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研究生:張桂福
研究生(外文):Kuei-Fu Chang
論文名稱:室內傳環境及天線擺設對多輪入多輸出系統容量之影響分析與量測
論文名稱(外文):Effects of Propagation and Antenna Arrangement on Indoor MIMO Capacity
指導教授:唐震寰唐震寰引用關係
指導教授(外文):Jenn-Hwan Tarng
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立交通大學
系所名稱:電信工程系所
學門:工程學門
學類:電資工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2004
畢業學年度:92
語文別:英文
論文頁數:50
中文關鍵詞:多輪入多輪出
外文關鍵詞:MIMO
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通訊系統為了提高傳輸速率,因而在發射端與接收端使用了多單元天線架構,稱之為多輸入多輸出系統,其系統容量比傳統的一對一天線要來的高。該系統於多路徑環境下利用路徑的低相關性能得到相當高的容量。本論文採用頻域向量通道響應系統模擬八對八及四對四的多輸入多輸出系統,於國立交通大學工程四館內進行量測與分析。對於通道容量而言,吾人發現了下列的幾個現象: (1) 當發射天線單元間距的標準差在一到1.5個波長之間,不規則天線架構能比規則天線系統得到較高的通道容量; (2) 系統容量會隨著天線單元間距的增加而增加,但在超過了一個波長之後,天線單元間距對於系統容量就沒有顯著的影響; (3) 系統容量和接收端的擴散角度成正相關;(4) 高的訊號頻寛能得到較大的通道容量;(5) 位於接收端附近的散射體能增加系統的通道容量。
Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems have the potential to achieve very high capacities, depending on the propagation environment. The use of multiple antennas offers extended range and higher throughputs than conventional single antenna communication systems. Large capacity is obtained via the potential decorrelation in the MIMO radio propagation channel since a fully correlated MIMO radio channel only offers one subchannel, while a completely decorrelated MIMO radio channel potentially offers multiple subchannels. The decorrelation effect is dependent on propagation and array arrangement. In this paper, effects of transmitting antenna spacing, multipath angular spreading, signal bandwidth and Tx-Rx distance on the MIMO capacity are investigated through measuremts in indoor environments such as along corridors and classrooms. It is found that (1) When the standard deviation of Tx element spacing is ranging from 1λ to 1.5λ, unequally antenna array spacing may have larger capacity than that of the equal spacing; (2)The MIMO capacity increases as the array element spacing increases and it saturates when the spacing is larger than one wavelength. This reveals that the correlation distance between the elements in indoor environments is about one wavelength; (3) Capacity is increased when the propagation distance decreases, or when rms angle spread increases, or when number of received paths increases. (4) Higher signal bandwidth obtains higher capacity, since more multipath components are resolved, which leads to less spatial correlation.
Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………..1
Chapter 2: MIMO Systems………………………………………………………….5
2.1 Why Use MIMO………………………………………………………..…..5
2.2 MIMO Architecture…………………………………………………...…….6
2.3 Spatial Correlation Coefficient…………………………………...…………7
2.4 Capacity Formulas of Four Different System………………..……………..9
A. Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) system………………..……………9
B. Single-Input-Multiple-Output (SIMO) system…………...…….………10
C. Multiple-Input-Single-Output (SIMO) system………………...……….11
D. Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system……………...………11
Chapter 3: Measurement System and Environment……..…………………..…..13
3.1 Measurement Systems………………………………………..………13
3.2 Measurement Setup…………………………………………..………14
3.2 Measurement Environment………………………………………..……...16
Chapter 4: Effects of Array Element Spacing and Multipath Propagation
on MIMO Capacity…………………...…………………………..…..22
4.1 MIMO capacity evaluation………………………………………..………22
4.2 Propagation distance and array-element spacing effects……..……...……23
A. Propagation range effect………………………………………..…….23
B. Element spacing effect………………………………………..………23
C. Effect of unequal element spacing……………………………..……..27
4.3 Angle spread effect………………………………………………..………33
4.4 Bandwidth effect…………………………………………………..………38
4.5 Local scatterer effect……………………………………………..………..42
Chapter 5 Conclusion……………………………….……………………..……….43
Referernce………………………………...…………………………………..……..44






















List of Figures
Figure 2-1 MIMO system in a scattering environment……………………………….6
Figure 2-2 SISO system……………………………………………………………… 9
Figure 2-3 SIMO system…………………………………………………………….10
Figure 2-4 MISO system…………………………………………………………….10
Figure 2-5 MIMO system……………………………………………………………11
Figure 2-6 Capacity comparison of several multiple antenna systems………………12
Figure 3-1 RUSK system…………………………………………………………….15
Figure 3-2 (a) transmitter (b) receiver……………………………………………….16
Figure 3-3 Site A: 9th floor layout of the 4th Engineering Building………………….17
Figure 3-4 Site B: 2th floor layout of the 4th Engineering Building………………….18
Figure 3-5 Site C: 5th floor layout of the 4th Engineering Building………………….19
Figure 3-6 Site D: 4th floor layout of the 4th Engineering Building………………….20
Figure 4-1 Capacity versus Tx antenna array spacing and Tx-Rx distance (LOS)…..24
Figure 4-2 Capacity versus Tx antenna array spacing and Tx-Rx distance (NLOS)...24
Figure 4-3 Correlation coefficient versus Tx-Rx distance (LOS)……………………25
Figure 4-4 Correlation coefficient versus Tx-Rx distance (NLOS)………………….25
Figure 4-5 Capacity versus transmitter antenna element spacing for LOS…………..26
Figure 4-6 Capacity versus transmitter antenna element spacing for NLOS………...26
Figure 4-7 Capacity of equal antenna aray and unequal antenna array (Site A, path1)……………………………………………………………………29
Figure 4-8 Capacity of equal antenna aray and unequal antenna array (Site A, path2)……………………………………………………………………29
Figure 4-9 4X4 MIMO system capacity for equal array and unequal array (Site A, path1)……………………………………………………………………30
Figure 4-10 4X4 MIMO system capacity for equal array and unequal array (Site A, path2)……………………………………………………………………30
Figure 4-11 Tx spacing standard deviation for site A (LOS) (a)Tx-Rx distance:4m (b) Tx-Rx distance:10m (c) Tx-Rx:15m (d) Tx-Rx distance:20m………….31
Figure 4-12 Tx spacing standard deviation for site A (NLOS) (a)Tx-Rx distance:16m (b) Tx-Rx distance:24m (c) Tx-Rx:37m (d) Tx-Rx distance:41m……...32
Figure 4-13 Capacity versus Tx-Rx distance at Site B………………………………35
Figure 4-14 Angle spread versus Tx-Rx distance at Site B…………….……………35
Figure 4-15 Capacity versus Tx-Rx distance at Site C………………………………36
Figure 4-16 Angle spread versus Tx-Rx distance at Site C…………….……………36
Figure 4-17 Capacity versus Tx-Rx distance at Site D………………………………37
Figure 4-18 Angle spread versus Tx-Rx distance at Site D…………….……………37
Figure 4-19 Capacity of different bandwidth (site C)………………………………..39
Figure 4-20 Capacity of different bandwidth (site D)………………………………..39
Figure 4-21 Multipah number of different bandwidth (Site C)………………………40
Figure 4-22 Angle spread of different bandwidth (Site C)………………………...…40
Figure 4-23 Multipath number of different bandwidth (Site D)……………………..41
Figure 4-24 Angle spread of different bandwidth (Site D)………………………..…41
Figure 4-25 MIMO capacity measured at each receiving 9 points for each room, the
broadside direction of receiving linear array points at three individual
directions with 120 intervals. Therefore, 3 MIMO capacity values are
shown for each point……………………………………………………43
Figure 4-26 MIMO capacity measured at each receiving 9 points for each room with scatterers, the broadside direction of receiving linear array points at three individual directions with 120 intervals. Therefore, 3 MIMO capacity values are shown for each ……………………………………………...44
Figure 4-27 MIMO capacity measued at each receiving 12 points for each room, the
broadside direction of receiving linear array point to scatterer…………45
Figure 4-28 MIMO capacity measured at each receiving 12 points for each room
(without scatterer)……………………………………………………….46

List of Tables
Table 1 Review of related result……………………………………………………….4
Table 2 Measurement situation ………………………………………………………21
[1]Joseph C. Liberti, Jr.and Theodore S. Rappaport, “Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications,” Prentice Hall, 1999
[2]G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, “On limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment When Using Multiple Antennas,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 311-335, March 1998
[3]Pohl, V.; Jungnickel, V.; Haustein, T.; von Helmolt, C., “Antenna Spacing in MIMO Indoor channels,” Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002. VTC Spring 2002, IEEE 55th, vol.2, pp. 749 –753, May 2002
[4] Jeng-Shiann Jiang; Ingram, M.A.; ”Enhancing measured MIMO capacity by adapting the locations of the antenna elements,” Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2002. The 13th IEEE International Symposium on, vol.3, pp.1027 – 1031, Sept. 2002
[5]Kyritsi, P.; Cox, D.C, “Correlation Properties of MIMO Radio Channels for Indoor Scenarios,” Signals, Systems and Computers, 2001 Conference Record of the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 994 –998, Nov. 2001
[6]Ivrlac, M.T.; Utschick, W.; Nossek, J.A.;” fading correlations in wireless MIMO,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.21 , Issue: 5, pp:819 – 828, June 2003
[7]Wallace, J.W.; Jensen, M.A.;” Measured characteristics of the MIMO wireless channel,” Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS
54th , Volume: 4 , pp.2038 – 2042, Oct. 2001
Reference
[8]Kermoal, J.P.; Schumacher, L.; Mogensen, P.E.; Pedersen, K.I.; “Experimental investigation of correlation properties of MIMO radio channels for indoor picocell scenarios,” Vehicular Technology Conference, 2000. IEEE VTS-Fall VTC 2000. 52nd, vo1, pp.14 – 21, Sept. 2000
[9] MDAV Corp.,”RUSK NTU/NCTU Training Section, 2001
[10]M. A. Beach, D. P. McNamara, P. N. Fletcher and P. Karlsson, “MIMO-A Solution for Advanced Wireless Access?,” 11th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 231-235, April 2001
[11]Svantesson, T.; Wallace, J.;” On signal strength and multipath richness in multi-input multi-output systems,” Communications, 2003. ICC '03. IEEE International Conference on, vol.4, pp.2683 – 2687, May 2003
[12] Gesbert, D.; Bolcskei, H.; Gore, D.; Paulraj, A.;” MIMO wireless channels: capacity and performance prediction,” Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, vol.2, pp.1083 – 1088, Dec. 2000
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