臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目前世界各國均戮力推廣再生能源及發展綠能科技，並鼓勵民眾裝設諸如太陽能發電及風力發電等再生能源發電系統，以有助於降低對於石化能源之依賴程度，並可減少溫室氣體之排放量。惟因用戶所裝設分散式電源或再生能源發電系統之容量較小，且此分散式電源隸屬用戶擁有，致使電力公司較難掌握該發電設備之裝設位置與運轉情形，對於相關電業維護人員之安全及經濟考量均有影響，若能開發一套偵測配電系統所裝設分散式電源或再生能源發電系統之技術，用以監控與管理分散式電源或再生能源發電系統，並有效掌控分散式電源設置之位置，則將兼可電網設備管理及其有效應用發揮。
此外，當小型之分散式電源或再生能源發電系統併入配電系統運轉時，對於區域負載中心而言，雖可提供一種高效率且符合經濟利益之供電方式，但當小容量分散型電源之占比逐年增加時，將對配電網路運轉電壓、電壓變動率、故障電流及電力品質造成影響。故為有效控管分散式電源併聯至系統之容量，目前常利用短路比進行估算分散式電源能源發電系統所造成之電壓變動率，俾作為評判分散式電源是否可併網運轉之依據，但此種計算方法較難適用於系統處於輕載或弱系統情形，故有必要發展一套適用於各種系統運轉條件之分散式電源併網容量評斷指標，此將同時可作為改善電力品質與運轉控制效能之施行參考。
綜上所述，本論文之整體研究目標即致力於開發再生能源發電系統監控與偵測技術於分散式電源併聯衝擊分析與配電系統運轉策略之研究，亦即本論文不僅藉由發展新穎分散式電源電流之波形分析，用以探討太陽能發電設備注入配電系統之電流情形，以有助於判斷用戶是否設置太陽能發電設備，同時亦研創評估分散式電源併網容量之指標，用以改善目前短路比計算法範疇受限之缺點，以有效進行管控分散式電源併網之數量與容量，進而降低系統遭受分散式電源併聯的衝擊。其中，本論文為能進行評估所開發分散式電源偵測技術與併網容量評斷指標對於降低分散式電源併網衝擊之可行性，均已經由等效系統及實際系統予以模擬測試，而由測試結果可知，本論文所提方法除可準確偵測系統是否安裝太陽能發電系統之外，同時亦可協助擬定配電系統可併網之分散式電源容量決策，不僅作為規劃人員與維護人員之參考依據，並期以提升併網運轉效能。

The development on renewable sources and green technology is increasingly concerned. The customers are highly encouraged to install solar power generation and wind power equipment, anticipating reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and decreasing the amount of carbon emissions. However, because most of limited capacities of distributed generation (DG) equipment are privately owned, it has caused difficultly for utility maintenance personnel to be aware of such equipment operation and positions. It illuminates that if a detection technique can be thoroughly developed for equipment monitoring and management in distribution systems, then the operation and location of distributed generation will be more effectively controlled while the smart grid management will be benefited as well.
When small DGs are connected to grid in a distribution system, although they would provide an efficient energy source for local loads, yet following the increased amount of installation ratio, the voltage profile, voltage variation, fault current and power quality are all undoubtedly affected. To cope with such a problem, a short-circuit ratio (SCR) method was often utilized to estimate the rate of voltage change caused by the distributed generation. Yet, it was observed that under the light load or a weak system, this method may not be accurate to meet the requirement. The development of an effective algorithm considering different operating scenarios thus becomes crucially important to maintain a distribution system of high-quality operation.
In view of these demerits, the objective of this dissertation is aimed to the study of distribution system resources impact analysis and distributed system operation strategies. This dissertation starts from the development of a novel waveform analysis for photovoltaic (PV) inverter injection such that this generation equipment can be identified. It is then followed by a novel estimation index of distributed generation capacity proposed to improve the drawback of the conventional short-circuit ratio method. Through these proposed methods, the impact brought by the distributed generation can be better grasped and the amount and the connected capacity of equipment are more effectively comprehended. To verify the effectiveness of these approaches, the equivalent system and the practical ones have been extensively simulated. Test results indicate that the proposed method not only confirms the generation equipment at the point of common coupling, but also benefit the decision-making on the capacity of connected distributed generation. The outcome contributed by this dissertation is served as useful references for planning and operating engineers, anticipating enhancing the operation performance of grid-connected systems.

摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ III
誌謝------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
List of Tables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII
List of Figures----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IX
Symbols and Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------X
Chapter 1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Background and Motivation----------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Literature Survey-----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Contribution of this Dissertation-----------------------------------------------------------6
1.4 Organization of this Dissertation ----------------------------------------------------------7
Chapter 2 Problem Description-----------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2 DG Management Problems -----------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.1 Operation Problem------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
2.2.2 Voltage Variation Problem --------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.3 Overview of DG Management Methods------------------------------------------------ 12
2.4 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
Chapter 3 Confirmation Existence of Photovoltaic Generations ------------------------------ 14
3.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
3.2 Overview of Anti-Islanding Techniques ------------------------------------------------ 14
3.2.1 Remote Techniques ----------------------------------------------------------------- 16
3.2.2 Passive Techniques------------------------------------------------------------------ 18
VII
3.2.3 Non-Detection Zone ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20
3.2.4 Active Techniques ------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
3.2.5 Introduction of Active Frequency Drift ------------------------------------------ 27
3.3 Active Frequency Drift Signal Approach ----------------------------------------------- 29
3.4 Field Measurements Studies-------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3.5 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
Chapter 4 Examination of the Permissible Capacity of Distributed Generation ------------ 35
4.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
4.2 Voltage Variation Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------- 36
4.2.1 Voltage Drop ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
4.2.2 Voltage Rise -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
4.3 DG Capacity Limit------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
4.4 Voltage Variation Considering Existent Voltage --------------------------------------- 43
4.5 Field Test Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
4.6 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
Chapter 5 Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
5.1 Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
5.2 Future Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

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