臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

傳統藏密學係將訊息嵌入掩護影像後產出偽裝影像。可逆式資訊隱藏則是在訊息取出後，可以回復影像，產出掩護影像。有鑑於色彩轉移(Color transfer)能改變來源影像的色彩，產出具不同效果的結果影像，例如將夕陽餘暉場景轉換成旭日東昇的影像。本文結合色彩轉移與可逆式資訊隱藏，提出一個基於色彩轉移的可逆資訊隱藏演算法。
我們提出的演算法具體作法如下：首先我們輸入三張影像，分別是來源影像、目標影像與參考影像。接著，我們根據上述三張影像，自動找尋最佳權重，使得像素改變時，上述三張影像對結果影像取得最佳的平衡。由於色彩轉移會涉及浮點數計算，我們在正規化浮點數成整數時，參照一個由密鑰產出M進制訊息，使得像素改變的數值經過權重模數嵌入演算法計算後，能符合M進制訊息，產出已具顏色轉換的結果影像。接著，我們將結果影像嵌入實際的秘密訊息，產出偽裝影像，完成訊息的嵌入動作。當欲擷取秘密訊息時，我們依照權重模數演算法的權重計算，正確取出秘密訊息。接著，我們依據原始的密鑰與其所產出的M進制秘密訊息，還原偽裝影像，使之成為結果影像，完成影像的可逆。
實驗結果顯示：我們可以產出結果影像時，嵌入金鑰所產生的秘密訊息，且我們可以接著嵌入真正的秘密訊息。當訊息取出後，我們可以順利回復色彩轉移的影像。由於結果影像與原始影像有顏色之差異，故可以預見無法利用機器學習來研判結果影像是否有嵌入秘密訊息。相較於調整對比的可逆式資訊隱藏演算法，我們提出的演算法可提供更高的嵌入量、擁有影像增強的效果、具備影像的可回復性。

Histogram shifting or difference expansion were two popular schemes used for reversible data hiding. Color transfer changes color in a source image by referring to color of the target image to produce a visually plausible resultant image. Color transfer provides an alternative approach to achieving the reversibility. In this thesis, we combine color transfer and message embedding to become a reversible data hiding algorithm. Specifically, we conceal a secret message generated by a secret key when producing the resultant image simultaneously. This approach formulates the resultant image so that it offers the feature of reversibility. Then, the resultant image is regarded as a new cover image on which secret message can be conveyed to produce a marked image. In our study, we employ the weighted modulus algorithm to conceal secret message, which is controlled by the parameters (n, M), where n represents pixels in a pixel cluster and M denotes a secret digit in M-ary notational system. In the receiver part, the secret message is extracted using the weighted modulus scheme with the same parameters. Then, we conceal a particular secret message generated by the same secret key, accomplishing the cover image recovery. The combination of color transfer and reversible data hiding provides reversibility as well as steganographic benefits. In particular, if we conceal a real secret message instead of a secret message generated by the secret key, then we produce a stego image simultaneously when we produce the resultant image. Surely, it is difficult for a malicious eavesdropper to detect whether secret message is embedded in the resultant image. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme is feasible to provide both steganographic and reversible features. In comparison of the current state-of-the-art reversible algorithms using contrast enhancement, our approach offers a much larger embedding rate, while producing a stego/marked image with a high visual quality.

致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
第一章、緒論 1
第二章、相關工作 3
2.1 文獻上的色彩轉移 3
2.2藉由提升對比度進行可逆資訊隱藏的方法 6
2.3 嵌入方法 8
第三章、基於色彩轉移的資訊隱藏演算法 11
3.1不可回復的色彩轉移資訊隱藏法 11
3.1.1 最佳化色彩轉移 11
3.1.2 訊息嵌入方法 19
3.1.3 取出訊息 20
3.1.4嵌入結果 20
3.2可回復的色彩轉移資訊隱藏演算法 22
3.2.1 兩次嵌入的原因 22
3.2.2 嵌入訊息的實作 23
3.2.3 取出訊息及影像還原 23
3.2.4 溢位問題說明 25
第四章 實驗結果與比較 29
4.1 色彩轉移的結果 30
1. Kodak Lossless True Color Image Suite 30
2. The USC-SIPI Image Database 37
4.2 基於色彩轉移的不可回復式的資訊隱藏結果 41
1. Kodak Lossless True Color Image Suite 41
2. The USC-SIPI Image Database 43
4.3基於色彩轉移的可回復式的資訊隱藏結果 46
1. Kodak Lossless True Color Image Suite 46
2. The USC-SIPI Image Database 48
4.4與以往文獻的比較 50
第五章、結論與未來工作 59
5.1 結論 59
5.2 未來工作 60
參考文獻 61
中英文對照表 68
英中對照表 69
附件 70
彩色Kodim影像 70
彩色SIPI影像 78
灰階Kodim影像 84
灰階SIPI影像 88

[Borg2008]P. Borges, J. Mayer, and E. Izquierdo, “Robust and transparent color modulation for text data hiding,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1479-1489, 2008.
[Celik2005]M.U. Celik, G. Sharma, A.M. Tekalp, E. Saber, Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14 (2) (2005) 253–266.
[Chang2005]Y. Chang, S. Stato, K. Uchikawa, and M. Nakajima, “Example-based color stylization of images,” ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 322-345, 2005.
[Chao2009]M. W. Chao, C. H. Lin, C. W. Yu, and T. Y. Lee, “A high capacity 3D steganography algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 274-284, 2009.
[Chen2006]Y. M. Cheng and C. M. Wang, “A high-capacity steganographic approach for 3D polygonal meshes,” The Visual Computer, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 845-855, 2006.
[Chen2016]W. S. Chen, M. L. Huang, and C. M. Wang, “Optimizing Color Transfer Using Color Similarity Measurement,” in Proceedings of 2016 IEEE/ACIS 15th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS), 26-29 June 2016.
[Greenfield2005]G. R. Greenfield and D. H. House, “A palette-driven approach to image color transfer,” in Proceedings of Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging, pp. 111-122, 2005.
[He2017]W. He, K. Zhou, J. Cai, L. Wang, G. Xiong, :Reversible data hiding using multi-pass pixel value ordering and prediction-error expansion,” Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representations, vol. 49, pp. 351-360, 2017.
[Hogervorst2010]M. A. Hogervorst and A. Toet, “Fast natural color mapping for nighttime imagery,” Information Fusion, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 69-77, April 2010.
[Hsu2011]F. H. Hsu, C. M. Wang, A Study of Image Steganography Using Weighted Modulus, Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., 2011.
[Jung2009]K. Jung, K. Yoo, Data hiding method using image interpolation, Computer Standards and Interfaces, vol. 31, pp. 465–470, 2009.
[Li2009]S. C. Li and C. M. Wang, A Very High Quality Steganographic Algorithm Using a Novel Weighted Modulus Technique, Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., 2009.
[Li2013]X. Li, W. Zhang, X. Gui, B. Yang, “A novel reversible data hiding scheme based on two-dimensional difference-histogram modification”, IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1091-1100, Jul. 2013.
[Lin2010]Z. H. Lin and C. M. Wang, A Study of Data Hiding Algorithms Based on Image Interpolation and Weighted Modulus, Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., 2010.
[Lin2017]Y. T. Lin, C. M. Wang, W. S. Chen, F. P. Lin, W. Lin, A novel data hiding algorithm for high dynamic range images. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 163–196, 2017.
[Liu2007]T. Y. Liu and W. H. Tsai, “A New Steganographic Method for Data Hiding in Microsoft Word Documents by a Change Tracking Technique,” IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 24-30, 2007.
[Liu2012]S. Liu, H. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Selective color transferring via ellipsoid color mixture map,” Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, vol. 23, issue 1, pp. 173-181, 2012.
[Liu2012]C. C Liu, “A global color transfer scheme between images based on multiple regression analysis,” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 167-186, 2012.
[Luo2010] L. Luo, Z. Chen, M. Chen, X. Zeng, Z. Xiong, “Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique”, IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 187-193, 2010.
[Mali2007]H. M. A. Malik, R. Ansari, and A. A. Khokhar, “Robust data Hiding in audio using allpass filters,” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1296-1304, 2007.
[Naheed2014]T. Naheed, I. Usman, T. M. Khan, A. H. Dar, and M.F. Shafique, Intelligent reversible watermarking technique in medical images using GA and PSO, Optik, vol. 125, no. 11, pp. 2515–2525, Jun. 2014.
[Neumann2005]L. Neumann and A. Neumann, “Color style transfer techniques using hue, lightness and saturation histogram matching,” in Proceedings of Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging 2005, pp. 111-122, 2005.
[Ni2006] Z. Ni, Y. Q. Shi, N. Ansari, S. Wei, “Reversible data hiding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 354-362, 2006.
[Ou2012]B. Ou, Y. Zhao, R. Ni, Reversible watermarking using optional prediction error histogram modification, Neurocomputing, vol. 93, pp.67–76, 2012.
[Ou2014]Bo Ou, Xiaolong Li, Yao Zhao, Rongrong Ni, Reversible data hiding using invariant pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion, Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 29, issue 7, pp.760-772, August 2014.
[Parah2017]S. A. Parah, F. Ahad, J.A. Sheikh, G.M. Bhat, “Hiding clinical information in medical images: a new high capacity and reversible data hiding technique,” Journal of Biomedical Informatics, vol. 66, pp. 214–230, February 2017.
[Peng2014]F. Peng, X. Li, B. Yang, Improved pvo-based reversible data hiding, Digital Signal Process, vol. 25, pp. 255–265, 2014.
[Pitié2007]F. Pitié, A. C. Kokaram, and R. Dahyot, “Automated colour grading using colour distribution transfer,” Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol. 107, issue 1-2, pp. 123-137, August 2007.
[Pouli2010]T. Pouli and E. Reinhard, “Progressive histogram reshaping for creative color transfer and tone reproduction,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR’10), pp. 81-89, 2010.
[Pouli2011]T. Pouli and E. Reinhard, “Progressive color transfer for images of arbitrary dynamic range,” Computers & Graphics, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 67-80, 2011.
[Reinhard2001]E. Reinhard, M. Ashikhmin, B. Gooch, and P. Shirley, “Color transfer between images,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 34-41, 2001.
[Reinhard2004]E. Reinhard, A. O. Akyuz, M. Colbert, C. E Hughes, and M.
O’Connor, “Real-time color blending of rendered and captured video,” in Proceedings of I/ITSEC 2004, Orlando, Dec. 6-9, 2004.
[Sachnev2009] V. Sachnev, H. J. Kim, J. Nam, S. Suresh, Y. Q. Shi, “Reversible watermarking algorithm using sorting and prediction”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 989-999, Jul. 2009.
[Tai2005]Y. W. Tai, J. Jia, and C. K. Tang, “Local color transfer via
probabilistic segmentation by expectation-maximization,” in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Diego, CA, USA, June 20-25, pp. 747-754, 2005.
[Vlees2003]C. De Vleeschouwer, J. F. Delaigle, B. Macq, “Circular interpretation of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset management”, IEEE Tran. Multimedia, vol. 5, pp. 97-105, Mar. 2003.
[Wang2004]C. M. Wang and Y. H. Huang, “A novel color transfer algorithm for image sequences,” Journal of Information Science and Engineering, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1039-1056, 2004.
[Wang2006]C. M. Wang, Y. H. Huang, and M. L. Huang, “An effective algorithm for image sequence color transfer,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 44, no. 7-8, pp. 608-627, 2006.
[Wang2013]X. T. Wang, C. C. Chang, T. S. Nguyen, M. C. Li, Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism, Digital Signal Processing, vol. 23 issue. 2, pp. 569–577, 2013.
[Wang2015]K. C. Wang and C. M. Wang, "Steganography using reversible texture synthesis," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 130-139, 2015.
[Wu2012]H. T. Wu and J. Huang, “Reversible image watermarking on prediction error by efficient histogram modification,” Signal Processing, vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 3000–3009, December 2012.
[Wu2015]H. T. Wu, J. L. Dugelay, Y.Q. Shi, Reversible image data hiding with contrast enhancement, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 81-85, 2015.
[Wu2018]H. T. Wu, S. Tang, J. Huang and Y. Q. Shi: A novel reversible data hiding method with image contrast enhancement. Signal Process. Image Communication. vol. 62, pp. 64–73, 2018.
[Xuan2005]G. Xuan, C. Yang, Y. Zhen, Y. Q. Shi, Z. Ni, Reversible data hiding using integer wavelet transform and companding technique, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Digital Watermarking, vol. 3304, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 115–124, 2005.
The USC-SIPI Image Database:
http://sipi.usc.edu/database/
True Color Kodak Images:
http://r0k.us/graphics/kodak/