[1] 衛生福利部國民健康局,《骨質疏鬆症臨床治療指引》,行政院衛生署國民健康局出版,民國一百年。
[2] Jarmundowicz, W., Haftek, J., “Neurogenic intermittent claudication”, Neurol Neurochir Pol, 1984, 18:493-7.
[3] Lim, T.H., An, Howard S., Hong, J.H., Ahn, J.Y., You, J.W., Eck, J., McGrady, Linda M., “Biomechanical evaluation of anterior and posterior fixations in an unstable calf spine model”, Spine, 22(3): 261-266, 1997Becker, S., et al., “Assessment of different screw augmentation techniques and screw designs in osteoporotic spines”, Eur Spine J, 17: 1462-1469
[4] Becker, S., Chavanne, A., Spitaler, R., Kropik, K., Aigner, N., Ogon, M., Redl, H., “Assessment of different screw augmentation techniques and screw designs in osteoporotic spines”, Eur Spine J, 17: 1462-1469
[5] Choi, W., Lee, S., Kim, J.Koo, “Assessment of pullout strength of various pedicle screw designs in relation to the changes in bone mineral density”, in 48th ORS Annual Meeting. 2002; Poster 0791.
[6] Abshire, B.B., McLain, R.F., Valdevit, A., Kambic, H.E., “Characteristics of pullout failure in conical and cylindrical pedicle screws after full insertion and back-out”, Spine J, 1(6): 408-14, 2001
[7] Tsai, W.C., Chen, P.Q., Lu, T.W., Wu, S.S., Shih, K.S., Lin, S.C., “Comparison and prediction of pullout strength of conical and cylindrical pedicle screws within synthetic bone”, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10:44, 2009
[8] Tai, C.L., Lee, Y.C., Chen, L.H., Lai, P.L., “Biomechanical comparison of screw holding power for different pedicle screw augmentation technique in severe osteoporosis”, ISB Brussels, 2011
[9] Kissel, C.G., Friedersdorf, S.C., Foltz, D.S., Snoeylink, T., “Comparison of pullout strength of small-diameter cannulates and solid-core screws”, The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 42(6): 334-338, 2003
[10] Chen, Y.L., Chen, W.C., Chou, C.W., Chen, J.W., Chang, C.M., Lai, Y.S., Cheng, C.K., Wang, S.T., “Biomechanical study of expandable pedicle screw fixation in severe osteoporotic bone comparing with conventional and cement-augmented pedicle screws”, Medical Engineering and Physics, 36: 1416-1420, 2014
[11] 陳伊旅,〈強化擴張式椎弓骨釘應用於嚴重骨質疏鬆椎體力學表現之研究〉,長庚大學,碩士論文,民國104年。[12] 張俊詳等譯,《肌肉骨骼系統解剖學:構造與功能》,合紀圖書,民國92年。
[13] Anthony, Schnuerer, Julio Gallego, M.D., “Anatomy of the spine and related structures”, Christie Manual, 2008
[14] 陳建良,腰椎間盤突出。
http://www.5791.net/hivd.htm
[15] 陳德誠,〈脊椎融合及非融合手術介紹〉,國家文官學院,飛訊第112期,民國100年。
[16] Hibbs, R.A., “An operation for progressive spinal deformities: a preliminary report of three cases from the service of the orthopaedic hospital”, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Researth, 460: 17-20, 2007
[17] Lai, P.L., Chen, L.H., Niu, C.C., Fu, T.S., Chen, W.J., “Relation between Laminectomy and development of adjacent segment instability after lumbar fusion with pedicle fixation”, Spine, 29:2527-2532, 2004
[18] Tai, C.L., Hsieh, P. H., Chen, W.P., Chen, L.H., Chen, W.J., Lai, P.L., “Biomechanical comparison of lumbar spine instability between laminectomy and bilateral laminotomy for spinal stenosis syndrome- an experimental study in porcine model”, BMC, 9-84, 2008
[19] 黃國峰,〈骨質疏鬆-脊椎手術中的一大考驗〉,民國100年。
http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/essay/essay.html?pid=28128
[20] Kissel, C.G., Friedersdorf, S.C., Foltz, D.S., Snoeyink, T., “Comparison of pullout strength of small-diameter cannulated and solid-core screws”, J Foot Ankle Surg, 42(6): 334-8, 2003
[21] Goel, V.K., Ebraheim, N.A., Biyani, A., Rengachary, S., Faizan, A., “Role of mechanical factors in the evaluation of pedicle screw type spinal fixation devices”, Neurol India, 53(4): 399-407, 2005
[22] Oktenoğlu, B.T., Ferrara, L.A., Andalkar, N., Özer, A.F., Sarioglu, A.C., Benzel, E.C., “Effects of hole preparation on screw pullout resistance and insertional torque: a biomechanical study”, J Neurosurg, 94(1 Suppl): 91-6, 2001
[23] Zhang, Q.H., Tan, S.H., Chou, S.M., “Investigation of fixation screw pull-out strength on human spine”, J Biomech, 37(4): 479-85, 2004
[24] Wang, Y., Mori, R., Ozoe, N., Nakai, T., Uchio, Y., ” Proximal half angle of the screw thread is a critical design variable affecting the pull-out strength of cancellous bone screws”, Clin Biomech, 24(9): 781-5, 2009
[25] McLain, R.F., McKinley, T.O., Yerby, S.A., Smith, T.S., Sarigul-Klijn, N., “The effect of bone quality on pedicle screw loading in axial instability”, Spine, 22(13): 1454-60, 1997
[26] Youssef, J.A., McKinley, T.O., Yerby, S.A., McLain, R.F., “Characteristics of pedicle screw loading: Effect of sagittal insertion angle on intrapedicular bending moments”, Spine, 24(11): 1077-81, 1999
[27] Lin, J., Lin, S.J., Chiang, H., Hou, S.M., “Bending strength and holding power of tibial locking screws”, Clin Orthop Relat Res, (385): 199-206m 2001
[28] Wittenberg, R.H., Lee, K.S., Shea, M., White III, A.A., Hayes, W.C., “Effect of screw diameter, insertion technique, and bone cement augmentation of pedicular screw fixation strength”, Clin Orthop Relat Res, (296): 278-87, 1993
[29] Hearn, T.C., Schatzker, J., Wolfson, N., “Extraction strength of cannulated cancellous bone screws”, J Orthop Trauma, 7(2): 138-41, 1993
[30] Lill, C.A., Fluegel, A.K., Schneider, E., “Sheep model for fracture treatment in osteoporotic bone: A pilot study about different induction regimens”, J Orthop Trauma, 14(8): 559-65, 2000
[31] Hsu, C.C., Chao, C.K., Wang, J.L., Hou, S.M., Tsai, Y.T., Lin, J., “Increase of pullout strength of spinal pedicle screws with conical core: Biomechanical tests and finite element analyses”, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 23: 788-794, 2005
[32] Patel, P.S.D, Shepherd, D.E.T., Hukins, D.W.L., “The effect of screw insertion angle and thread type on the pullout strength of bone screws in nomal and osteoporotic cancellous bone models”, Medical Engineering & Physics, 32: 822-828, 2010
[33] Leggon, R., Lindsey, R.W., Doherty, B.J., Alexander, J., Noble, P., “The holding strength of cannulated screws compared with solid core screws in cortical and cancellous bone”, J Orthop Trauma, 7(5): 450-7, 1993
[34] Cook, S.D., Salkeld, S.L., Stanley, T., Faciane, A., Miller, S.D., “Biomechanical study of pedicle screw fixation in severely osteoporotic bone”, Spine J, 4(4): 402-8, 2004
[35] Wan, S., Lei, W., Wu, Z., Liu, D., Gao, M., Fu, S., “Biomechanical and histological evaluation of an expandable pedicle screw in osteoporotic spine in sheep”, Eur Spine J, 19(12): 2122-2129, 2010
[36] Frankel, B.M., D'Agostino, S., Wang, C., “A biomechanical cadaveric analysis of polymethylmethacrylate-augmented pedicle screw fixation”, J Neurosurg Spine, 7(1): 47-53, 2007
[37] Becker, S., Chavanne, A., Spitaler, R., Kropik, K., Aigner, N., Ogon, M., Redl, H., “Assessment of different screw augmentation techniques and screw designs in osteoporotic spines”, Eur Spine J, 17(11): 1462–1469, 2008
[38] Hashemi, A., Bednar, D., Ziada, S., “Pullout strength of pedicle screws augmented with particulate calcium phosphate: an experimental study”, Spine J. 9(5): 404-10, 2009
[39] Chen, L.H., Tai, C.L., Lai, P.L., Lee, D.M., Tsai, T.T., Fu, T.S., Niu, C.C., Chen, W.J., “Pullout strength for cannulated pedicle screws with bone cement augmentation in severely osteoporotic bone: Influences of radial hole and pilot hole tapping”, Clin Biomech, 24(8): 613-8, 2009
[40] Zhuang, X.M., Yu, B.S., Zheng, Z.M., Zheng, J.F., Lu, W.W., “Effect of the degree of osteoporosis on the biomechanical anchoring strength of the sacral pedicle screws: an in vitro comparison between unaugmented bicortical screws and polymethylmethacrylate augmented unicortical screws”, Spine, 35(19): E925-31, 2010
[41] Chen, L.H., Tai, C.L., Lee, D.M., Lai, Y.C., Niu, C.C., Chen, W.J., “Pullout strength of pedicle screws with cement augmentation in severe osteoporosis: A comparative study between cannulated screws with cement injection and solid screws with cement pre-filling”, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 12-33, 2011
[42] Garfin, S.R., Yuan, H.A., Reiley, M.A., “New technologies in spine: Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures”, Spine, 26(14): 1511-5, 2001
[43] Belkoff, S.M., Molloy, S., “Temperature measurement during polymerization of polymethylmethacrylate cement used for vertebroplasty”, Spine, 28(14): 1555-9, 2003
[44] Banse, X., Sims, T.J., Bailey, A.J., “Mechanical properties of adult vertebral cancellous bone: Correlation with collagen intermolecular cross-links”, J Bone Miner Res, 17(9): 1621-8, 2002
[45] Chatzistergos, P.E., Magnissalis, E.A., Kourkoulis, S.K., “A parametric study of cylindrical pedicle screw design implications on the pullout performance using an experimentally validated finite-element model”, Medical Engineering & Physics, 32(2): 145-154, 2010
[46] Halvorson, T.L., Kelley, L.A., Thomas, K.A., Whitecloud, T.S. III, Cook, S.D., “Effects of bone mineral density on pedicle screw fixation”, Spine, 2381-2490, 1994