 9:121. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050121
9. Chang, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., Tsai, P. S., Chiou, H. Y., Jeng, C. R., Pang, V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2018). Efficacy of heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit-adjuvanted parenteral porcine epidemic diarrhea virus trimeric spike subunit vaccine in piglets. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102, 7499-7507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9110-6
10. Chattha, K. S., Roth, J. A., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Strategies for design and application of enteric viral vaccines. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 3, 375-395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111038
11. Choi, J., Lee, K., Pi, J. H., Park, S. Y., Song, C. S., Choi, I. S., Lee, J. B., Lee, D. H., & Lee, S. W. (2014). Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 26, 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.005
12. Feng, N., Jaimes, M. C., Lazarus, N. H., Monak, D., Zhang, C., Butcher, E. C., & Greenberg, H. B. (2006). Redundant role of chemokines CCL25/TECK and CCL28/MEC in IgA+ plasmablast recruitment to the intestinal lamina propria after rotavirus infection. Journal of Immunology, 176, 5749-5759. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5749
13. Heine, S. J., Diaz-McNair, J., Andar, A. U., Drachenberg, C. B., van de Verg, L., Walker, R., Picking, W. L., & Pasetti, M. F. (2014). Intradermal delivery of Shigella IpaB and IpaD type III secretion proteins: kinetics of cell recruitment and antigen uptake, mucosal and systemic immunity, and protection across serotypes. Journal of Immunology, 192, 1630-1640. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302743
14. Homey, B., Wang, W., Soto, H., Buchanan, M. E., Wiesenborn, A., Catron, D., Müller, A., McClanahan, T. K., Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Orozco, R., Ruzicka, T., Lehmann, P., Oldham, E., & Zlotnik, A. (2000). The orphan chemokine receptor G protein-coupled receptor-2 (GPR-2, CCR10) binds the skin-associated chemokine CCL27 (CTACK/ALP/ILC). Journal of Immunology, 164, 3465-3470. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3465
15. Homey, B., Alenius, H., Müller, A., Soto, H., Bowman, E. P., Yuan, W., McEvoy, L., Lauerma, A. I., Assmann, T., Bünemann, E., Lehto, M., Wolff, H., Yen, D., Marxhausen, H., To, W., Sedgwick, J., Ruzicka, T., Lehmann, P., & Zlotnik, A. (2002). CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cell-mediated skin inflammation. Nature Medicine, 8, 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0202-157
16. Hernández-Ruiz, M., & Zlotnik, A. (2017). Mucosal chemokines. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 37, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2016.0076
17. Hudak, S., Hagen, M., Liu, Y., Catron, D., Oldham, E., McEvoy, L. M., & Bowman, E. P. (2002). Immune surveillance and effector functions of CCR10(+) skin homing T cells. Journal of Immunology, 169, 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1189
18. Hieshima, K., Kawasaki, Y., Hanamoto, H., Nakayama, T., Nagakubo, D., Kanamaru, A., & Yoshie, O. (2004). CC chemokine ligands 25 and 28 play essential roles in intestinal extravasation of IgA antibody-secreting cells. Journal of Immunology, 173, 3668-3675. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3668
19. Jang, G., Won, H., Lee, D. U., Noh, Y. H., Lee, S. C., Choi, H. W., Yoon, I. J., Lee, Y. J., Yoo, H. S., & Lee, C. (2019). Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine based on highly virulent genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in nursing piglets. Veterinary Microbiology, 231, 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.009
20. Joshi, L. R., Okda, F. A., Singrey, A., Maggioli, M. F., Faccin, T. C., Fernandes, M. H. V., Hain, K. S., Dee, S., Bauermann, F. V., Nelson, E. A., & Diel, D. G. (2018). Passive immunity to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following immunization of pregnant gilts with a recombinant orf virus vector expressing the spike protein. Archives of Virology, 163, 2327-2335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1
21. Jung, K., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection: etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunoprophylaxis. Veterinary Journal, 204, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.017
22. Kao, C. F, Chiou, H. Y., Chang, Y. C., Hsueh, C. S., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Cheng, I. C., Pang, V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2018). The characterization of immunoprotection induced by a cDNA clone derived from the attenuated Taiwan porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Pintung 52 strain. Viruses, 10, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100543
23. Kathuria, N., Kraynyak, K. A., Carnathan, D., Betts, M., Weiner, D. B., & Kutzler, M. A. (2012). Generation of antigen-specific immunity following systemic immunization with DNA vaccine encoding CCL25 chemokine immunoadjuvant. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8, 1607-1619. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.22574
24. Khanna, M., Jackson, R. J., Alcantara, S., Amarasena, T. H., Li, Z., Kelleher, A. D., Kent, S. J., & Ranasinghe, C. (2019). Mucosal and systemic SIV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cell hierarchy in protection following intranasal/intramuscular recombinant pox-viral vaccination of pigtail macaques. Scientific Reports, 9, 5661. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41506-5
25. Kocherhans, R., Bridgen, A., Ackermann, M., & Tobler, K. (2001). Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence. Virus Genes, 23, 137-144.
26. Kraynyak, K. A., Kutzler, M. A., Cisper, N. J., Khan, A. S., Draghia-Akli, R., Sardesal, N. Y., Lewis, M. G., Yan, J., & Weiner, D. B. (2010). Systemic immunization with CCL27/CTACK modulates immune responses at mucosal sites in mice and macaques. Vaccine, 28, 1942-1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.095
27. Kroeze, K. L., Boink, M. A., Sampat-Sardjoepersad, S. C., Waaijman, T., Scheper, R. J., & Gibbs, S. (2012). Autocrine regulation of re-epithelialization after wounding by chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CXCR3. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 132, 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.245
28. Kunkel, E. J., Kim, C. H., Lazarus, N. H., Vierra, M. A., Soler, D., Bowman, E. P., & Butcher, E. C. (2003). CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 1001-1010. https://doi.org/0.1172/JCI200317244
29. Kutzler, M. A., Wise, M. C., Hutnick, N. A., Moldoveanu, Z., Hunter, M., Reuter, M., Yuan, S., Yan, J., Ginsberg, A., Sylvester, A., Pahar, B., Carnathan, D., Kathuria, N., Khan, A. S., Montefiori, D., Sardesai, N. Y., Betts, M. R., Mestecky, J., Marx, P., & Weiner, D. B. (2016). Chemokine-adjuvanted electroporated DNA vaccine induces substantial protection from simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal challenge. Mucosal Immunology, 9, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2015.31
30. Laimbacher, A. S., Esteban, L. E., Castello, A. A., Abdusetir Cerfoglio, J. C., Argüelles, M. H., Glikmann, G., D''Antuono, A., Mattion, N., Berois, M., Arbiza, J., Hilbe, M., Schraner, E. M., Seyffert, M., Dresch, C., Epstein, A. L., Ackermann, M., & Fraefel, C. (2012). HSV-1 amplicon vectors launch the production of heterologous rotavirus-like particles and induce rotavirus-specific immune responses in mice. Molecular Therapy, 20, 1810-1820. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.108
31. Langel, S. N., Paim, F. C., Lager, K. M., Vlasova, A. N., & Saif, L. J. (2016). Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): historical and current concepts. Virus Research, 226, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016
32. Lara‑Romero, R., Gómez‑Núñez, L., Cerriteño‑Sánchez, J. L., Márquez‑Valdelamar, L., Mendoza‑Elvira, S., Ramírez‑Mendoza, H., & Rivera‑Benítez, J. F. (2018). Molecular characterization of the spike gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Mexico, 2013-2016. Virus Genes, 54, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-017-1528-x
33. Lee, S., & Lee, C. (2018). Genomic and antigenic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains isolated from South Korea, 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12904
34. Lee, S. H., Yang, D. K., Kim, H. H., & Cho, I. S. (2018). Efficacy of inactivated variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccines in growing pigs. Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, 7, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.61
35. Li, B., Du, L., Yu, Z., Sun, B., Xu, X., Fan, B., Guo, R., Yuan, W., & He, K. (2017). Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-entrapped vaccine induces protective immune response against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in piglets. Vaccine, 35, 7010-7017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.054
36. Li, B. X., Ge, J. W., & Li, Y. J. (2007). Porcine aminopeptidase N is a functional receptor for the PEDV coronavirus. Virology, 365, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031
37. Li, Q., Xu, Z., Wu, T., Peng, O., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Wen, Z., Zhou, Q., & Cao, Y. (2018). A flagellin-adjuvanted PED subunit vaccine improved protective efficiency against PEDV variant challenge in pigs. Vaccine, 36, 4228-4235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.124
38. Lin, C. M., Ghimire, S., Hou, Y., Boley, P., Langel, S. N., Vlasova, A. N., Saif, L. J., & Wang, Q. (2019). Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1756-x
39. Lin, C. N., Chung, W. B., Chang, S. W., Wen, C. C., Liu, H., Chien, C. H., & Chiou, M. T. (2014). US-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in Taiwan, 2013–2014. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 76, 1297-1299. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0098
40. Liu, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Yang, J., Fang, Y., Dong, Z., Zhao, D., Li, W., Feng, J., Cui, B., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). A newly isolated Chinese virulent genotype GIIb porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain: Biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immune protective effects as an inactivated vaccine candidate. Virus Research, 259, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.012.
41. Ma, S., Wang, L., Huang, X., Wang, X., Chen, S., Shi, W., Qiao, X., Jiang, Y., Tang, L., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2018). Oral recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine targeting the intestinal microfold cells and dendritic cells for delivering the core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Microbial Cell Factories, 17, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-0861-7
42. Matchett, W. E., Anguiano-Zarate, S. S., Nehete, P. N., Shelton, K., Nehete, B. P., Yang, G., Dorta-Estremera, S., Barnette, P., Xiao. P., Byrareddy, S. N., Villinger, F., Hessell, A. J., Haigwood, N. L., Sastry, K. J., & Barry, M. A. (2019). Divergent HIV-1-directed immune responses generated by systemic and mucosal immunization with replicating single-cycle adenoviruses in rhesus macaques. Journal of Virology, 93, e02016-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02016-18
43. McBride, R., van Zyl, M., & Fielding, B. C. (2014). The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses, 6, 2991-3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6082991
44. Meurens, F., Berri, M., Whale, J., Dybvig, T., Strom, S., Thompson, D., Brownlie, R., Townsend, H. G., Salmon, H., & Gerdts, V. (2006). Expression of TECK/CCL25 and MEC/CCL28 chemokines and their respective receptors CCR9 and CCR10 in porcine mucosal tissues. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 113, 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.05.014
45. Mohan, T., Deng, L., & Wang, B. Z. (2017). CCL28 chemokine: an anchoring point bridging innate and adaptive immunity. International Immunopharmacology, 51, 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.012
46. Nam, E., & Lee, C. (2010). Contribution of the porcine aminopeptidase N (CD13) receptor density to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology, 144, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.024
47. Niederwerder, M. C., & Hesse, R. A. (2018). Swine enteric coronavirus disease: A review of 4 years with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus in the United States and Canada. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 660-675. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12823
48. Oh, J., Lee, K. W., Choi, H. W., & Lee, C. (2014). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein. Archives of Virology, 159, 2977-2987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2163-7
49. Ojkic, D., Hazlett, M., Fairles, J., Marom, A., Slavic, D., Maxie, G., Alexandersen, S., Pasick, J., Alsop, J., & Burlatschenko, S. (2015). The first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 56, 149-152.
50. Opriessnig, T., Gerber, P. F., Shen, H., de Castro, A. M. M. G., Zhang, J., Chen, Q., & Halbur, P. (2017). Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated genogroup 2b-based porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine and experimental live genogroup 1b exposure against 2b challenge. Veterinary Research, 48, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0472-z
51. Pan, J., Kunkel, E. J., Gosslar, U., Lazarus, N., Langdon, P., Broadwell, K., Vierra, M. A., Genovese, M. C., Butcher, E. C., & Soler, D. (2000). A novel chemokine ligand for CCR10 and CCR3 expressed by epithelial cells in mucosal tissues. Journal of Immunology, 165, 2943-2949. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.2943
52. Puranaveja, S., Poolperm, P., Lertwatcharasarakul, P., Kesdaengsakonwut, S., Boonsoongnern, A., Urairong, K., Kitikoon, P., Choojai, P., Kedkovid, R., Teankum, K., & Thanawongnuwech, R. (2009). Chinese-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 1112-1115. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1507.081256
53. Rainone, V., Dubois, G., Temchura, V., Überla, K., Clivio, A., Nebuloni, M., Lauri, E., Trabattoni, D., Veas, F., & Clerici, M. (2011). CCL28 induces mucosal homing of HIV-1-specific IgA-secreting plasma cells in mice immunized with HIV-1 virus-like particles. PLoS ONE, 6, e26979. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026979
54. Sato, T., Oroku, K., Ohshima, Y., Furuya, Y., & Sasakawa, C. (2018). Efficacy of genogroup 1 based porcine epidemic diarrhea live vaccine against genogroup 2 field strain in Japan. Virology Journal, 15, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-0940-8
55. Shen, H., Zhang, C., Guo, P., Liu, Z., Sun, M., Sun, J., Li, L., Dong, J., & Zhang, J. (2016). Short communication: antiviral activity of porcine IFN-λ3 against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro. Virus Genes, 52, 877-882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1374-2
56. Soler, D., Humphreys, T. L., Spinola, S. M., & Campbell, J. J. (2003). CCR4 versus CCR10 in human cutaneous TH lymphocyte trafficking. Blood, 101, 1677-1682. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-07-2348
57.Subramaniam, S., Yugo, D. M., Heffron, C. L., Rogers, A. J., Sooryanarain, H., LeRoith, T., Overend, C., Cao, D., & Meng, X. J. (2018). Vaccination of sows with a dendritic cell-targeted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein-based candidate vaccine reduced viral shedding but exacerbated gross pathological lesions in suckling neonatal piglets. Journal of General Virology, 99, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001001
58. Sundström, P., Lundin, S. B., Nilsson, L. A., & Quiding-Järbrink, M. (2009). Human IgA-secreting cells induced by intestinal, but not systemic, immunization respond to CCL25 (TECK) and CCL28 (MEC). European Journal of Immunology, 39, 3267. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838506
59. Suzuki, T., Murakami, S., Takahashi, O., Kodera, A., Masuda, T., Itoh, S., Miyazaki, A., Ohashi, S., & Tsutsui, T. (2015). Molecular characterization of pig epidemic diarrhoea viruses isolated in Japan from 2013 to 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 36, 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.017
60. Tomusange, K., Wijesundara, D., Gummow, J., Wesselingh, S., Suhrbier, A., Gowans, E. J., & Grubor-Bauk, B. (2016). Mucosal vaccination with a live recombinant rhinovirus followed by intradermal DNA administration elicits potent and protective HIV-specific immune responses. Scientific Reports, 6, 36658. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36658
61. Van Diep, N., Sueyoshi, M., Norimine, J., Hirai, T., Myint, O., Teh, A. P. P, Izzati, U. Z., Fuke, N., & Yamaguchi, R. (2018). Molecular characterization of US-like and Asian non-S INDEL strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that circulated in Japan during 2013-2016 and PEDVs collected from recurrent outbreaks. BMC Veterinary Research, 14, 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1409-0
62. Van Reeth, K., & Pensaert, M. (1994). Prevalence of infections with enzootic respiratory and enteric viruses in feeder pigs entering fattening herds. Veterinary Record, 135, 594-597. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.25.594
63. Wen, Z., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Q., Gong, L., Xue, C., & Cao, Y. (2017). Genetic epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus circulating in China in 2012-2017 based on spike gene. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65, 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12825
64. Yoshino, N., Kanekiyo, M., Hagiwara, Y., Okamura, T., Someya, K., Matsuo, K., Ami, Y., Sato, S., Yamamoto, N., & Honda, M. (2010). Intradermal delivery of recombinant vaccinia virus vector DIs induces gut-mucosal immunity. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 72, 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02416.x
65. Zaballos, A., Gutiérrez, J., Varona, R., Ardavín, C., & Márquez, G. (1999). Identification of the orphan receptor for the chemokine TECK chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9. Journal of Immunology, 162, 5671-5675.
66. Zhang, Q., Ke, H., Blikslager, A., Fujita, T., & Yoo, D. (2018). Type III interferon restriction by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the role of viral protein nsp1 in IRF1 signaling. Journal of Virology, 92, e01677-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01677-17
67. Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Shi, H., Chen, X., Shi, D., Feng, L., & Yang, B. (2012). Identification of a conserved linear B-cell epitope in the M protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virology Journal, 9, 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-225
CH4
1. Berri, M., Meurens, F., Lefevre, F., Chevaleyre, C., Zanello, G., Gerdts, V., & Salmon, H. (2008). Molecular cloning and functional characterization of porcine CCL28: possible involvement in homing of IgA antibody secreting cells into the mammary gland. Molecular Immunology, 45, 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.026
2. Chiou, H. Y., Huang, Y. L., Deng, M. C., Chang, C. Y., Jeng, C. R., Tsai, P. S., Yang, C., Pang, V. F., & Chang, H. W. (2017). Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) gene of the new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Taiwan. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12357
3. Hudak, S., Hagen, M., Liu, Y., Catron, D., Oldham, E., McEvoy, L. M., & Bowman, E. P. (2002). Immune surveillance and effector functions of CCR10(+) skin homing T cells. Journal of Immunology, 169, 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1189
4. Kathuria, N., Kraynyak, K. A., Carnathan, D., Betts, M., Weiner, D. B., & Kutzler. M. A. (2012). Generation of antigen-specific immunity following systemic immunization with DNA vaccine encoding CCL25 chemokine immunoadjuvant. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 8, 1607-1619. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.22574
5. Meurens, F., Berri, M., Whale, J., Dybvig, T., Strom, S., Thompson, D., Brownlie, R., Townsend, H. G., Salmon, H., & Gerdts, V. (2006). Expression of TECK/CCL25 and MEC/CCL28 chemokines and their respective receptors CCR9 and CCR10 in porcine mucosal tissues. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 113, 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.05.014
6. Morales, J., Homey, B., Vicari, A. P., Hudak, S., Oldham, E., Hedrick, J., Orozco, R., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., McEvoy, L. M., & Zlotnik, A. (1999). CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 14470-14475. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.25.14470