臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

感應加熱可用於多種不同之領域，其中用於烹飪即為電磁爐，電磁爐相較傳統加熱擁有高加熱效率與高安全性。本文針對用於非導磁鍋具之電磁爐進行設計，包含轉換器及感應線圈。非導磁鍋具是以渦流效應進行加熱，因此等效加熱電阻低需以大電流來提供加熱功率；另外，亦存在加熱效率低及與線圈/鍋具間電氣參數計算不易等問題。基此，使用Ansys Maxwell 3D軟體協助線圈及諧振槽電路設計並以銅鍋作為測試載具；首先估算銅鍋等效加熱電阻，隨後以加熱功率及效率為依據，選配最佳線圈匝數並估算該線圈於安置鍋具之等效電感。為降低損失使用0.05mm/4800股Litz線繞製線圈並以阻抗分析儀量測線圈電阻與頻率關係，而最佳諧振頻率是以諧振電路與銅鍋加熱效率最大化及加熱功率最大化來決定。經由上述方法取得電氣參數來建構模擬環境，以分析諧振電路特性做為控制策略設計之參考。
所提轉換器是由三級電路串接，依序為全波整流、降壓轉換器及半橋諧振電路；由於銅鍋之低等效電阻及高Q值特性，使諧振電路存在較高的電流對頻率之斜率，因此諧振電路是以固定頻率輸出來提供穩定之諧振槽電流，而以降壓轉換器經由調控輸出電壓來間接調整諧振槽電流大小，可避免因工作頻率解析度不足而造成音頻噪音。另外，提出諧振頻率偵測方法，對不同尺寸鍋具或因鍋具改變放置線圈上之位置所形成之諧振頻率進行偵測，以提供適合操作頻率；除此亦可作為移鍋偵測以降低電磁爐之安全疑慮。為提供加熱功率控制，因此提出經由降壓轉換器輸出功率、諧振槽損失及以諧振電流之峰值來估算銅鍋功率作為回授。
最後以數位訊號處理器TMS320F28075做為控制核心，建構輸出電流為100Arms之半橋諧振電路，並以AWG44/4800股Litz線(線徑為AWG4)繞製線圈，分別針對101kHz及189kHz之諧振頻率並參考EN 60350-2:2013及ASTM F1521-12標準對銅鍋加熱，以說明諧振頻率對加熱效率之影響，其中101kHz諧振頻率有較佳的加熱效率(60.3%, 520W)。除此，亦由卡路里計及阻抗分析量測儀之量測結果與Maxwell 3D 模擬結果比較，可發現於所提電磁爐之諧振電感值及等效加熱電阻值皆相當吻合。

Induction heating can be used in many different fields and the equipment for cooking food is called induction cooker. The induction cooker provides both the higher efficiency and more safety compared with the traditional heating methods. The objective of this thesis is focused on the design of induction cooker for the non-ferromagnetic material pan including the power converters and heating coil. Since the non-ferromagnetic pan is heated by eddy current which leads to low equivalent heating resistance, the pan needs larger current to fulfil enough power for heating. Moreover, there exists inherent problems such as low efficiency and that electric parameters between pan and heating coil are not easy to measure. Hence, the simulation software Ansys Maxwell 3D is adopted to assist design of heating coil for resonant circuit and a copper pan is used for design and test. To start with, the equivalent heating resistance of copper pan is estimated by Maxwell 3D. Then the optimal turns of heating coil is selected according to the heating power and efficiency. In the end, the equivalent inductance including heating coil and pan, which puts in heating coil, are estimated. In order to reduce the loss of heating coil caused by skin effect, the heating coil is made up of 0.05 mm/4800 strands Litz wire and the relation between resistance and frequency of coil is measured by impedance analyzer. Furthermore, the optimal resonant frequency of the converter is determined by maximizing heating power and heating efficiency. The electric parameters are obtained through above methods to construct the simulation environment. Hence, the characteristics of the resonant circuit are analyzed which can be used for the design of control strategy.
The proposed converter is cascaded by three stages, which are full-wave rectifier, Buck converter and half-bridge resonant converter. Due to the low heating equivalent resistance and high quality factor(Q) of the copper pan, it exists high slope ratio between resonant current and frequency. Hence the resonant circuit is operated with fixed switching frequency to achieve stable resonant current. Then the amplitude of resonant current flowing can be controlled by adjusting dc link voltage, which can prevent the noise caused by insufficient resolution of switching frequency. Moreover, the thesis proposed a resonant frequency estimated method to detect currently resonant frequency for different materials of pan, pan size and the position of pan on heating coil. Thereby, that suitable switching frequency for heating pan can be selected. In addition, the proposed method can be used for moving detection of pan during heating to reduce the safety concern. In order to control the heating power, this thesis also proposed a power control strategy with an estimated heating power as feedback signal, which is calculated by buck converter output power, resonant tank loss and resonant peak current.
Finally, a DSP-based controller TMS320F28075 is used to fulfil a half-bridge series resonant converter with 100Arms output current. Moreover, the heating coil is 15 turns which are made up of equivalent #4 AWG, 4800-stranded #AWG 44 Litz wire. Then, a copper pan is tested and the heating power is measured by Calorie meter according to the regulations of EN 60350-2:2013 and ASTM F1521-12 at 101kHz and 189kHz operating frequency. The measured results show that operating frequency do influence heating efficiency and the heating efficiency is better under 101kHz test condition (60.3%, 520W). In addition, the measured results by Calorie meter and impedance analyzer are compared with simulated results by Maxwell 3D, which show good match in values of resonant inductance and equivalent heating resistance for the induction cooker.

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌　謝 vi
目　錄 vii
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2文獻探討 5
1.2.1電磁爐之相關控制及應用 7
1.2.2非導磁材料鍋具加熱系統架構比較 9
1.2.3電磁爐相關測試法規 12
1.3研究內容 14
1.4論文架構 18
第二章 感應加熱原理 19
2.1前言 19
2.2感應加熱原理 19
2.3線圈於高頻下之效應 22
2.3.1趨膚效應 22
2.3.2鄰近效應 23
2.4ANSYS Maxwell 3D分析 25
2.4線圈設計與製作 30
第三章 電磁爐電路研製 34
3.1半橋串聯諧振電路設計 35
3.1.1電路分析 35
3.1.2電磁爐之等效電路 36
3.1.3諧振槽特性分析 38
3.1.4諧振槽電路設計 40
3.1.5控制架構 43
3.2降壓轉換器設計 45
3.2.1控制架構 47
3.3不同諧振頻率之效率分析 49
3.4諧振點估測 51
3.5功率控制策略 53
第四章 實驗結果與討論 55
4.1量測設置 55
4.2串聯諧振電路 57
4.3降壓轉換器 65
4.4功率控制 69
第五章 結論與未來展望 72
5.1結論 72
5.2未來研究方向 73
參考文獻 74
符號彙編 78

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