臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

斑馬魚在近幾年被認為是研究發育生物學，遺傳學，癌症以及心臟病學的理想脊椎動物，特別是用於觀察腫瘤形成，血管新生作用和組織再生。然而，一旦斑馬魚完全成熟，其身體就會失去透明度，因此傳統的光學成像技術將難以對內部解剖結構和血管分佈進行成像。
由於聲波比光學造影具有更好的穿透能力，因此高頻超音波(〉 30 MHz)常用於成年斑馬魚的成像，特別是用於心臟超音波。然而，傳統的高頻超音波仍然難以看到斑馬魚的血管。在本研究中，基於超快速超音波成像的高頻高解析度都卜勒技術(High Frequency Micro-Doppler Imaging, HFμDI)被提出用於體內斑馬魚背部血管造影。透過不同的參數設定，基於特徵值分解的障壁濾波器(Eigen-Based Clutter Filter)可擷取超音波影像中的血流訊號。本研究使用8個月大的野生型AB成年斑馬魚進行實驗。在2D和3D HFμDI中均可清楚地觀察到斑馬魚背側的節間血管(Se)，背側縱向吻合血管(DLAV)和背主動脈(DA)等血管。 HFμDI的最大成像深度為4mm，並且可以在不使用微泡(Microbubble)的情況下觀測到最小達36μm的血管直徑。在成年斑馬魚的背部血管上，最大流速範圍為3-4 mm/s。此外，由於斑馬魚生活環境的溫度變化，HFμDI可檢測到14.4％的血管收縮。相較於傳統的超音波都卜勒成像，HFμDI的確擁有較好的超微血管成像能力。

Recently, zebrafish has been considered as an ideal vertebrate for studying developmental biology, genetics, cancer, and cardiology, particularly for modeling tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and regeneration in vivo. However, once the zebrafish has fully matured, its body loses transparency, thus conventional optical imaging techniques are difficult for imaging the internal anatomy and vasculature.
Since the acoustic wave has a better penetration ability than optical methods, high frequency (〉30 MHz) ultrasound (HFUS) was an alternative imaging modality for adult zebrafish imaging, particularly for echocardiography. However, the conventional HFUS is still difficult to visualize the vessels of zebrafish. In the present study, high frequency micro-Doppler imaging (HFμDI) based on ultrafast ultrasound imaging was proposed for zebrafish dorsal vascular mapping in vivo. Blood flow signals were extracted by eigen-based clutter filter with different settings. Experiments were performed using 8-months old wild-type AB line adult zebrafish. Blood vessels including intersegmental vessels (Se), dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV), and dorsal aorta (DA) were observed clearly in both 2D and 3D HFμDI. The maximum imging depth of HFμDI is 4 mm and a minimum vessel diameter of 36 μm can be detected without using microbubbles. The maximum flow velocity ranging around 3-4 mm/s was found on the dorsal vessels of adult zebrafish. In addition, a 14.4% vasoconstriction was detected by HFμDI due to temperature changes of zebrafish living environment. Compared to conventional ultrasound Doppler imaging, indeed, HFμDI exhibits a good ability for small vessel imaging.

摘要 II
Abstract III
致謝 IV
Tables VII
Figures VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Literature Reviews 3
1.3 Motivations and Purpose 7
Chapter 2 Basic Theory 8
2.1 Ultrasound 8
2.1.1 Fundamental of Acoustic Propagation 8
2.1.2 Reflection, Refraction and Attenuation 10
2.1.3 Ultrasonic Transducer and Arrays 13
2.1.4 Ultrasonic Imaging 17
2.2 Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging 19
2.2.1 Plane-Wave Imaging 19
2.2.2 Coherent Plane-Wave Compounding 22
2.2.3 Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging 24
2.3 Clutter Filtering 26
2.3.1 DFT-Based Clutter Filtering 27
2.3.2 Single-Ensemble Eigen-Based Clutter Filtering 28
2.3.3 Multi-Ensemble Eigen-Based Clutter Filtering 31
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods 34
3.1 Animal Handling 34
3.2 Imaging System Configuration 35
3.3 High-Frequency Micro-Doppler Imaging 37
Chapter 4 Results 43
4.1 Tilted Plane-Wave Setting Experiments 43
4.2 Block Size Setting Experiments 45
4.3 Results of HFμDI 47
4.4 Resolution Evaluation 49
4.5 3D Blood Mapping 50
Chapter 5 Discussions 52
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Works 59
6.1 Conclusions 59
6.2 Future Works 60
References 61

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