臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本論文研究中，我們放置銀奈米顆粒於發綠光的氮化銦鎵/氮化鎵量子井和發紅光的硒化鎘/硫化鋅量子點之間來同時與量子井和量子點產生表面電漿子耦合，以增強量子井和量子點的內部量子效率。我們也觀察到在塗佈高密度量子點樣品中，經由表面電漿子耦合量子點的絕對發光強度明顯增強。比較不同尺寸銀奈米顆粒所產生不同共振波長局域表面電漿子的耦合效果，我們發現當共振波長位於量子井和量子點發光波長中間時，量子點的內部量子效率提升最顯著。此現象是因為局域表面電漿子共振的涵蓋範圍包含了量子井和量子點的發光波段，表面電漿子耦合的效果不只分別增加了量子井和量子點的發光效率，也增強了量子點在量子井發光波段的吸收，結合上述因素可造成最佳量子點內部量子效率的提升。

By placing Ag nanoparticles (NPs) between green-emitting (~520 nm) InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) and red-emitting (~620 nm) CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) for inducing simultaneous surface plasmon (SP) coupling with QWs and QDs, the internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) of both QDs and QWs can be enhanced. With a high enough QD density, the absolute emission intensity of QDs can also be enhanced through SP coupling. By comparing the samples with different Ag NP geometries, an Ag NP structure producing the localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance peak around the middle between the QW and QD emission wavelengths leads to the maximum QD IQE enhancement. This behavior is attributed to the LSP resonance coverage of both QW and QD emission wavelengths such that the SP coupling can be effective for enhancing QW emission at ~520 nm, QD absorption at ~520 nm, and QD emission at ~620 nm at the same time. The combination of those effects results in an overall largest increase of QD IQE.

致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Quantum dots 1
1.2 Surface plasmons 2
1.3 Surface plasmon coupled light emitting diode 6
1.4 Color conversion for color display 9
1.5 Surface plasmon coupling for enhancing color conversion 10
1.6 Research motivations 11
1.7 Thesis structure 12
Chapter 2 Conversion Enhancements with Low Quantum Dot Densities 17
2.1 Device structures and measurement methods 17
2.2 Results and discussions on green into red conversion 20
2.3 Results and discussions on green into yellow conversion 24
Chapter 3 Conversion Enhancements with High Quantum Dot Densities 43
3.1 Device structures and sample designations 43
3.2 Results and discussions on green into red conversion 44
Chapter 4 Conclusions 59
References 60

[1] R. Rossetti, S. Nakahara, and L. E. Brus, “Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution,” J. Chem. Phys. 79, 1086–1088 (1983).
[2] D. Yu, C. Wang, P. Guyot-Sionnest, “n-Type conducting CdSe nanocrystal solids,” Science 300, 1277–1280 (2003).
[3] P. Reiss, M. Protiere, L. Li, “Core/Shell semiconductor nanocrystals,” Small 5, 154–168 (2009).
[4] X. Peng, M. C. Scchlamp, A. V. Kadavanich, A. P. Alivisatos, “Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7019–7029 (1997).
[5] B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo, F. V. Mikulec, J. R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K. F. Jensen, and M. G. Bawendi, “(CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites,” J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 9463–9475 (1997).
[6] R. H. Ritchie, “Plasmon losses by fast electrons in thin films,” Phys. Rev. 106, 874 (1957).
[7] W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424, 824 (2003).
[8] J. A. Sanchez-Gil, “Localized surface-plasmon polaritons in disordered nanostructured metal surfaces: shape versus anderson-localized resonances,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 113410 (2003).
[9] V. A. Markel, V. M. Shalaev, E. B. Stechel, W. Kim, and R. L. Armstrong, “Small-particle composites. I. linear optical properties,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 2425 (1996).
[10] J. H. Song, T. Atay, S. Shi, H. Urabe, and A. V. Nurmikko, “Large enhancement of fluorescence efficiency from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induced by resonant coupling to spatially controlled surface plasmons,” Nano Lett. 5, 1557 (2005).
[11] G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Ann. Phys. 25, 377 (1908).
[12] C. Sonnichsen, S. Geier, N. E. Hecker, G. von Plessen, J. Feldmann, H. Ditlbacher, B. Lamprecht, J. R. Krenn, F. R. Aussenegg, V. Z-H. Chan, J. P. Spatz, and M. Moller, “Spectroscopy of single metallic nanoparticles using total internal reflection microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2949 (2000).
[13] B. P. Rand, P. Peumans, and S. R. Forrest, “Long-range absorption enhancement in organic Tandem thin-film solar-cells ontaining silver nanoclusters,” J. Appl. Phys. 96, 7519 (2004).
[14] M. Cortie, X. Xu, H. Chowdhury, H. Zareie, and G. Smith, “Plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles and its exploitation,” Proc. SPIE 5649, 565 (2005).
[15] K. H. Su, Q. H. Wei, and X. Zhang, “Surface Plasmon Coupling Between Two Nano Au Particles,” IEEE-NANO 2, 279 (2003).
[16] P. Raveendran, J. Fu and S.L. Wallen, “A simple and ‘‘green’’ method for the synthesis of Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy,” Green Chem. 8, 34 (2006).
[17] M. J. Kim, H. J. Na, K.C. Lee, E.A. Yoo, and M.Y. Lee, “Preparation and characterization of Au–Ag and Au–Cu alloy nanoparticles in chloroform,” J. Mater. Chem. 13, 1789 (2003).
[18] S. Link, Z. L. Wang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Alloy formation of gold-silver nanoparticles and the dependence of the plasmon absorption on their composition,” J. Phys. Chem B. 103, 3529 (1999).
[19] D. M. Yeh, C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, Y. C. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Surface plasmon coupling effect in an InGaN/GaN single-quantum-well light-emitting diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 171103 (2007).
[20] G. Sun, J. B. Khurgin, and R. A. Soref, “Practicable enhancement of spontaneous emission using surface plasmons,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 111107 (2007).
[21] K. C. Shen, C. Y. Chen, H. L. Chen, C. F. Huang, Y. W. Kiang, C. C. Yang, and Y. J. Yang, “Enhanced and partially polarized output of a light-emitting diode with Its InGaN/GaN quantum well coupled with surface plasmons on a metal grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 231111 (2008).
[22] M. K. Kwon, J. Y. Kim, B. H. Kim, I. K. Park, C. Y. Cho, C. C. Byeon, and S. J. Park, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 20, 1253–1257 (2008).
[23] J. Lin, A. Mohammadizia, A. Neogi, H. Morkoç, and M. Ohtsu, “Surface plasmon enhanced UV emission in AlGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 221104 (2010).
[24] Y. Kuo, S. Y. Ting, C. H. Liao, J. J. Huang, C. Y. Chen, C. Hsieh, Y. C. Lu, C. Y. Chen, K. C. Shen, C. F. Lu, D. M. Yeh, J. Y. Wang, W. H. Chuang, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Surface plasmon coupling with radiating dipole for enhancing the emission efficiency of a light-emitting diode,” Opt. Express 19, A914–A929 (2011).
[25] C. Y. Cho, S. J. Lee, J. H. Song, S. H. Hong, S. M. Lee, Y. H. Cho, and S. J. Park, “Enhanced optical output power of green light-emitting diodes by surface plasmon of gold nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 051106 (2011).
[26] N. Gao, K. Huang, J. Li, S. Li, X. Yang, and J. Kang, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced deep-UV light emitting diodes based on AlGaN multi-quantum wells,” Scientific Reports 2, 00816 (2012).
[27] H. S. Chen, C. F Chen, Y. Kuo, W. H. Chou, C. H. Shen, Y. L. Jung, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Surface plasmon coupled light-emitting diode with metal protrusions into p-GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 041108 (2013).
[28] C. Y. Cho, Y. Zhang, E. Cicek, B. Rahnema, Y. Bai, R. McClintock, and M. Razeghi, “Surface plasmon enhanced light emission from AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes grown on Si (111),” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 211110 (2013).
[29] M. F. Schubert, J. Xu, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, S. Yoon, S. M. Lee, C. Sone, T. Sakong, and Y. Park, “Polarization-matched GaInN/AlGaInN multi-quantum-well light-emitting diodes with reduced efficiency droop,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 041102 (2008).
[30] J. Xie, X. Ni, Q. Fan, R. Shimada, Ü. Özgür, and H. Morkoç, “On the efficiency droop in InGaN multiple quantum well blue light emitting diodes and its reduction with p-doped quantum well barriers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 121107 (2008).
[31] M. Maier, K. Köhler, M. Kunzer, W. Pletschen, and J. Wagner, “Reduced nonthermal rollover of wide-well GaInN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 041103 (2009).
[32] K. T. Delaney, P. Rinke, and C. G. Van de Walle, “Auger recombination rates in nitrides from first principles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 191109 (2009).
[33] E. Kioupakis, P. Rinke, K. T. Delaney, and C. G. Van de Walle, “Indirect Auger recombination as a cause of efficiency droop in nitride light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 161107 (2011).
[34] J. Iveland, L. Martinelli, J. Peretti, J. S. Speck, and C. Weisbuch, “Direct measurement of Auger electrons emitted from a semiconductor light-emitting diode under electrical injection: Identification of the dominant mechanism for efficiency droop,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177406 (2013).
[35] C. F. Lu, C. H. Liao, C. Y. Chen, C. Hsieh, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Reduction of the efficiency droop effect of a light-emitting diode through surface plasmon coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 261104 (2010).
[36] C. H. Lin, C. Hsieh, C. G. Tu, Y. Kuo, H. S. Chen, P. Y. Shih, C. H. Liao, Y. W. Kiang, C. C. Yang, C. H. Lai, G. R. He, J. H. Yeh, and T. C. Hsu, “Efficiency improvement of a vertical light-emitting diode through surface plasmon coupling and grating scattering,” Opt. Express 22, A842–A856 (2014).
[37] C. H. Lin, C. Y. Su, Y. Kuo, C. H. Chen, Y. F. Yao, P. Y. Shih, H. S. Chen, C. Hsieh, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Further reduction of efficiency droop effect by adding a lower-index dielectric interlayer in a surface plasmon coupled blue light-emitting diode with surface metal nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 101106 (2014).
[38] D. M. Yeh, C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, Y. C. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon-induced emission enhancement of a green light-emitting diode,” Nanotechnology 19, 345201 (2008).
[39] Y. Kuo, H. T. Chen, W. Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, C. C. Yang, and Y. W. Kiang, “Enhancements of the emission and light extraction of a radiating dipole coupled with localized surface plasmon induced on a surface metal nanoparticle in a light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 22, A155–A166 (2014).
[40] G. Sun, J. B. Khurgin, and C. C. Yang, “Impact of high-order surface plasmon modes of metal nanoparticles on enhancement of optical emission,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 171103 (2009).
[41] Y. C. Lu, Y. S. Chen, F. J. Tsai, J. Y. Wang, C. H. Lin, C. Y. Chen, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Improving emission enhancement in surface plasmon coupling with an InGaN/GaN quantum well by inserting a dielectric layer of low refractive index between metal and semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233113 (2009).
[42] C. Y. Chen, J. Y. Wang, F. J. Tsai, Y. C. Lu, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Fabrication of sphere-like Au nanoparticles on substrate with laser irradiation and their polarized localized surface plasmon behaviors,” Opt. Express 17, 14186–14198 (2009).
[43] C. H. Lin, C. G. Tu, Y. F. Yao, S. H. Chen, C. Y.g Su, H. T. Chen, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “High modulation bandwidth of a light-emitting diode with surface plasmon coupling,” IEEE Transact. Electron Dev. 63, 3989–3995 (2016).
[44] S. C. Zhu, Z. G. Yu, L. X. Zhao, J. X. Wang, and J. M. Li, “Enhancement of the modulation bandwidth for GaN-based light-emitting diode by surface plasmons,” Opt. Express. 23, 13752–13760, (2015).
[45] C. H. Lin, C. Y. Su, E. Zhu, Y. F. Yao, C. Hsieh, C. G. Tu, H. T. Chen, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Modulation behaviors of surface plasmon coupled light-emitting diode,” Opt. Express. 23, 8150–8161(2015).
[46] C. Y. Su, M. C. Tsai, K. P. Chou, H. C. Chiang, H. H. Lin, M. Y. Su, Y. R. Wu, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Method for enhancing the favored transverse-electric-polarized emission of an AlGaN deep-ultraviolet quantum well,” Opt Express, 25, 26365–26377 (2017).
[47] Y. Kuo, C. Y. Su, C. Hsieh, W. Y. Chang, C. A. Huang, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Surface plasmon coupling for suppressing p-GaN absorption and TM-polarized emission in a deep-UV light-emitting diode,” Opt. Lett. 40, 4229–4232 (2015).
[48] K. C. Shen, C. H. Liao, Z. Y. Yu, J. Y. Wang, C. H. Lin, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Effects of the intermediate SiO2 layer on polarized output of a light-emitting diode with surface plasmon coupling,” J. Appl. Phys. 108, 113101 (2010).
[49] Y. Kuo, Y. F. Yao, M. H. Chiu, W. Y. Chang, C. C. Yang, Y. W. Kiang, “Coupling behaviors of a radiating dipole with the surface plasmon induced on a metal protrusion,” Plasmonics, 10, 241–249 (2015).
[50] Y. Kuo, W. Y Chang, H. S. Chen, Y. W. Kiang, and C. C. Yang, “Surface plasmon coupling with a radiating dipole near an Ag nanoparticle embedded in GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 161103 (2013).
[51] V. Amendola, O. M. Bakr, F. Stellacci, “ A Study of the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles by the Discrete Dipole Approximation Method: Effect of Shape, Size, Structure, and Assembly,” Plasmonics, 5, 85–97 (2010).
[52] F. Zhou, Z. Y. Li and Y. Liu, Y. Xia, “Quantitative analysis of dipole and quadrupole excitation in the surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 20233–20240 (2008).
[53] B. Niesen, B. P. Rand, P. Van Dorpe, H. Shen, B. Maes, J. Genoe, and P. Heremans, “Excitation of multiple dipole surface plasmon resonances in spherical silver nanoparticles,” Opt Express, 18, 19032–19038 (2010).
[54] H. Y. Lin, Y. Kuo, C. Y. Liao, C. C. Yang, and Y. W. Kiang, “Surface plasmon effects in the absorption enhancements of amorphous silicon solar cells with periodical metal nanowall and nanopillar structures,” Opt Express, 20, A104–A118 (2012).
[55] J. Yu, L. Wang, D. Yang, Z. Hao, Y. Luo, C. Sun, Y. Han, B. Xiong, J. Wang and H. Li, “Improving the internal quantum efficiency of green InGaN quantum dots through coupled InGaN/GaN quantum well and quantum dot structure,” Appl. Phys. Express, 8, 094001 (2015).