臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

活性氧化物質的產生和生物體抗氧化系統之間的不平衡會造成氧化壓力並導致神經退化性疾病，本研究目的為探討嘉寶果果籽萃取物之抗氧化能力及對神經細胞之保護功效。嘉寶果果籽分別以95 %乙醇、50 %乙醇和熱水進行萃取，經減壓濃縮和冷凍乾燥製成粉末。抗氧化成分分析包括總多酚、總花青素、總類黃酮和白藜蘆醇之含量；而抗氧化活性主要分析DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)自由基清除能力、還原力和螯合二價鐵離子能力。此外以Neuro-2a細胞作為神經細胞模式，以H2O2誘導細胞氧化性損傷後，以MTT分析細胞存活率、使用H2DCF-DA染劑測定活性氧化物質(reactive oxygen species, ROS)生成量，最後分析細胞抗氧化酵素活性及抗氧化物質含量。結果顯示50%乙醇萃取物含有最高量之總多酚(164.19 ± 4.46 mg gallic acid equivalent/g)、總類黃酮(17.48 ± 0.01 mg rutin equivalent/g)和總花青素(1.87± 0.04 mg/g),及最佳之抗氧化能力。DPPH自由基清除能力、還原力和螯合二價亞鐵離子之EC50分別為0.20 ± 0.00 mg/ml、0.13 ± 0.00 mg/ml和0.09 ± 0.00 mg/ml。細胞實驗顯示，95 %乙醇萃取物可提升24% 存活率並且可降低ROS生成量和促進catalase之活性。綜合上述研究得知，嘉寶果果籽萃取物含豐富多酚類化合物故有良好之抗氧化活性，可降低ROS生成量，減少氧化壓力，以保護N2a神經細胞。

An imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system can cause oxidative stress and lead to neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activity and neuroprotection effects of Myrciaria cauliflora (Jaboticaba) seeds extracts in vitro. Jaboticaba seeds were extracted with 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol and hot water, respectively. The extracts were vacuum-concentrated followed by lyophilizated. Antioxidant components in extracted powder, such as total polyphenol, total anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and resveratrol, were analyzed. Reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, and ferrous ion chelation ability were determined to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of extracts. To measure neuroprotection effect, oxidative stress was induced by H2O2 in N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. The cell viability was analyzed with MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, while the amount of ROS production was assayed with H2DCF-DA stain, and the antioxidant status including the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant contents were determined as well. The results showed that 50% ethanol extract contained the highest amount of total polyphenols (164.19 ± 4.46 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), total flavonoids (17.48 ± 0.01 mg rutin equivalent/g) and total anthocyanins (1.87 ± 0.04 mg/g). The EC50 of antioxidant properties of 50% ethanol extract expressed as DPPH radical scavenging ability, reducing power (reach OD 0.5 at 700nm) and ferrous ion chelation were 0.20 ± 0.00 mg/ml, 0.13 ± 0.00 mg/ml and 0.09 ± 0.00 mg/ml, respectively. Compare to untreated N2a cell line, N2a treated with 95% ethanol extract showed higher viability, lower ROS production and greater catalase activity. In conclusion, Jaboticaba seed extracts was proved to have neuroprotection effect by its antioxidant activity.

誌謝 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 vii
摘要 viii
Abstract ix
第壹章、前言 1
第貳章、文獻回顧 3
一、 嘉寶果簡介 3
二、 嘉寶果之營養成分 4
三、 嘉寶果之植化物 6
四、 嘉寶果之生理活性 9
五、 氧化壓力 11
六、 神經退化性疾病 17
第參章、 材料與方法 22
一、 實驗架構 22
二、 實驗材料 24
三、 製備嘉寶果籽萃取物 26
四、 嘉寶果籽基本成分分析 27
五、 嘉寶果籽體外試管抗氧化能力分析 30
六、 嘉寶果籽萃取物抗氧化成分分析 34
七、 嘉寶果果籽細胞抗氧化分析 36
第肆章、結果與討論 42
一、 嘉寶果果皮和果籽抗氧化成分分析 42
二、 嘉寶果果皮和果籽體外抗氧化活性分析 42
三、 嘉寶果果籽基本成分分析 47
四、 嘉寶果果籽抗氧化成分分析 47
五、 嘉寶果果籽抗氧化活性分析 56
六、 嘉寶果果籽細胞抗氧化能力分析 63
第伍章、結論 77
第陸章、參考文獻 78

胡正榮 (2005) 嘉寶果的栽培管理。台中區農情月刊第70期。台灣。
Abe, L. T., Lajolo, F. M., and Genovese, M. I. (2012). Potential dietary sources of ellagic acid and other antioxidants among fruits consumed in Brazil: Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92, 1679–1687.
Abiaka, C. (1994) Free radicals and antioxidants. Ph. D thesis, King’s College, London.
Akbik, D., Ghadiri, M., Chrzanowski, W., and Rohanizadeh, R. (2014). Curcumin as a wound healing agent. Life Sciences, 116, 1-7.
Alezandro, M. R., Dube, P., Desjardins, Y., Lajolo, F. M., and Genovese, M. I. (2013). Comparative study of chemical and phenolic compositions of two species of Jaboticaba: Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg and Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg.. Food Research International, 54, 468-477.
Andorn, A. C., Britton, R. S., and Bacon, B. R. (1990). Evidence that lipid peroxidation and total iron are increased in Alzheimer’s brain. Neurobiol Aging, 11, 316-323.
AOAC Authors (2006). Determination of Moisture, Ash, Protein and Fat. In H. Kenneth (Ed.), Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. Washington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc.
AOAC Authors (2006). Official methods of analysis Proximate Analysis and Calculations Moisture. In H. Kenneth (Ed.), Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. Washington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc.
AOCS (1998). Rapid Determination of Oil/Fat Utilizing High Temperature Solvent Extraction (For XT10, XT10I, XT15, XT15I). In F. David (Ed.), Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOAC. Illinois: American Oil Chemists' Society.
AOCS (1998). Crude Fiber Analysis in Feeds - Filter Bag Technique (ANKOM2000). In F. David (Ed.), Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOAC. Illinois: American Oil Chemists' Society.
Araújo, C. R. R., Esteves, E. A., Dessimoni-Pinto, N. A. V., and Batista, Â. G. (2014). Myrciaria cauliflora peel flour had a hypolipidemic effect in rats fed a moderately high-fat diet. Journal of Medicinal Food, 17, 262-267.
Assis, S. A., Vellos, J. C. R., Brunetti, I. L., Khalil, N. M., Leite, K. M. D. C., and Martins, A. B. G. (2009). Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total phenol of exotic fruits occurring in Brazil. International Journal of Food science and Nutrition, 60, 439-448.
Assuncao, M., Santos-Marques, M. J., Carvalho, F., Lukoyanov, N. V., and Andrade, J. P. (2011). Chronic green tea consumption prevents age-related changes in rat hippocampal formation. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 707-717.
Barlett, B. S., Levine, R. L., Chock, P. B., Chevion, M., and Stadtman, E. (2001). Antioxidant activity of Ferrozine-iron-amino acid complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 451-456.
Batista, A. G., Lenquiste, S. A., Cazarin, C. B., Silva, J. K., Ferreira, L. A., Bogusz Jr., S., Leandro Wang, H. J., Souza, R. N., Augusto, F., Prado, M. A., and Marostica Jr., M. R. (2014). Intake of jaboticaba peel attenuates oxidative stress in tissues and reduces circulating saturated lipids of rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Journal of functional foods, 6, 450-461.
Behl, C., Davis, J. B., Lesley, R., and Schubert, D. (1994). Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid β protein toxicity. Cell, 77, 817-827.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28, 25-30.
Brookmeyer, R., Johnson, E., Ziegler-Graham, K., and Arrighi, H. M. (2007). Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 3, 186-191.
Butterfield, D. A., Castegan, A., Lauderback, C. M., and Drake, J. (2002). Evidence that amyloid β-peptide induced lipid peroxidation and its sequelae in Alzheimer’s disease brain contribute to neuronal death. Neurobiology of Aging, 23, 655-664.
Cadenas, E., and Davies, K. J. (2000). Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 29, 222-230.
Castañeda-Ovando, A., Pacheco-Hernández, M. L., Páez-Hernández, E., Rodríguez, J. A., and Galán-Vidal, C. A. (2009). Chemical studies of anthocyanins: A review. Food Chemistry, 113, 859-871.
Chance, B., Sies, H., and Boveris, A. (1979). Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiological Reviews, 59, 527-605.
Choi, Y.T., Jung, C. H., Lee, S. R., Bae, J. H., Baek, W. K., Suh, M. H., Park, J., Park, C. W., and Suh, S. I. (2001). The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates betaamyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Life Sciences, 70, 603-614.
Davinelli, S., Maes, M., Corbi, G., Zarrelli, A., Willcox, D. C., and Scapagnini, G. (2016). Dietary phytochemicals and neuroinflammaging: from mechanistic insights to translational challenges. Immunity & Ageing, 13.
de Almeida, P, L., de Lima, S. N., Costa, L, L., de Oliveira, C, C., Damasceno, K, A., dos Santos, B, A., and Compagnol, P, C. (2015). Effect of Jabuticaba peel extract on lipid oxidation, microbial stability and sensory properties of Bologna-type sausages during refrigerated storage. Meat Science, 110, 9-14.
de Pascual-Teresa, S. (2014). Molecular mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects of anthocyanins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 559, 68-74.
Devasagayam, T. P. A., Tilak, J. C., Boloor, K. K., Sane, K. S., Ghaskadbi, S. S., and Lele, R. D. (2004). Free radical and antioxidants in human health: Current status and future prospects. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 52, 794-804.
Duthie, G.G., and Brown, K.M. (1994). Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In I. Goldberg (Ed.), Functional Foods: Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals (pp. 19-38). New York: Chapman & Hall Ltd.
Dziezak J, D. (1986). Antioxidants. Food Technology Journal, 40, 94-103.
Einbond, L. S., Reynertson, K. A., Luo, X. D., Basile, M. J., and Kennelly, E. J. (2004). Anthocyanin antioxidants from edible fruits. Food Chemistry, 84, 23-28.
Emerit, J., and Edeas, M. (2005). Neuridegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 58, 39-46.
Ferreira, M. E., de Vasconcelas, A. S., da Costa Vilhene, T., da Silva, T. L., da Silva Barbosa, A., Gomes, A. R., Dolabela, M. F., and Percario, S. (2015). Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Should We Keep Trying Antioxidant Therapies? Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 35, 595-614.
Floyd, R. A., and Carney, J. M. (1992). Free radical damage to protein and DNA: Mechanism involved and relevant observations on brain undergoing oxidative stress. Annals of Neurology, 32, 522-527.
Frei, B. (1995). Cardiovascular disease and nutrient antioxidants: Role of low‐density lipoprotein oxidation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 35, 83-95.
Ghaffari, H., Venkataramana, M., Ghassam, B. J., Nayaka, S. C., Nataraju, A., Geetha, N. P., and Prakash, H. S. (2004). Rosmarinic acid mediated neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neuronal cell damage in N2A cells. Life Sciences, 113, 7-13.
Gobato, M. R. R., Gobato, R., and Heidari, A. (2018). Planting of Jaboticaba trees for landscape repair of degraded area. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, 3, 1-9.
Gorinstein, S., Vargas, O. J. M., Jaramillo, N. O., Salas, I. A., Ayala, A. L. M., Arancibia-Avila, P. Toledo, F., Katrich, E., and Trakhrenberg, S. (2007). The total polyphenols and the antioxidant potentials of some selected cereals and pseudocereals. European Food Research and Technology, 225, 321-328.
Gregory III, J, F. (1996). Vitamins. In O, R, Fennema (ed.), Food chemistry (pp. 19-38). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Guo, J. J., Hsieh, H. Y., and Hu, C. H. (2009). Chain-breaking activity of carotenes in lipid peroxidation: A theoretical study. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 15699-15708.
Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals and antioxidant: A personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 52, 253-265.
Halliwell, B. (1997). Antioxidants and Human disease: A general introduction. Nutrition Reviews, 55, 44-52.
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M. C., and Cross, C. E. (1992). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 119, 598-620.
Halliwell, B., Murcia, M. A., Chirico, S., and Aruoma, O. I. (1995). Free radicals and antioxidant in food and in vivo: What they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 35, 7-20.
Harper, P. S. (1992). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. Human Genetica, 89, 365-376.
Hasler, C. M., and Blumberg, J. B. (1999). Symposium on Phytochemicals: Biochemistry and Physiology: Introduction. Journal of Nutrition, 129, 756S-757S.
Inada, K. O. P., Oliveira, A. A., Revorêdo, T. B., Martins, A. B.N., Lacerda, E. C. Q., Freire, A. S., Braz, B. F., Santelli, R. E., Torres, A. G., Perrone, D., and Monteiro, M. C. (2015). Screening of the chemical composition and occurring antioxidants in Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) and jussara (Euterpe edulis) fruits and their fractions. Journal of Functional foods, 17, 422-433.
Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E., and Vivanco, J. M. (2003). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic contect of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547-550.
Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Willis, L. M. (2009). Grape juice, berries, and walnuts affect brain aging and behavior. Journal of Nutrition, 139, 1813-1817.
Ju, Z. Y., and Howard, L. R. (2005). Subcritical water and sulfured water extraction of antocyanins and other phenolics from dried red grape skin. Sensory and Nutritive Qualities of Food, 70, 270-276.
Kim, G. H., Kim, J. E., Rhie, S. J., and Yoon, S. (2015). The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disease. Experimental Neurobiology, 24, 325-340.
Kurosinski, P. (2002). Glial cells under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Archives of Neurology, 59, 1524-1528.
Kurtzke, J. F., (1982). Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Advances in Neurology, 36, 281-302.
Lee, J., Koo, N., and Min, D. B. (2004). Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidant nutraceuticals. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 3, 21-33.
Leite-Legatti, A. V., Batista, Â.G. Dragano, N. R. V., Marques, A. C., Malta L, G., Riccio, M. F., Eberlin, M. N., Machado, A. R. T., Carvalho-Silva, L. B., Ruiz, A. L. T. G., Carvalho, J. E., Pastore, G. M., and Júnior, M. R. M. (2012). Jaboticaba peel: Antioxidant compounds, antiproliferative and antimutagenic activities. Food Research International, 49, 596-603.
Lenquiste, S. A., Batista, A. G., Marineli, R. D., Dragano, N. R. V., and Marostica, M. R. (2012). Freeze-dried Jaboticaba peel added to high-fat diet increases HDL-cholesterol and improves insulin resistance in obese rats. Food Research International, 49, 153-160.
Lorenzi, H., Bacher, L., Lacerda, M., and Sartori, S. (2006). Brazilian fruits & cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura). Brazil: Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda.
Lu, Y. R., and Foo, L. Y. (2000). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of polyphenols from apple pomace. Food Chemistry, 68, 81-85.
Ma, T., Tan, M. S., Yu, J. T., and Tan, L. (2014). “Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease. BioMed Research International, 2014.
Macedo-Costa, M. R., Diniz, D. N., Carvalho, C. M., Pereira, M. S. V., Pereira, J. V., and Higino, J. S. (2008). Effectiveness of the Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg. extract on oral bacteria. Brazilian Joural of Pharmacognosy, 19(2B), 565-571.
Mancinelli, A. L., Yang, C. P. H., Lindquist, P., Anderson, O. R., and Rabino, I. (1974). Photocontrol of anthocyanin synthesis. Ⅲ. The action of streptomycin on the synthesis of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. Plant Physiology, 55, 251-257.
Markakis, P.G. (1982). Stability of anthocyanins in food. In P. G. Markakis (Ed.), Anthocyanins as food colors (pp. 163-180). New York: Academic Press.
Marques, T. R., Braga, M., Cesar, P. H. S., Marcussi, S., and Correa, A. D. (2019). Jabuticaba (Plinia jaboticaba) skin extracts as inhibitors of phospholipases A2 and proteases. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 91, 248-264.
Martín-Peláez, S., Covas, M. I., Fitó, M., Kušar, A., and Pravst, I. (2013). Health effects of olive oil polyphenols: Recent advances and possibilities for the use of health claims. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 57, 760-771.
Matés, J. M., Pérez-Gòmez, C., and de Castro, I. N. (1999). Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clinical Biochemistry, 32, 595-603.
McCord, J. M. (1993). Human disease, free radicals, and the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Clinical Biochemistry, 26, 351-357.
McCord, J. M., and Fridovich, I. (1969). Superoxide dismutase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, 6049-6055.
Meydani, M. (2000). Effect of functional food ingredients: vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular diseases and immune status in the elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 1665-1668.
Millar, A. H., Mittova, V., and Kiddle, G. (2003). Control of ascorbate synthesis by respiration and its implications for stress responses. Plant Physiology, 133, 443-447.
Milner, J.A. (1994). Reducing the risk of cancer. In I. Goldberg (Ed.), Functional Foods: Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals (pp. 39-70). New York: Chapman & Hall Ltd.
Mohan, V., Das, S., and Rao, S. B. (2015). Hydroxytyrosol, a dietary phenolic compound forestalls the toxic effects of methylmercury-induced toxicity in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. Environmental Toxicology, 31, 1264-1275.
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26, 211-219.
Morton, J. (1987). Fruits of warm climates. North Carolina: Creative Resource Systems, Inc, (Jaboticabas).
Moyers, S. B., and Kumar, N.B. (2004). Kumar, Green tea polyphenols and cancer chemoprevention: multiple mechanisms and endpoints for phase II trials. Nutrition Review, 62, 204-211.
Nam, J. B., Ryu, J. H., Kim, J. W., Chang, I. S., and Suh, K. D. (2005). Stabilization of resveratrol immobilized in monodisperse cyano-functionalized porous polymeric microspheres. Polymer, 46, 8956-8963.
Nam, S. M., Choi, J. M., and Yoo, D. Y. (2014). Effects of curcumin (Curcuma longa) on learning and spatial memory as well as cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in adult and aged mice by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and CREB signaling. Journal of Medicinal Food, 17, 641-649.
Ng, T. P., Chiam, P. C., Lee, T., Chua, H. C., Lim, L., and Kua, E. H. (2006). Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 898-906.
Oboh, G., Puntel, R. L., and Rocha, J. B. T. (2007). Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain-in vitro. Food Chemistry, 102, 178-185.
Oroian, M., and Escriche, I. (2015). Antioxidants: Characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International, 74, 10-36.
Oyaizu, M. (1986) Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidative activities of product of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307-315.
Padmavati, M., Sakthivel, N., Thara, ak. Av., and Reddy, A. R. (1997). Differential sensitivity of rice pathogens to growth inhibition by flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 46, 499-502.
Papas, A. M. (1999). Other antioxidants. In A. M. Papas (Ed.), Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition, and health (pp. 231-248). Florida: CRC Press.
Persson, T., Popescu, B. O., and Cedazo-Minguez, A. (2014). Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: why did antioxidant therapy fail? Oxidatine Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, 1-11.
Pietta, P.G. (2000). Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 1035-1042.
Pisoschi, A. M., and Pop, A. (2015). The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, 55-74.
Plagemann, I., Krings, U., Berger, R. G., and Marostica, M. R. (2012). Volatile constituents of Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg) fruits. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24, 45-51.
Pridham J. B. (1960). Phenolics in Plants in Health and Disease. England: Pergamon Press.
Rahman, M., Hossain, S., Rahman, A., Fatima, N., Nahar, T., Uddin, B., and Basunia, M. A. (2013). Antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica (Linn.) urban: Impact of extraction solvent polarity. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1, 27-32.
Rajput, A. H. (1992). Frequency and cause of Parkinson’s disease. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 19, 103-107.
Reaven, G. M. (1995). Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiological Reviews, 75, 473-486.
Reynertson, K.A., Wallace, A. M., Adachi, S., Gil, R. R., Yang, H., Basile, M. J., Armiento, J. D., Weinstein, I. B., and Kennelly, E. J. (2006). Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora). Journal of Natural Products, 69, 1228-1230.
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N.J., and Paganga, G. (1996). Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20, 933-956.
Rufino, M. S. M., Alves, R. E., Brito, E. S., Pérez-Jiménez, J., Saura-Calixto, F., and Mancini-Filho, J. (2010). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of 18 non-traditional tropical fruits from Brazil. Food Chemistry, 121, 996-1002.
Rufino, M. S. M., Alves, R. E., Fernandes, F. A. V., and Brito, E. S. (2011). Free radical scavenging behavior of ten exotic tropical fruits extracts. Food Research International, 44, 2072-2075.
Sanchez, C., Livage, J., Launay, J. P., and Fournier, M. (1982). Electron Delocalization in Mixed-Valence Tungsten Polyanions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 105, 6817-6823.
Singh, M., Arseneault, M., Sanderson, T., Murthy, V., and Ramassamy, C. (2008). Challenges for research on polyphenols from foods in Alzheimer’s disease: bioavailability, metabolism, and cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 4855-4873.
Singhal, M., Paul, A., Singh, H. P., Dubey, S. K., and Gaur, K. (2011), Evaluation of reducing power assay of chalcone semicarbazones. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 3, 639-645.
Smith, P. K., Krohn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Mallia, A. K., Gartner, F. H., Provenzano, M. D., Fujimoto, M. D., Goeke, N. M., Olson, B. J., and Klenk, D. C. (1985). Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analytical Biochemistry, 150, 76-85.
Souza-Moreira, T. M., Moreira, R. R. D., Sacramento, L. V. S., and Pietro, R. C. L. R. (2010). Histochemical, phytochemical and biological screening of Plinic cauliflora (DC.) Kausel, Myrtaceae, leaves. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 20, 48-53.
Souza-Moreira, T. M., Severi, J. A., Santos, E., Silva, V. Y. A., Vilegas, W., Salgado, H. R. N., and Pietro, C. L. R. (2011). Chemical and antidiarrheal studies of Plinia cauliflora. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14, 1590-1596.
Stadtman, E. R. (1992). Protein oxidation and aging. Science, 257, 1220-1224.
St. Laurent-Thibault, C., Arseneault, M., Longpré, F., and Ramassamy, C. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two main components of olive oil, protect N2a cells against amyloid-β-induced toxicity. Involvement of the NF-κB signaling. (2011). Current Alzheimer Research, 8, 543-551.
Stockert, J.C., Blázquez-Castro, A., Cañete, M., Horobinb, R. W., and Villanueva, Á. (2012). MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets. Acta Histochemica, 114, 785-796.
Sun, Y. (1990). Free radical, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 8, 583-599.
Sung, C. C., Hsu, Y. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, Y. F., and Wu, C. C. (2013). Oxidative stress and nucleic acid oxidation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2013, 301982-301997.
Swain, T., and Hillis, W. E. (1959). The phenolic constituents of Prunus Domestica. The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10, 63-68.
Tan, L., Yang, H. P., Pang, W., Lu, H., Hu, Y. D., Li, J., Lu, S. J., Zhang, W. Q., and Jiang, Y.G. (2014). Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and blueberry extracts supplementation improves spatial memory and regulates hippocampal ERK expression in senescence-accelerated mice. Biomedical and Environmental Science, 27, 186–196.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1, 98-106.
Trevisan, L. M., Bobbio, F. O., and Bobbio, P. A. (1972). Carbohydrates, organic acids and anthocyanins of Myrciaria Jaboticaba, Berg. Journal of Food Science, 37, 818-819.
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T. D., Mazur, M., and Telse, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39, 44-84.
Valko, M., Rhodes, C. J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., and Mazur, M. (2006). Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 160, 1-40.
Wang, H., Cao, G., and Prior, R. I. (1997). Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 304-309.
Wang, J. T., Song, Y. T., Gao, M. L., Bai, X. J., and Chen, Z. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of several phytochemicals and its potential application in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Geriatrics, 2.
Wang, W. H., Tyan, Y. C., Chen, Z. S., Lin, C. G., Yang, M. H., Yuan, S. S., and Tsai, W. C. (2014). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect of the Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) seed extracts in oral carcinoma cells. BioMed Research International, 2014,185946-185953.
Wang, X. K., and Michaelis, K. E. (2010). Selective neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in the brain. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2.
Wu, G. Y., Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Lupton, J. R., and Turner, N. D. (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 134, 489-492.
Wu, H. J., Xu, C., Shan, C. Y., and Tan, R. X. (2006). Antioxidant properties and PC12 cell protective effects of APS-1, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera var. chinensis. Life Sciences, 78, 622-630.
Wu, S. B., Dastmalchi, K., Long, C. L., and Kennelly, E. J. (2012). Metabolite profiling of Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) and other dark-colored fruit juices. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 4035-4043.
Wu, S. B., W. J., Yin. Z. W., Zhang, J. Z., Long, C. L., Kennelly, E. J., and Z, S. P. (2013). Bioactive and marker compound from two edible dark-colored Myrciaria fruits and the synthesis of jaboticabin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 61, 4035-4043.
Yamaguchi, T., Takamura, H., Matoba, T., and Terao, J. (1998). HPLC method for evaluation of the free radical-scavenging activity of foods by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 62, 1201-1204.
Younes, M. (1999). Free radicals and reactive oxygen species. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 80, 111-125.
Yuan, H., Zhang, J., Liu, H., and Li, Z. (2013). The protective effects of resveratrol on Schwann cells with toxicity induced by ethanol in vitro. Neurochemistry International, 63, 146-153.