臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

獼猴桃(Actinidia spp.)為落葉性藤本果樹，多數原生於溫帶地區，在亞熱帶低海拔地區進行栽培，可能面臨以下問題：1. 冬季低溫不足造成下一季無法充分打破休眠；2. 夏季高溫，造成植株生長不良；3. 秋季高溫延遲落葉與休眠的進程等。根據以上問題，本研究以寄接、催芽試圖解決低海拔冬季低溫不足的問題；在生長季進行調查，評估夏季高溫對獼猴桃生長的影響；並探討人為除葉對秋季不落葉造成休眠延遲問題的改善，期望能有助於評估獼猴桃在亞熱帶低海拔低區進行栽培的可行性。
本研究之試驗材料包括獼猴桃3個種、8個品種或個體(A. deliciosa：‘Abbott’、‘Bruno’、‘中興3號’、‘Tomuri’、‘Matua’與一雌株個體；A. chinensis：一雄株個體；A. setosa：‘鞍馬9號’)；寄接之砧木為山梨獼猴桃(A. rufa)。低海拔寄接於嫁接2周後陸續萌芽，萌芽到開花的時間可較高海拔提早1-4週。高海拔開花若逢梅雨，著果率極低，低海拔寄接花數較少但著果率高。低海拔寄接之果實醣度較低，果重、硬度、可滴定酸等則無明顯趨勢。
高海拔以DormexR10倍稀釋液處理或結合刻傷催芽並無顯著效果；低海拔以刻傷後處理20%氰胺基化鈣水解溶液有最佳的效果，其次依序為刻傷後處理20%大蒜萃取液、刻傷後處理DormexR10倍稀釋液、不刻傷直接處理DormexR10倍稀釋液，並以未刻傷之對照組效果較差。在低海拔溫室進行催芽，刻傷之效果大於DormexR10倍稀釋液。低海拔田間之萌芽期較高冷地提早約20天；萌芽到開花的日數也少約20天；多數品種新梢花數顯著低於高冷地者。分析芽體經各種催芽劑處理後之反應，結果顯示：在處理後18-36小時，各催芽處理呼吸率明顯上升；其中10%二氯乙醇與20%氰胺基化鈣水解溶液處理有出現乙烯高峰。Ascorbate peroxidase活性在多數催芽處理後24小時上升；Catalase活性除氰胺處理在處理後48小時只降不升外，多數為先降後升；Peroxidase活性變化大多為先升後降。
在低海拔高溫環境下之獼猴桃植株，落果率達25-60 %；枝條生長量則與高海拔無顯著差異；光合作用速率顯著低於高海拔者；葉片總可溶性醣含量則顯著較高；澱粉含量無顯著差異。於1月在低海拔溫室進行人為除葉，對來年萌芽效果較12月與2月除葉要好；隨著除葉時間的提早，芽體可溶性醣累積量較多。

Kiwifruits (Actinidia spp.) are deciduous vines that mostly indigenous to temperate areas with the following problems when cultured in subtropical low lands: inadequate winter chilling may cause limited budbreak in the next season, high temperature may induce abnormal growth in summer and delay natural defoliation and onset of dormancy in autumn. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to overcome the the problem of inadequate winter chilling by grafting and bud-forcing of low-land kiwifruit vines, to evaluate the effect of high temperature on the growth of kiwifruits, and to test the potential of artificial defoliation to induce onset of bud dormancy. Results from this research may possibly be applied to culture kiwifruits in subtropical low lands.
The plant materials include eight cultivars or individuals in three species(A. deliciosa: ‘Abbott’, ‘Bruno’, ‘Chung-Hsing No. 3’, ‘Tomuri’, ‘Matua’, and a female individual‘E’. A. chinensis: a male individual‘F’. A. setosa: ‘An-Ma No. 9’). The stock plant species is A. rufa. Our results indicated that the grafted scions start to bud two weeks after grafting. The period between budbreak and flowering is 1-4 weeks shorter in low-land trees than that of high-land trees. The high-land flowering often encounters the rainy season, causing the subsequent poor fruitset. The flower number of the low-land grafted scion is fewer, but the percentage of fruitset is higher. As to the fruit quality, the total soluble solids were less in the fruit grown at low land. No significant differences in fruit weight, firmness, and titratable acid can be observed between low- and high-land trees. Treatment of 10 fold diluted DormexR alone or in combination with nicking has no significant effect on budbreak of high-land kiwifruits. For the low-land trees, the best treatment for budbreak was nicking followed by treatment of 20% calcium cyanamide hydrolyzed solution, the second was nicking followed by treatment of 20% garlic extract, the third is nicking and then treated with 10 fold diluted DormexR, next is the 10 fold diluted DormexR treatment without nicking. All these treatments showed a positive effect on budbreak relative to the control. For the bud-forcing in a low-land greenhouse, nicking treatment showed a stronger effect on budbreak than treatment with 10 fold diluted DormexR. The time required for budbreak of low-land trees is about 20 days earlier than that of high-land trees. The period between budbreak and flowering is about 20 days less for low-land trees compared to that of high-land trees. Flowers per shoot in most cultivars were significantly less for low-land trees in contrast to that of high-land trees. Results from bud analysis indicated that respiration rate of the bud increased 18-36 hours after treatment in all treatments. An ethylene peak was also observed after treatment with 10% 2-chloroethanol or 20% calcium cyanamide hydrolyzed solution. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was elevated 24 hours after most of the treatments. For catalase activity, except for the buds treated with 10 fold diluted DormexR showing a decline 48 hours after treatment, the rest first showed a decline followed by an increase. In terms of peroxidase activity, an increase followed by a decrease was observed in most treatments.
The low-land kiwifruit plants grown under high temperature have a 25-60% fruit drop. The low- and high-land shoot length was not significantly different from each other. For the net photosynthetic rate, most cultivars grown at low land had a lower rate than those grown at high land. Total soluble sugar of leaves was higher in low-land trees, but the starch content was similar between low- and high-land trees. For the artificial defoliation timing, January is better than December or February. The earlier the plants were defoliated, the more soluble sugars can be accumulated in the buds.

目次
摘 要 i
SUMMARY ii
目次 iv
表目次 viii
圖目次 ix
第一章 前言 1
第二章 前人研究 3
一、 獼猴桃概述 3
二、 溫帶落葉果樹的內生性休眠 4
三、 休眠之解除與催芽 5
四、 高溫逆境與光合作用 6
第三章 材料與方法 9
一、 低海拔寄接與高海拔獼猴桃各品種其萌芽、開花及果實生育與品質之調查 9
(一) 試驗材料 9
1. 低海拔寄接接穗與高海拔植株來源 9
2. 砧木 9
(二) 試驗方法 9
1. 採穗與冷藏 9
2. 寄接方法 10
3. 田間管理 10
4. 高海拔對照組植株 10
(三) 試驗調查 10
1. 萌芽期與花期 10
2. 開花特性 10
3. 果實生育與果實品質 11
(四) 統計分析 12
二、 獼猴桃於低海拔之適應性調查 13
(一) 試驗材料 13
(二) 試驗方法 13
(三) 試驗調查 13
1. 枝條生長量 13
2. 葉片光化學效率 13
3. 葉片光合作用速率 13
4. 葉片碳水化合物含量 14
(四) 統計分析 15
三、 獼猴桃催芽試驗 16
(一) 溫室除葉結合刻傷與氰胺催芽試驗 16
1. 試驗材料 16
2. 試驗方法 16
3. 試驗調查 16
4. 統計分析 17
(二) 高海拔刻傷與氰胺催芽試驗 17
1. 試驗材料 17
2. 試驗方法 17
3. 試驗調查 18
4. 統計分析 18
(三) 插穗催芽試驗 18
1. 試驗材料 18
2. 試驗方法 19
3. 試驗調查 20
4. 統計分析 22
(四) 低海拔催芽試驗 22
1. 試驗材料 22
2. 試驗方法 22
3. 試驗調查 23
4. 統計分析 23
第四章 結果 24
一、 低海拔寄接與高冷地獼猴桃各品種其萌芽、開花及果實生育與品質之調查 24
(一) 萌芽期與花期 24
(二) 開花特性 24
(三) 果實生育與果實品質 24
二、 獼猴桃於低海拔之適應性調查 34
(一) 枝條生長量 34
(二) 葉片光化學效率 34
(三) 葉片光合作用速率 34
(四) 葉片可溶性醣與澱粉含量 34
三、 獼猴桃之催芽 40
(一) 溫室除葉結合刻傷與氰胺催芽試驗 40
1. 除葉時間與碳水化合物之關係 40
2. 除葉時間、刻傷與氰胺對萌芽之影響 40
(二) 高海拔刻傷與氰胺催芽試驗 45
1. 萌芽期與花期 45
2. 萌芽率 45
3. 開花特性 45
(三) 插穗催芽試驗 50
1. 萌芽率 50
2. 呼吸率與乙烯釋放率 50
3. 可溶性蛋白與酵素活性分析 51
(四) 低海拔催芽試驗 60
1. 萌芽期與花期 60
2. 萌芽率 60
3. 開花特性 61
(五) 高海拔與低海拔之萌芽率與開花比較 61
1. 萌芽率 61
2. 開花特性 61
第五章 討論 71
一、 低海拔寄接與高海拔獼猴桃之萌芽、開花及果實生育與品質 71
二、 獼猴桃於低海拔之適應性 74
三、 獼猴桃之催芽 77
(一) 溫室除葉結合刻傷與氰胺催芽試驗 77
(二) 插穗催芽試驗 79
(三) 高海拔與低海拔之田間催芽試驗 81
第六章 結論 83
參考文獻 84

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