臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人體構造中存在著許多的骨骼，而骨骼之間則是依靠關節軟組織來連結，才使身體能夠順暢的展現各種動作。在下肢擺盪過程中，前十字韌帶之主要功能乃用來降低脛骨的壓力、限制脛骨的位移與避免膝關節的過度屈曲。當外界力量施予膝關節瞬間大於韌帶所能承受的力道，則易造成韌帶或是肌腱受傷甚至斷裂。韌帶損傷急性期過後，通常因自覺症狀改善而逐漸適應，惟日久可能造成膝關節磨損而導致退化性關節炎。
依據諸多韌帶受損復健治療的臨床報告顯示，可以不需進行開刀而僅需要多訓練股四頭肌之肌肉力量便可逐漸恢復膝關節的正常功能。另外，運動醫學門診中常見的髕骨外翻，主因為股四頭肌功能障礙而產生的症狀。治療髕骨外翻以物理治療為原則，並著重於增強股內側肌肉力量或舒緩股外側肌肉力量，來矯正和舒緩髕骨外翻所帶來患者不適之症狀。
本研究目的為檢測膝關節病徵與韌帶重建手術後之復原評估，擷取膝關節內骨頭相互摩擦與空氣擠壓進入軟組織中而產生的聲音變化。實驗結果發現半月板量測位置不易辨別膝韌帶是否損傷，但適用於半月板損傷判斷。於其他不同的偵測位置所收錄到的音訊不同，因此可針對不同損傷部位檢測，證實本方法具有鑑別度。在通過人體試驗委員會(IRB)審查後，提出韌帶術後復原評估系統，受測者共65位，包括27位正常者與38位病患。實驗結果，前十字韌帶感測點可作為前十字韌帶損傷辨識判斷，證實經韌帶重建手術之患肢在訊號表現上逐漸與健肢縮小差異，表示本系統具韌帶術後復原評估之可行性。
下肢損傷術後的平衡訓練不良恐易導致慢性關節炎或髕骨股骨疼痛症候群等後遺症，因此針對既有鞋墊式壓力感測系統以及步態辨識機制之缺點，提出足底壓力中心點之步態辨識系統。實驗結果，受測者於正常行走、左側與右側下肢全負重進行系統計算，F1評分均高於良好辨識標準80%之上，即使是膝韌帶損傷之受測者，本策略亦能得到良好之辨識效果。對於已發生髕骨股骨疼痛症候群之病徵，透過肌電圖模組量測股內側肌和骨外側肌之肌電訊號，了解復健動作效益，以加強股內側肌為目標。共83位正常者作為實驗受測者，進行10°–90°抬腿踢和正常步態動作量測，結果證明各角度間無顯著性差異，但抬腿踢與正常步態卻存有顯著性差異，建議以50°–60°來作抬腿踢的復健動作。
在膝關節病徵擷取系統中，結果顯示具備辨識能力，但僅在安靜無干擾之門診間使用，若量測期間受測者發出聲響則影響到錄音品質，因此應加強濾波器功能，使能降低人聲影響音訊品質。在韌帶損傷術後復健評估系統中，實驗顯示具備良好之病徵判斷能力，但病徵樣本僅為前十字韌帶損傷症狀，應在未來樣本量測中對其他韌帶損傷症狀進行擷取驗證。平衡訓練及足底壓力檢測系統，儘管具備良好之辨識能力，但尚未對病患長期使用之環境條件進行考量。肌肉力量訓練量測分析，顯示能以抬腿踢動作達到預期效果，但因實驗範圍僅先設定為右腳，應在未來量測中可對雙腳同步擷取驗證，收集更多的檢測資料，結合智慧手機APP、雲端計算與IoT應用，以產生更多元輔助下肢復健效果。

Many skeletons exist in the human body structure, and the skeletal is connected well by the soft tissue of joints so that the body can smoothly exhibit various actions. In the process of lower limb swing, the primary function of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is to reduce the pressure of tibia, limit the displacement of tibia and avoid excessive flexion of the knee joint. When the outside object hits the knee joint an instant power that is greater than the force making the ligament to be with stand, it may cause injury or even breakage of the ligament or tendinitis. After the acute phase of ligament injury, the symptoms usually improve and gradually adapt; however, it may cause joint wear and osteoarthritis (OA).
According to many clinical reports of rehabilitation treatments on damaged ligament, the normal function of the knee joint could be restored without performing an operation and only with training the muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle. In addition, the patellar subluxation being is common in sports medicine clinics is mainly caused by the dysfunction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The treatment of a patellar subluxation is based in principle on physical therapy and focuses on enhancing vastus medialis muscle strength or soothing vastus lateralis muscle strength to correct and soothe the symptoms of patellar subluxation.
The purpose of this study was to examine the recovery assessment of knee joint lesions and ligament reconstruction surgery and to extract the changes in the sound generated by the internal friction of knee joint and the air extrusion into the soft tissue. The experimental results showed that the meniscus measurement position cannot distinguish whether the knee ligament is damaged, but it is suitable for the meniscus damage judgment. After reviewing the institutional review board (IRB), we proposed the ligament postoperative recovery assessment system applied to a total of 65 subjects, including 27 regulars and 38 patients. The experimental results showed that the anterior cruciate ligament sensing point could be acted as the identification of anterior cruciate ligament damage. It is confirmed that the limbs of the ligament reconstruction surgery will be gradually different from the healthy limbs in terms of signal performance, indicating that the system has the feasibility for the postoperative evaluation of ligament.
Poor balance training after lower extremity injury will easily lead to sequelae such as chronic arthritis or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Therefore, for improving the disadvantages of existing insole pressure sensing system and gait recognition mechanism, we proposed the gait identification system based on the plantar pressure center point. The results showed that the system measuring on normal walking, left and right lower limbs, the F1 score was greater than 80% of the excellent recognition standard. Even for the subjects with knee ligament injury, this strategy could obtain good recognition results. For the symptoms of patellofemoral pain syndrome, the myoelectric signals of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were measured by the EMG module to understand the state of rehabilitation for strengthening the muscle strength of the vastus medialis. A total of 83 normal subjects were used as experimental subjects, and 10°–90° leg kicking and normal gait movement were measured. The results showed that no significant difference is among the angles, but the leg kicking and normal gait were significant. The recommended leg kicking is to use 50°–60° for the rehabilitation of lower limb.
For the knee joint disease extraction system, the results showed that it has the ability to identify, but it is only used in clinics being no interference at any time. If the sound of the subject is affected by the noise during the measurement, the filter should be strengthened to reduce the impact of a human voice on audio quality. In the postoperative rehabilitation evaluation system of ligament injury, the experiment showed that it has good judgment ability, but the disease samples are only the symptoms of anterior cruciate ligament injury, and other ligament injury symptoms should be verified in future samples. The balancing training and plantar pressure testing systems, although with good discriminating power, have not yet considered the environmental conditions for long-term use of patients. Muscle strength training measurement analysis showed that it can achieve the expected fruit by kicking the leg; however, more detected data should be collected, combined with mobile APP, cloud computing and IoT applications, it will produce more meta-assisted rehabilitation effects.

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivations 1
1.2 Scopes 6
1.3 Contributions 11
1.4 Dissertation Organization 14
Chapter 2 Background and Problem Description 16
2.1 Human Lower Limb Structure 16
2.1.1 The knee joint 17
2.1.1.1 Muscles around the knee 19
2.1.1.2 Ligament in the knee joint 20
2.1.2 Foot 22
2.1.2.1 Structure of the foot 23
2.1.2.2 Type of arch 24
2.2 Symptoms of Knee Joint 27
2.2.1 May cause knee injury during exercise 27
2.2.2 Osteoarthritis, OA 29
2.2.3 Causes and effects of knee ligament injury 30
2.2.4 Patellar pain 32
2.3 Existing Clinical Evaluate 34
2.3.1 Preoperative assessment 38
2.3.1.1 Image analysis 38
2.3.1.2 Inertial sensor analysis 39
2.3.1.3 Electromagnetic sensor analysis 41
2.3.2 Postoperative evaluation 42
2.3.2.1 Knee joint kinematics test 43
2.3.2.2 Gait and lower limb torque detection 44
2.3.2.3 Isokinetic muscle strength test 44
2.4 Physical Characteristics 47
2.4.1 Sound signal measurement 47
2.4.2 Joint vibration signal 48
2.4.3 Knee joint signal acquisition 49
2.4.4 Knee signal analysis 51
2.4.5 Gait identification 52
2.4.6 EMG signal 55
2.4.6.1 Principle of myoelectric signal 55
2.4.6.2 EMG signal analysis and evaluation 56
2.4.6.3 Related applications of myoelectric signals 57
2.4.7 Discussion on the patellar subluxation in medicine 59
2.4.7.1 Goose-step for treatment effectiveness 59
2.4.7.2 Muscles affect temporal recruitment 60
2.4.7.3 Muscle activation features 61
2.4.7.4 Knee muscle forces during walking and running with patellar subluxation 62
Chapter 3 Constructing a Symptom Extraction System 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Hardware Composition 65
3.2.1 Self-construction of an electronic stethoscope 67
3.2.2 Self-construction of an angle reminder 69
3.3 Signal Processing 70
3.3.1 Pre-signal processing 71
3.3.2 Signal filtering 72
3.3.3 Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient 74
3.3.4 Meniscus damage feature identification 77
3.4 System Verification 78
3.4.1 Knee ligament audio evaluation factor 78
3.4.2 Identification of sensitivity and specificity 79
3.5 Experimental Design 81
3.5.1 Measurement of the environment 82
3.5.2 Measurement of the parameters 86
3.6 Results and Discussions 87
3.6.1 Signal analysis of different measurement positions 89
3.6.2 Identification and analysis of knee joint injury 92
3.7 Summary 98
Chapter 4 Constructing a Rehabilitation Evaluation System 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Hardware Composition 100
4.2.1 Signal capture module 100
4.2.2 Sound signal acquisition 101
4.2.3 Multi-channel audio expansion 103
4.2.4 Knee angle measurement 104
4.3 Signal Processing 106
4.3.1 Sound signal processing and analysis 106
4.3.2 Noise processing 107
4.3.3 Discrete wavelet transform, DWT 108
4.3.4 Wavelet coefficient acquisition 110
4.3.5 Dynamic time warping, DTW 111
4.3.6 Assessment of recovery 112
4.4 System Verification 112
4.4.1 Authentication method 112
4.4.2 Sound signal measurement effectiveness evaluation 113
4.4.3 Electronic stethoscope size comparison 116
4.5 Experimental Design 118
4.5.1 Experimental measurement objects and restrictions 118
4.5.2 Measurement method 119
4.5.3 Measurement of the parameters 121
4.5.4 Parameter of signal analysis 122
4.5.5 Performance difference analysis 125
4.6 Results and Discussions 127
4.6.1 Analysis of different wavelet basis functions 127
4.6.2 Comparison of wavelet coefficients of different sensing points 128
4.6.3 Comparison of wavelet coefficients in each frequency band 134
4.6.4 Assessment of ligament recovery after surgery 138
4.7 Summary 144
Chapter 5 Constructing a Balance Training System 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Hardware Composition 147
5.2.1 Plantar pressure sensing module 148
5.2.2 Calculation of the plantar pressure center point 151
5.2.3 Configuration of the pressure sensor position 152
5.2.4 Transmission control of pressure sensing signals 155
5.2.5 Gait phase identification module 158
5.2.6 Plantar pressure and gait phase identification 159
5.3 Signal Processing 160
5.3.1 Calculation of the pressure center point 160
5.3.2 Gait phase similarity identification 162
5.3.3 Partial weight bearing information feedback 165
5.4 System Verification 167
5.4.1 Difference between different sampling frequencies 167
5.4.2 Gait difference between different subjects 168
5.4.3 Different partial weight bearing prescription 168
5.4.4 Gait phase identification evaluation factor 170
5.4.4.1 Identification of sensitivity and precision 170
5.4.4.2 F1 Score 172
5.5 Experimental Design 173
5.5.1 Measurement environment 173
5.5.2 Measuring object 174
5.5.3 System layout 175
5.5.4 Parameter of measurements 175
5.6 Results and Discussions 178
5.6.1 Difference analysis of sampling frequency 179
5.6.2 Different subjects of partial weight bearing 184
5.6.3 Gait phase analysis of different subjects 189
5.7 Summary 194
Chapter 6 Constructing a Muscle Strength Training System 196
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Hardware Composition 197
6.2.1 Signal sensing module for muscle strength 198
6.2.2 Microcontroller unit, MCU 199
6.2.3 Leg lift angle sensing module 199
6.2.4 The transmission of muscle strength signal 200
6.3 Signal Processing 201
6.3.1 Signal processing and analysis 201
6.3.2 Signal filtering 202
6.3.3 Algorithm of muscle strength 203
6.4 System Verification 207
6.4.1 Effectiveness evaluation of signal sensing module 207
6.4.2 Precision assessment of the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis myoelectric signals ratio 209
6.5 Experimental Design 210
6.5.1 Position of sensing point 210
6.5.2 Measuring design of rehabilitation action 211
6.5.3 Measurement objects and restrictions 213
6.5.4 Procedure of measurement 214
6.5.5 Parameters of measurement 215
6.6 Results and Discussions 216
6.6.1 Pre-test of the left and right foot 216
6.6.2 Sitting and standing of kick training 220
6.6.3 Statistical analysis of kick training results 224
6.7 Summary 226
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Research 227
7.1 Conclusions 227
7.2 Future Research 229
REFERENCES 231
LIST OF ABBREVIATION 252
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 255

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