臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

臺灣花東地區位於歐亞大陸板塊與菲律賓海板塊交接處，由於板塊碰撞伴隨著火山活動，形成蛇紋岩地質，此種地質與地形經長時間風化後，易形成鉻、鎳含量較高之土壤，國外更有因前述地質影響，導致地下水鉻(VI)含量超出世界衛生組織所訂之飲用水管制標準(50μg/L）。本論文係針對環保署繪製之花蓮縣鉻鎳高風險潛勢區域進行土壤及地下水鉻鎳化學性質調查，釐清研究區域鉻鎳對環境之危害性，並建置土壤鉻鎳背景含量資料，以作為研究區域內日後產業開發使用之依據。
本研究係選定花蓮縣鉻鎳高風險潛勢區域，萬榮鄉萬榮村3個測點及鳳林鎮長橋里24個測點作為研究樣品來源，研析區域內土壤鉻鎳化學性質，另外，因花蓮縣環保局於卓溪鄉卓清國小設置地下水監測井，鑽井所採集之土壤共18個樣品則作為本研究土壤地質化學性質參考比較。
實驗結果顯示，萬榮村土壤3個樣體王水消化結果，Ca/Mg均小於1，鉻鎳濃度與環保署調查結果相符合。長橋里部分，XRF篩測(24個樣品)出的6個土壤研究樣品中，有5個土壤樣體全量Ca/Mg小於1，符合蛇紋岩土壤之特徵，鉻鎳王水消化結果均符合土壤污染管制標準，但有部分樣體濃度略高於臺灣農田重金屬自然含量，顯示本區域受到蛇紋岩影響較小，尚無鉻鎳污染之慮。卓清國小部分，部分樣體王水消化結果已超出土壤污染管制標準，且受蛇紋岩影響越大時，其鉻鎳濃度亦會升高，Ca/Mg值會越小。
各土壤研究樣品依照序列萃取法，可分為可交換態、碳酸鹽結合態、鐵錳氧化物結合態、有機質結合態及殘餘態五種分布型態，結果顯示鉻在土壤中之結合型態主要以殘餘態為主，所占百分率約達85 %以上，鎳的部分，可發現鎳在殘餘態以外之百分率可達50%，顯示鎳的移動性與危害性皆比鉻要來得要大。
為釐清研究區高鉻鎳土壤對地下水質重金屬含量的影響，本研究利用地下水監測站水質調查資料(鳳仁國小及光復國中)，以進行水質統計及地下水化學模式之模擬。Piper圖結果顯示，研究區域地下水水質型態主要為Ca-HCO3及Mg-HCO3型，屬第I區(鹼土碳酸氫鹽類)，無受農業污染情形。地下水化學模擬結果顯示，研究區域含鐵礦物SI值偏高，沉澱成分含鐵化合物高於鈣及鉻化合物，含鎳礦物SI值遠小於0，不易有沉澱，含鉻礦物SI值大部分大於0，顯示有沉澱現象，且沉澱相會以Cr2O3為主。

In eastern Taiwan, serpentine is generally founded because of collision accompanied by volcanic activity. Such topography after weathering, easy to form a high chromium and nickel content of the soil. As a result, there are some places chromium(VI) concentration will exceeds the control standard for drinking water (50 μg/L) by the WHO. This study is aim at chromium and nickel high risk potential areas in Hualien where demonstrated by EPA for investigation to soil and groundwater chemical properties, and established a background content of chromium and nickel in soil to clarify the study area for hazardous environment of chromium and nickel as according to the study area in the future use.
This study selected a region of chromium and nickel high risk potential area in Hualien, and chose three soil from Wanrong village and twenty four soil from Zhangqiao village with chemical properties of chromium and nickel. We also selected eighteen samples drilling by collection of soil from Hualien EPB set a groundwater monitoring well at Zhuoqing Elementary School as this research soil geological chemical properties reference compared.
Experimental results indicated that three of soil samples from Wanrong village with total Ca/Mg ratio is much lower than 1.0 and Cr and Ni concentrations were consistent with EPA findings. There are five of soils selected of six soils by XRF screen from Zhangqiao village with total ratio is much lower than 1.0 that confirm characteristics of serpentine soil, and total Cr and Ni are consistent with the soil pollution control standards but some of sample concentration slightly higher than the natural content of heavy metals of farmland in Taiwan. This shows there is no worry of Cr and Ni contamination that effected smaller by serpentine in Zhangqiao village. There are some soils that concentration of total Cr and Ni are much higher than the soil pollution control standards in Zhuoqing Elementary School. There is a characteristic with soil derived from serpentine that is total Ca/Mg ratio will decrease when the concentration to rise of total Cr and Ni.
The soils in study with sequence extraction method can be divided into exchangeable form, carbonate bonding form, iron and manganese oxide bonding form, organic bonding form, and residual form five species distribution type. The results indicated that the chemical form of chromium in soils mainly in residual form (at least 85%). Nickel can be found outside of the percentage of residual form is up to 50%, this result indicating that the mobility and harmfulness of Ni are more dangerous than Cr.
This study conduct water quality statistics and simulation of groundwater chemical models with groundwater monitoring stations water quality investigate data and clarifying effect with high Cr and Ni content of heavy metals in soil to groundwater. The Piper diagram indicates that in most part of study area, the chemical character of water is dominated by two types, Ca-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3. The groundwater chemistry simulation results show that the study area of nickel mineral will not precipitation showed with saturation index is much less than 0 and chromium mineral will precipitation showed with saturation index is greater than 0 and sedimentation were mainly of Cr2O3.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X

第1章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 1
1-3 研究流程圖 2
第2章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 土壤重金屬來源與含量 4
2-1.1 自然環境土壤重金屬含量 5
2-1.2 蛇紋岩土壤重金屬含量 9
2-2 蛇紋岩土壤分布及特性 10
2-2.1 蛇紋岩母質土壤分布 11
2-2.2 蛇紋岩土壤特性 13
2-3 重金屬鉻、鎳基本化性 14
2-3.1 土壤環境中鉻及鎳之型態 14
2-3.2 重金屬鉻與鎳危害 15
2-4 土壤重金屬序列萃取 17
2-4.1 重金屬於土壤中之結合型態 18
2-4.2 萃取劑種類與特性 18
2-5地下水水質圖及水化學模擬 20
2-5.1 Piper水質菱形圖 20
2-5.2 地下水水化學模擬 20
第3章 材料與方法 22
3-1 研究區域概況 22
3-1.1 地形與地質 23
3-1.2 地下水 24
3-2 樣品採樣及前處理 26
3-2.1 研究樣品來源 26
3-2.2 土壤採集及前處理 27
3-2.3 地下水資料蒐集 29
3-3 實驗設備與材料 30
3-4 土壤物化性質分析 33
3-4.1 X-射線螢光分析方法 33
3-4.2 土壤酸鹼值測定方法－電極法 34
3-4.3 土壤質地分析 34
3-4.4 土壤水分含量測定方法－重量法 36
3-4.5 陽離子交換容量 37
3-4.6 交換性鉀、鈉、鈣及鎂測定 37
3-4.7 土壤中重金屬檢測方法－王水消化法 38
3-4.8 重金屬單一化學試劑抽出 39
3-4.9 土壤Tessier序列萃取法 39
3-5 地下水水質分析方法 42
3-6 地下水化學模擬 42
第4章 結果與討論 44
4-1土壤性質分析 44
4-1.1 土壤基本性質 46
4-1.2 土壤全量分析 49
4-2 土壤重金屬分布型態 51
4-2.1 研究區域不同型態鉻分布情形 51
4-2.2 研究區域不同型態鎳分布情形 51
4-3.2土壤鉻鎳化學型態 57
4-4 地下水水質與水化學模擬 57
4-4.1 地下水水質Piper圖 61
4-4.2 地下水水化學模擬結果 61
第5章 結論與建議 65
5-1 結論 65
5-2 建議 66
參考文獻 67

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