臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以耳石輪紋推算臺灣西南海域產小牙鰏(Gazza minuta)之年齡與成長。2015年10月至2016年10月按月至高雄市梓官的蚵仔寮漁港，採集當地拖網漁船所漁獲之小牙鰏，共採得483尾樣本魚，其中雌魚220尾、雄魚247尾，性別不明16尾，標準體長(SL)範圍為21.1 ~ 104.14 mm，體重(BW)範圍1 ~ 33.4 g。本種雌雄之體重(BW)與標準體長(SL)廻歸關係經最大概似比率檢定法(Likelihood ratio test)檢定後，顯示無顯著差異(χ2=0.81，p>0.05)，故將雌雄魚合併得其廻歸關係式為BW=0.000136*SL2.727 (r2=0.92，n=467)。利用砂紙研磨耳石核心至邊緣的輪紋，共得390個清晰完整樣本，其中雌魚169尾、雄魚210尾，性別不明11尾。本種標準體長(SL)與耳石輪紋數(NR)的廻歸關係，以最大概似比檢定出雌雄間有顯著差異(P<0.05)，雌雄魚分別表示如下：雌魚為SL=1.8544N0.8821 (n = 169，r2 = 0.922)；雄魚為SL=1.7531N0.8968 (n= 210，r2 = 0.916）。本研究結果顯示小牙鰏耳石上之輪紋，非屬日輪，推估為約6日形成一輪。

The age and growth of the toothed pony fish (Gazza minuta) were investigated by examining the rings of otolith of fish in the waters off southwestern Taiwan. A total of 483 specimens ( 220 female, 247 male and the sex of 16 specimens was not determined) caught by otter trawlers, were collected monthly from October 2015 to October 2016 at the Ke-zi-liao fishing port, Kaohsiung City. The relationships between the body weight (BW) and the standard length (SL) for females and males were no significantly different and combined as BW=0.000136*SL2.727 ( r2=0.920，n=467 ) by Likelihood ratio test(χ2=0.81, P>0.05). The otoliths were grinded from the core region to the margin using sandpaper for representing the rings clearly. After grinding, ages were derived from 390 counted otoliths (169 female and 210 male and the sex of 11 specimens was not determined). The relationship between standard length (SL) and number of ring(NR) was estimated to be SL=1.8544N0.8821 (n = 169，r2 = 0.922) for female, and SL=1.7531N0.8968 (n= 210，r2 = 0.916) for male. The preliminary results showed that the otolith growth ring seems a nondaily growth mark. The relationship between age and growth was discussed in detail in this study.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
謝辭 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、材料方法 5
一、樣本來源 5
二、樣本處理 5
(一)魚體測量 5
(二)年齡形質之選定 5
(三)耳石處理與包埋 7
(四)耳石研磨與計數 8
三、資料分析 10
(一) 全長(TL)與尾叉長(FL)及標準體長(SL)之廻歸關係 10
(二)體長與體重之關係 11
(三) 耳石成長 11
(四)輪紋判讀之誤差 11
(五)輪紋間距的量測 12
參、結果 13
一、體長頻度分佈 13
二、全長（TL）、尾叉長（FL）、標準體長（SL）之間的廻歸關係 13
三、體長體重之廻歸關係 14
四、左右耳石構造 14
五、耳石輪紋之判讀與計數 15
六、耳石輪紋數判讀之精確度 15
七、不同體長別輪徑寬度之分佈 16
八、輪紋數與耳石徑長之關係 17
九、耳石輪紋數、耳石重與魚體長與魚體重之關係 17
(一)耳石輪紋數與魚體長之關係 17
(二)耳石重量與魚體體重之關係 18
十、產卵日期之回推 18
肆、討論 19
一、小牙鰏樣本之探討 19
二、查定年齡方法之探討 20
三、小牙鰏的成長變動 22
五、逆推算產卵期 25
六、輪紋判讀之誤差 26
七、驗證成長之探討 26
參考文獻 28
表 37
圖 39
附錄一 64

王世斌 (2012) 硬骨魚的成長紀錄器。科學發展，477: 16-21頁
王勝平 (1999) 台灣海域劍旗魚之年齡與成長研究。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文，97 頁。
石佳隴 (2008) 印度洋長鰭鮪之年齡成長研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，77頁
沈世傑、李信徹、邵廣昭、莫顯蕎、陳春暉、陳哲聰 (1993) 臺灣魚類誌。國立臺灣大學動物學系印行，台北，960 頁。
李政芳 (2003) 臺灣西南海域短棘鰏之生殖生物學研究。國立臺灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文，79 頁。
何宜靜 (2009) 五種鰏之共生菌Photobacterium leiognathi 外膜蛋白的差異。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文，54 頁。
吳佳瑞、賴春福、潘智敏 (2006) 菜市場魚圖鑑。天下文化出版，台北，224 頁。
林筱齡 (2003) 利用耳石估算台灣海域劍旗魚的日齡與成長。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文，67頁。
林芳妤 (2013) 台灣西南沿海小牙鰏(Gazza minuta)之生殖生物學研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，78頁。
林玉婷 (2009) 台灣西南海域產小鰭鐮齒魚之年齡成長研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，61 頁。
殷名稱 (1998) 魚類生態學。水產出版社，537頁。
翁永松 (2011) 台灣小琉球海域產叉尾鶴鱵之年齡成長研究。國立高 雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，61 頁。
陳之婕 (2004) 利用耳石研究中西太平洋我國鰹鮪圍網漁獲正鰹的年齡與成長。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文，51頁。
陳品璇 (2005) 臺灣西南沿海黑邊鰏分布、成長及生殖之研究。國立中山大學海洋資源研究所碩士論文，158 頁。
陳哲聰、鄭利榮、陳朝清、吳金鎮、林坤龍、邱萬敦 (2004) 臺灣西南海域漁業活動對生態系影響評估及其管理（Ⅲ）。行政院農委會漁業署九十三年度試驗研究計畫研究報告，152 頁。
陳凱暐 (2006) 台灣西南沿海產七星魚之年齡成長。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，93 頁。
陳封邑 (2014) 臺灣西南海域產大眼鯛之年齡成長研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，60 頁。
郭曉薇 (2005) 台灣海域產鰏科魚類攝食生態學之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文，110 頁。
許智程 (2008) 台灣西南沿海產七星於耳石輪紋成長率之研究。國立 高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，64 頁。
黃國明 (2011) 印度洋劍旗魚 (Xiphias gladius)幼魚日齡和成長之研究。 國立台灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文，91頁。
曾萬年 (2008) 隱藏在魚類內耳裡的生活史祕密:耳石的構造和微化學及其生態應用。國立台灣大學漁業科學研究所，89頁。
Antoine, L. M., J. J. Mendoza. and P. M. Cayre (1983) Progress of age and growth assessment of Atlantic skipjack tuna, Euthynnus pelamis, from dorsal fin spines. U.S. Dep. Commer., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 8: 91-97.
Batts, B. S. (1972). Age and growth of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), in north Carolina waters. Chesapeake Science, 13(4): 237-244.
Beamish, R. J. (1979) Differences in the age of Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus) using whole otolith and sections of otoliths. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36: 141-151.
Beamish, R. J., and D. A. Fournier (1981). A method for comparing the precision of a set of age determinations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(8): 982-983.
Beamish, R. J. and G. A. McFarlane (1983) The forgotten requirement for age validation in fisheries biology. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 112: 735-743.
Bigelow, K. A., J. T. Jones and G. T. Dinardo (1995) Growth of the Pacific pomfret, Brama japonica: a comparison between otolith and length-frequency (Multifan) analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52: 2747-2756.
Boehlert, G. W. (1985) Using objective criteria and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes. Fishery Bulletin, 83: 103-117.
Brother, E. B. (1983) Summary of round table discussions on age validation. U.S. Dep. Commer., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 8:35-44.
Campana, S. E. (2001) Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. Journal of fish biology, 59(2): 197-242.
Campana, S. E. and C. M. Jones. (1992) Analysis of otolith microstructure data, p. 73-100. In D. K. Stevenson and S.E. Campana [eds.] Otolith microstructure examination and analysis. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences :1-117.
Campana, S. E. and J. D. Neilson (1985) Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(5): 1014-1032.
Casselman, J. M. (1983) Age and growth assessment of fish from their calcified structures-techniques and tools. U.S. Dep. Commer., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 8: 1-17.
Cynthia, M. J. (2002) Age and growth, p. 33-63. In Lee A. Fuiman and Robert G. Werner [ed.], Fishery science: the unique contributions of early life stages, Blackwell Science, USA, 326 pp.
Dougherty, A. B. (2008). Daily and sub-daily otolith increments of larval and juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), as validated by alizarin complex one experiments. Fisheries Research, 90(1): 271-278.
Hanchet, S. M. and Y. Uozumi (1996) Age validation and growth of southern blue whiting, Micromesistius australis Norman, in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30: 57-67.
Hayashi, A., K. Kawaguchi, H. Watanabe, and M. Ishida(2001) Daily growth increment formation and its lunar periodicity in otoliths of the myctophid fish Myctophum asperum (Pisces: Myctophidae). Fisheries Science, 67(5): 811-817.
Hoening, J. M., J. Csirke, M. J. Sanders, A. Abella, M. G. Andreoli, D. Levi, S. Ragonese, M. Al-Shoushani, and M. M. El-Musa (1987) Data acquisition of length-based stock assessment: report of working group 1. Length-based method in fisheries research. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 13, International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management, Manila, Philippmes, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait, 343-352.
Jayabalan, N. (1988) Reproductive biology of the ponyfish, Gazza minuta (Bloch) from Porto Novo, east coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 17: 51-54.
Jayabalan, N. and K. Ramamoorthi (1985) Food and feeding habits of the silverbelly, Gazza minuta (Bloch) in Porto Nova waters. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 14: 110-112.
Jayabalan, N. and K. Ramamoorthi (1986) Determination of age and growth in the toothed ponyfish, Gazza minuta (Bloch) from Porto Novo. Mahasagar-Bulletion of the National Institute of Oceanography, 19(3): 217-220.
Johnson, A. G. (1983) Comparison of dorsal spine and vertebrae as ageing structures for little tuna, Eutyhnnus alletteratus, from the northeast Gulf of Mexico. United States of America. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 8: 111-115.
Jones, J. B. (1981) Growth of two species of freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops spp.) in New Zealand. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research, 15(1): 15-20.
Kizhakudan, S. J. and P. S. Reddy (2012) Length-weight relationship in three species of silverbellies from Chennai coast. Madras Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 59(3):65-68.
MacDonald, P. D. M., and T. J. Pitcher (1979) Age-groups from size-frequency data: a versatile and efficient method of analyzing distribution mixtures. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 36(8): 987-1001.
McFall-Ngai M. J. and P. V. Dunlap (1983) Three new modes of luminescence in the leiognathid fish Gazza minuta: Discrete projected luminescence, ventral body flash, and buccal luminescence. Marine biology, 73: 227-237.
Morales-Nin, B. and D. Sena-Carvalho (1996) Age and growth of the black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) off Madeira. Fisheries Research, 25: 239-251.
Morales-Nin, B. Y. O. (1987) The influence of environmental factors on microstructure of otoliths of three demersal fish species caught off namibia. South African Journal of Marine Science, 5(1): 255-262.
Mugiya, Y., N. Watabe, J. Yamada, J. M. Dean, D. G. Dunkelberger, and M. Shimizu (1981) Diurnal rhythm in otolith formation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 68(4): 659-662.
Nishimura, A., K. Nagasawa, T. Asanuma, H. Aoki and T. Kubota (1999) Age, Growth, and Feeding Habits of Lantern fish, Stenobrachius leucopsarus (Myctophids), Collected from the Near-surface Layer in the Bering Sea. Fisheries Science, 65(1): 11-15.
Ozawa, T. and G. C. Peñaflor (1990) Otolith microstructure and early ontogeny of a myctophid species Benthosema pterotum. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 56(12): 1987-1995.
Pannella, G. (1971) Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science, 173: 1124-1127.
Popper, A.N. and S. Coombs (1980) Auditory mechanisms in teleost fishes. American Scientist, 68: 429-440.
Secor, D. H., J. M. Dean and E. H. Laban (1991) Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructure examination. Electric Power Research Institute and the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research. University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 85 pp.
Secor, D. H., J. M. Dean and E. H. Laban (1992) Otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination, P. 19-57. In Stevenson, D. K. and S. E. Campana [eds.] Otolith microstructure examination and analysis. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 117: 1-126.
Smith, C. L. (1983) Summary of round table discussion on back calculation. U.S. Dep. Commer., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 8: 45-47.
Tanabe, T., S. Kayama, and M. Ogura (2003) Precise age determination of young to adult skipjack tuna with validation of otolith daily increment. 16th Meeting of the Standing Committee on Tuna and Billfish, Mooloolaba, Qld, Australia, 9-16 July 2003, WP SKJ-8.
Uchiyama, J. H. and P. Struhsaker (1981) Age and growth of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, as indicated by daily growth increments of sagittae. Fishery Bulletin, 79(1): 151-162.
Vignon, M. (2012). Ontogenetic trajectories of otolith shape during shift in habitat use: Interaction between otolith growth and environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 420: 26-32.
Williams, T. and B. C. Bedford (1974) The use of otoliths for age determination. In T. B. Bagenal [ed.] The ageing of fish, Unwin Brothers Limted, England, p. 114-123.
邵廣昭 臺灣魚類資料庫 網路電子版
http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw, (2017-3-13)
FishBase (2017)
http://www.fishbase.org/search.php