臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在面對全球化的高度競爭環境中，每一位企業員工所遇到的不確定性就更高，工作壓力似乎是如影隨形的緊跟著你我。根據相關研究指出，工作壓力對組織及員工皆會造成重大影響，近年來，瞭解工作壓力是員工及組織管理者所重視的課題。如何在工作中面對各種壓力，找到工作滿足感及自我效能，提高員工創造力的機會，進而促進整體績效的增加，皆是一項新課題與新挑戰。因此，本研究主旨在探討工作壓力、工作滿足、自我效能和創造力四者之關係。
本研究採用問卷調查方式蒐集資料，調查對象包含國內資訊及通訊傳播業、傳統製造業、技術服務業、金融業、不動產業等共7家公司之產品開發人員，實得有效問卷共202份。資料分析以SPSS統計套裝軟體進行敘述性分析、信效度分析、因素分析、皮爾遜積差相關、層級迴歸等方法處理。研究結果顯示，工作壓力對創造力有顯著的正向影響，工作壓力對工作滿足和自我效能皆有顯著的負向影響，其次，探討工作滿足和自我效能對創造力之關係，研究結果顯示，工作滿足和自我效能對創造力皆有顯著的正向影響。此外，本研究也檢視工作滿足和自我效能對工作壓力和創造力之間是否具有中介效果，結果顯示，工作滿足和自我效能不具有中介效果，但工作滿足和自我效能在工作壓力內之角色模糊與創造力間則具有部分中介效果，最後本研究也探討相關實務意涵。

Facing the globalization high competition environment, each of enterprise employees met higher uncertainty. Thus, the stress seems to is very closely follow you. According to previously research, The work stress will cause major influence on the organization and the employee. Recently, many manager and employees care about the issue of understanding the work stress. It is all above a new topic and challenge, how to face various stress in the work, find work satisfication and self efficacy, to elevate the opportunity of employee''s creativity and then promote the whole performance. Therefore, The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate the relationships among job stress, job satisfaction, self-efficacy and creativity.
In a survey of 202 employee of information communication, traditional manufacturing, technical services , financial insurance, and real estate in Taiwan’s firms. The data has been compiled in a database using the SPSS for Windows software program. The statistical methods include descriptive analysis, factoring analysis, Pearson product moment correlation, and level regression analysis. The results indicate that job stress has a direct positive effect on creativity, and negative effect on both job satisfaction and self-efficacy. In addition, the results also presented that both job satisfaction and self-efficacy have a direct positive effect on creativity. Further, this study also examines mediation effect of job satisfaction and self-efficacy for the relationship between job stress and creativity. The results indicate that both job satisfaction and self-efficacy have no mediation effect. however, both job satisfaction and self-efficacy have only the partial mediation effect on the relationship between role ambiguity and creativity.

摘要...............................................................I
Abstract..........................................................III
謝誌...............................................................V
目錄...............................................................VI
表目錄...........................................................VIII
圖目錄...........................................................X
第一章 緒論.................................................1
1.1 研究背景與動機..................................1
1.2 研究問題與目的..................................3
1.3 研究範圍..............................................3
1.4 預期貢獻..............................................4
1.5 研究流程..............................................4
第二章 文獻探討.........................................7
2.1 工作壓力..............................................7
2.2 創造力..................................................18
2.3 自我效能..............................................24
2.4 工作滿足..............................................28
2.5 工作壓力與創造力關係之研究..........34
2.6 工作壓力與工作滿足關係之研究......37
2.7 工作滿足與創造力關係之研究..........41
2.8 工作壓力與自我效能關係之研究......43
2.9 自我效能與創造力關係之研究..........45
第三章 研究方法.........................................47
3.1 研究架構..............................................47
3.2 研究假設..............................................47
3.3 研究變項的操作型定義......................48
3.4 問卷設計..............................................49
3.5 研究對象及抽樣方法..........................55
3.6 資料分析方法......................................55
第四章 資料分析與研究結果.....................58
4.1 敘述性統計分析..................................58
4.2 因素分析..............................................66
4.3 信度分析..............................................73
4.4 相關分析..............................................74
4.5 層級迴歸..............................................77
第五章 結論與建議.....................................89
5.1 假設驗證結果......................................89
5.2 研究討論..............................................89
5.3 管理實務意函......................................91
5.4 研究限制..............................................92
5.5 後續研究建議......................................93
參考文獻......................................................94
附錄 問卷....................................................108

1.王進清（2001）。人格特質、工作壓力與工作滿足之關聯性研究─以大台南地區大專院校軍訓教官為例，長榮大學經營管理研究所碩士論文，台南縣。
2.任晟蓀（1985）。國中校長領導型式輔導教師教育背景對輔導教師工作滿足之影響，國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，台北市
3.呂勝瑛、翁淑緣（1986）Olson, R. W. 原著。創造與人生。台北：遠流。
4.李青分、李雅婷、趙慕芬（2002）Robbins, S. P. 原著。組織行為學（Organizational behavior）。台北市：華泰文化。
5.李安麗（1999）。研發人員工作動機與工作滿足對創造力之影響-以P公司為例，中央大學人力資源管理系碩士論文，桃園市。
6.吳明順（2002）。國民中學主任工作壓力與因應策略之研究，彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，彰化市。
7.吳明隆（2005）。SPSS統計應用學習實務:問卷分析與應用統計，台北：知城數位科技。
8.吳思嫻（2004）。職場工作者工作家庭衝突、工作壓力、工作滿足與離職傾向間關係之探討，成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，台南市。
9.林純文（1996）。國民小學組織氣候、教師工作壓力及其因應方式之研究，屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，屏東市。
10.林靖芬（1999）。台北市國小女性教師生涯發展與工作滿意度之研究，未出版碩士論文，國立台北師範學院，臺北市。
11.周明鴻（2005）。主管的領導型態對於下屬的創造力及工作滿足之影響研究，中興大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，台中市。
12.周嘉明（2001）。高科技員工職業壓力與職業疏離之相關研究，高雄師範大學工業科技教育研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
13.侯望倫（1984）。員工工作壓力之實證研究--以護理人員為例，政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，台北市。
14.柏廣法（1998）。視覺障礙者大學畢業後工作壓力來源與因應方式之研究，彰化師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文，彰化市。
15.唐萬樹（1990）Nelson原著。做一個創意人。台北：中國生產力中心。
16.莊立民（2002）。組織創新模式建構與實證之研究—以台灣資訊電子為例，成功大學企業管理研究所博士論文，台南市。
17.許芷霖（2006）。台北縣國民小學教師工作壓力與教學效能關係之研究－以九年一貫課程實施為例，台北師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，台北市。
18.陳玉芬、吳為聖（1999）Coade, N. 原著。超創意管理(Be creative)。台北：高寶國際。（原作1997年出版）
19.陳昭儀（1995）。Piirto, J.原著。瞭解創意人，台北：心理出版社。
20.陳青勇（2000）。國民小學兼行政職務教師工作壓力與因應方式之研究，國立台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，台中市。
21.陳聰典（2001）。工作自主性、工作壓力與創造力關係之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，台北市。
22.陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵（2003）。多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用，臺北：五南圖書出版公司。
23.郭峰偉（1990）。國中教師工作壓力與教師效能關係之研究，成功大學教育研究所碩士論文，台南市。
24.張起華（2000）。資訊人員的工作特性、創造力人格特質與工作滿足之相關性研究，中央大學資訊管理系碩士論文，桃園市
25.張嘉琪（2002）。以認知、自我效能及學習型組織理論探討知識創新之研究，大葉大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，彰化市。
26.張宦民（2004）。組織文化、主管領導型態、員工工作滿意度對企業創新能力之影響─以臺灣上市電線電纜公司為例，成功大學高階管理研究所碩士論文，台南市。
27.張芸愷（2006）。國際航線女性空服員工作壓力與身心健康之研究，靜宜大學管理研究所碩士論文，台中縣。
28.張雅玲（2006）。雲林縣幼稚園教師工作壓力與自我效能之研究，雲林科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，雲林市。
29.游心慈（2007）。社會支持與工作壓力影響創造力管理歷程關聯性之研究－以高科技女性工作者為例，長榮大學經營管理研究所碩士論文，台南縣。
30.黃義良（1999）。國小兼任行政工作教師的工作壓力與調適方式之研究，國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，屏東市。
31.黃荷婷（2003）。研發團隊成員目標導向與創新行為、創新績效─自我效能與集體效能的中介效果，東吳大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文，台北市。
32.黃虎台（2003）。公營電臺從業人員工作壓力與工作滿足關聯性之研究－以警廣、漢聲、教育電台為例，銘傳大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，台北市。
33.葉龍源（1998）。國民小學主任工作壓力與因應方式之研究，國立台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，台中市。
34.鄧珮秀（2003）。台北縣國民小學教師工作壓力與教學效能關係之研究－以九年一貫課程實施為例，台北教育大學教育研究所碩士論文，台北市。
35.鄭文慶（2002）。北部地區醫院臨床藥師工作壓力與工作滿足之研究，銘傳大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，台北市。
36.鄭秀女（2004）。高雄市公立高職行政人員工作壓力工作滿足與因應策略之研究，樹德科技大學經營管理研究所碩士論文，台南縣。
37.賴奕文（2003）。台灣地區縣市督學工作壓力與工作滿意度之研究，台北師範學院教育政策與管理研究所碩士論文，台北市。
38.廖素華（1977）。國小校長領導方式、教師人格特質與教師工作滿足的關係，政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，台北市。
39.賴德銘（2007）。企業主管面對工作壓力所產生工作滿足與工作績效之研究，台北大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，台北市。
40.顏瑞伶（2001）。壽險公司業務員人格特質、工作壓力與工作滿足關係之分析，逢甲大學保險所碩士論文，台中市。
41.謝百亮（1995）。國民小學行政管理與教師工作滿意之關係，台中師範學院初等教育學系碩士論文，台中市
42.魏方亭（2001）。嘉南地區國中教師工作價值觀、自我效能感及工作壓力與任教承諾關係之研究，中正大學教育研究所碩士論文，嘉義縣。
43.藍采風（2000）。壓力與調適，台北：幼獅文化出版。

1.Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of equity.
Journel of Abnormal and Socical Psychology, 422-136.
2.Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence Relatedness and Growth Need in Organizational Setting. New York: The Free Press.
3.Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-376.
4.Ambaile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, S. S. (1987). Creativity in the R&D laboratory. Technical Report No. 30, Center for Creative Leadership, Greenboro, NC.
5.Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, pp. 123-167.
6.Amabile, Teresa M., Tighe, Elizabeth (1993). Questions of Creativity, in Creativity edited by Brockman John.
7.Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.
8.Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: on doing what you love and loving what you do, California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58.
9.Arnett, D. B., Laverie, D. A., & Mclane, C. (2002). Job satisfaction and pride as internal-marketing tools. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(2), 87-96.
10.Andrews, F. M., & Farris, G. F. (1972). Time pressure and performance of scientists and engineers: A five-year panel study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 8(2), 185-200.
11.Anderson, O. A. (2006). Linking work stress, parental self-efficacy, ineffective parenting, and youth problem behavior. Tennessee: University of Tennessee.
12.Bandura, A. (1977a). Social Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
13.Bandura, A. (1977b). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
14.Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social. Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15.Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
16.Baron, J. and Kenny, J. (1986). Organizational perspectives on stratification. Annual Reviews Sociology, 10(1), 37-69.
17.Baroudi, J. J., & Orlikowski W. J. (1988). A short-form measure of user information satisfaction: A psychometric evaluation and note on use, Journal of Measurement Information Systems, 4(4), 44-59.
18.Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. E. (1978). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A fact analysis, model, and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31(4), 665-699.
19.Betoret, F. D. (2006). Stressors, self-Efficacy, coping resources, and burnout among secondary school teachers in spain. Educational Psychology, 26(4), 519-539.
20.Blau (1981). An empirical investigation of job stress, social support, survive length and job strain. Organization Behavior and Human Performance, 27, 279-302.
21.Blum, M. L., & Naylor, J. C. (1968). Industrial Psychology: Its Theoretical and Social Foundation. New York: Happer & Raw Publisher.
22.Bottger, P. C., & Woods, M. A. (1988). Different determinants of task persistence and growth satisfaction: affective responses to performance planning and job characteristics. Australian Journal of Management, 13, 303-317.
23.Brief, A. P., Schuler, R. S., & Van Sell, M. (1981). Managing job stress. Boston: Little Brown, as cited in Umstot, D. D. (1988). Understanding organizational behavior (2nd ed.). St.Paul: West Publishing Company.
24.Cambell, J. P. (1970). Managerial Behavior Performance, Effectiveness, New York: Mcgraw-Hill,.
25.Caplan, R. D., & Jones, K. W. (1975). Effects of working load, role ambiguity, and type A personality on anxiety, depression, and heart rate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(6), 713-719.
26.Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Van Harrison, R., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupation Difference. Michigan: Ann Arbor.
27.Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. (1997). Managing Workplace Stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28.Cates, C., (1979). Beyond muddling: creativity, Public Administration Review, 39, 527-532.
29.Caudron, S. (1998). Job stress is in job design, Workforce, 77(9), 21-23.
30.Clark, E. H. (1980). An analysis of occupation stress factor as perceived by public school teacher. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Auburn University.
31.Cummings, T. G., & Cooper, C. L. (1979). A cybernetic frame cook for studying occupational stress. Human Relations, 32(5), 395-418.
32.Davis, H. (1977). Human Behavior at Work: Organizational Behavior (5th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
33.Delmas, M. A. (2002). Innovation against european rigidities institutional environment and dynamic capabilities, Journal of High Technology Management Research, (13), 19-43.
34.Dubinsky, A. J., & Hartley, S. W. (1986). A path-analy study of model of salesperson performance. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 14(1), 36-46.
35.Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative 4 action in multiple social domain. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112-1142.
36.French, J. R. P., & Kahn, R. L. (1962). A programmatic approach to studying the industrial environment and mental health. Journal of Social Issues, 18(1), 1-47.
37.Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 291.
38.Gellis, Z. D., Kim, J., & Hwang, S. C. (2004). New York State case manager survey. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 31(4), 430-440.
39.Ghiselli, R. F., LaLopa, J. M., & Bai B. (2001). Job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intent. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 28-37.
40.Goldstein, J. (1994). The Unshackled Organization Portland, OR: Productivity Press.
41.Greenwood, G. F., Olejnik, S. F., & Parkay, F. W. (1990). Relationships between four Teacher efficacy belief patterns and selected teacher characteristics. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 23, 102-106.
42.Greenberg, L. S. (1995). Emotion Psychotherapy. New York: Guildford Publication.
43.Greenberg, J. & Baron R. A. (1995). Behavior in Organization, Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
44.Guieford, J. P. (1965). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. McGraw-Hill, New York.
45.Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5(9), 444-454.
46.Gupta, A. K. & Singhal, A. (1993). Managing humance resource for innovation and creativity, Research Technology Management, 36(3), 41-49.
47.Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Development of the job doagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170.
48.Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J. W., & Woodman, R. W. (1992). Organizational Behavior. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
49.Hendrix, W. H. (1985). Factors predicative of stress, Organizational effectiveness, and coronary disease potential aviation. Space and Environmental Medicine, 56, 654-659.
50.Herzberg, F. et al. (1959). The Motivation to Work. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
51.Hodson, D. (1991). Practical work in science: time for a reappraisal, Studies in Science Education, 19, 175-184.
52.Hopkins, W. (1997). Professional development schools and preservice teacher stress. Action-in-Teacher-Education, 18(4), 36-46.
53.Hoppock, R., (1935). Job Satisfaction. New York: Harper & Row Inc.
54.Igbaria, M. & J. H. Greenhaus (1992). Determinants of mis employees’ turnover intentions: A structural equation model. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 35-49.
55.Ivancevich, J. M., & Matteson, M. T. (1980). Stress and Work: A Managerial Perspective. New York: Scott Foresman.
Ivancevich, J. M. & Matteson, M. T. (Eds.) (1989). 56.Management and Organizational Behavior Classics. Plano, Tex: Business Publications.
57.Jex, S. M. (1998). Stress and j Job Performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58.Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Stress in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley.
59.Kao, J. (1991). Managing Creativity. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
60.Karlqvist, Anders (1997). Creativity, some historical footnotes from science and art, in The Complexity of Creativity eds by Andersson, Ake E. & Sahlin Nils-Eric.
61.Kear, M. (2000). Concept analysis of self-efficacy. Graduate Research in Nursing. Available: http://www.graduateresearch.com/Kear.htm.
62.Kreitner, R. (1977). Managing the two faces of stress. Arizona Business, 24(8), 9-20.
63.Linnenbrink, E. A., & Pintrich, P. R. (2003). The role of self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement and learning in the classroom. Journal of Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19（2）, 119-137.
64.Litt, M. D. & Turk, D. C. (1985). Source of stress and dissatisfaction in experienced high school teachers, Journal of Educational Research, 78 (3), 178-185.
65.Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1297-1349.
66.Majaro, S. (1988). The Creative Gap: Managing Ideas for Profit. London: Longman.
67.Manthei, R., & Sloman, R. (1988). Teacher stress and negative outcomes in canterbury state school. Journal of Education Studies, 23(2), 145-163.
68.Martin, T. N., & Sechermerhorn, J. R. Jr. (1983). Work and nonwork influence on health: a research agenda using inability to leave as acritical variable, Academy of Management Review, 8, 4, 650-659.
69.Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Brothers, pp. 146-150.
70.Mcgowan, J., Gardner, D., & Fletcher, R. (2006). Positive and negative affective outcomes of occupational stress. Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 92-98.
71.McGrath, J. E. (Ed.) (1976). Stress and Behavior in Organizations. In M. D. Dunnette. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2nd ed., pp. 1351-1395), Chicago: Rand McNally.
72.Michie, S., (2002). Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67-72.
73.Moorhaead, G. & R. W. Griffin (1989). Organizational Behavior, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
74.Mumford, Michael D. & Gustafson, Sigrid B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: integration, application, and innovation, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-30.
75.Mumford, M.D. (2000). Managing creative people: strategies and tactics for innovation, Human Resource Management Review, 10(3), 313-351.
76.Murdock, Mary C. & Puccio, Gerard J. (1993). A contextual organizer for conducting creativity research, in Understanding and Recognizing of a Discipline eds by Isaksen, Scott G. et al.
77.Nerkar, A. A., McGrath, R.G., & MacMillan, I. C. (1996). Three facets of satisfaction and their influence on the performance of innovation teams. Journal of Business Venturing, 167-188.
78.Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.
79.Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
80.Pajares, F. (2002). Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning, Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 116-125.
81.Parkay, F. W., Olejnik, S., & Proller, N. (1988). A study of the relationships among teacher efficacy, locus of control, and stress. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 21, 13-22.
82.Parker, D. F., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1983). Organizational determinants of job stress Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 160-177.
83.Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, W. (2005). The relationship between teacher autonomy and stress, work satisfaction, empowerment, and professionalism. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(1), 37-53.
84.Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in Education: Theory Research, and Applications. (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
85.Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). What job attitudes tell about motivation. Harvard Business Review, January- February, 46(1), 118-126.
86.Quick, J. C. & Quick, J. D. (1984). Organizational Stress and Preventive Management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rhodes, M. (1961). An Analysis of Creativity, In S. G. Isaksen (Ed.). Frontiers of Creativity Research. New York: Bearly Limited.
87.Riggs, M. L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancourt, R., & Hooker, S. (1994). Development and validation of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scales for job-related applications. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 793-802.
88.Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150-153.
Robbins, S. P. (1996). Organizational Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
89.Roth, W. G. (1985). Treatment implications derived from self-efficacy research with children. Doctor of Psychology Research Paper, Biola University, California.
90.Ross, R. R. & Altmaier, E. M. (1994). Intervention in Occupational Stress. London: Sage.
91.Sadowski, S.T., (1995).The knowkedge-creating company: how japanese company foster creativity and innovation for competitive advantage, Academy of Management Executive, 9 (3), 83-86.
92.Schermerhorn, J. R., J. G. Hunt & R. N. Osborn (1997). Organizational Behavior, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc..
Schroeder, R., Van de Ven, A., Scudder, G., & Polley, D. (1989). The Development of Innovation Ideas, Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota studies, New York: Harper & Row. pp. 107-134.
93.Schuler, R. S. (1980). Definition and conceptualization of stress in organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25(2), 184-215.
94.Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
95.Seibert, J. S. E., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). The five-factor models of personality and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, (1) 1-21.
96.Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
97.Sigler, R. T. & Wilson, C. N. (1988). Stress in the work place: Comparing police stress and teacher stress. Journal of Police, Science and Administration, 16(3), 151-162.
98.Smucker, M. K. (2001). Job satisfaction and referent selection in the sport industry, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertations, University of The Florida State.
99.Spector, P. E. (1987). Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relations, 39, 1005-1016.
100.Starko, A. J. (1995). Theories and Mmodels of Creavitiy. In A. J. Starko (Ed.), Creativiy in the Classroom. pp. 21-59. New York, USA: Longman publishers.
101.Steers, R. M. (1988). Work and stress, Introduction to organizational behavior. Human performance, 32, 166-177.
102.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
103.Weaver, Juanita (2000). Creativity, Community Banker, 9, 16-19.
104.Weiss, D. J., Davis, R.V., England, G. W. & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center.
105.Wernimont, P. F. (1972). A sustem view of job satisfaction. Joumal of Applied Psychology, 56(2), 173-176.
106.Williams, K. J., & Alliger, G. M. (1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents, Academy of Management Journal, 37, 837-868.
107.Williams, S. & Cooper, L., (2002). Managing Workplace Stress: A Best Practice Blueprint. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
108.Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.