臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

2007年3月到11月，在高雄縣藤枝森林遊樂區進行鳥類群聚研究，目的在比較成熟的次生天然林以及柳杉人造林鳥類群聚的差異。為了比較兩林相的鳥類群聚，計算出各林相的鳥類歧異度、均勻度、豐度等指標，並且進一步將鳥種依食性分為10個同功群，使用變動半徑樣點法估算鳥類密度。各項數據並再分為繁殖季、非繁殖季兩組，使用ANOVA以檢測林相、繁殖季、以及月份間差異是否影響鳥類群聚。結果顯示研究期間共紀錄19科36種鳥種，而柳杉林僅紀錄27種；所有在柳杉林有觀測紀錄的鳥種皆在次生林觀測到。次生林不論在繁殖季或非繁殖季，鳥類的歧異度、豐度、總密度都比柳杉林高。將鳥類密度照同功群分組比較可發現，次生林的枝葉層雜食者、啄木鳥顯著多於柳杉林，而灌木層雜食者則以柳杉林較多。藪鳥是柳杉林唯一數量比次生林多的鳥種。推測次生林因林冠層優勢物種為樟科、殼斗科，可提供較多食物給昆蟲及鳥類，故枝葉層取食者及啄木鳥皆較多，但因底層植物較為鬱閉，故灌木層雜食者比柳杉林略少。

The purpose of this study is to compare the bird communities between mature secondary forests and Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations. Bird census was carried out in Teng-jhih National Forest Recreation Area, Kaohsiung county, Taiwan during both breeding season and non-breeding season from March to November in 2007. To compare bird communities between two types of forests, diversity index, evenness index, species richness and densities of bird were calculated. Densities of birds were estimated by variable circular-plot point count method. All birds were classified into 10 assemblage guilds. ANOVA was used to examine whether forest types, breeding season and monthly changes will effect the composition of bird communities. A total of 36 bird species of 19 families were recorded during the study period. All of these species were found in secondary forests, and only 27 of them were observed in Cryptomeria plantations. The results showed that bird diversity, abundance and total densities were higher in secondary forests than those in Cryptomeria plantations, either during breeding season or non-breeding season. Canopy tree species of families, Lauraceae and Fagaceae of the secondary forests which can provide more foods than Cryptomeria, canopy foliage omnivores and woodpeckers were more in secondary forests than in Cryptomeria plantations. On the other hand, the openess of shrubs and understory vegetation in the Cryptomeria plantations, shrub foliage omnivores were more in Cryptomeria plantations than in secondary forests.

摘要........................................................................................................... I
Abstract......................................................................................................II
Introduction..............................................................................................1
Materials and Methods..............................................................................4
Study area.........................................................................................................4
Sampling site selection.....................................................................................4
Bird census.........................................................................................................5
Assemblage guilds.............................................................................................6
Vegetation characteristics..................................................................................6
Data analysis......................................................................................................7
Results.......................................................................................................9
Habitat factors....................................................................................................9
Composition of bird communities....................................................................10
Diversity indices of bird communities..............................................................11
Assemblage guilds............................................................................................12
Discussion................................................................................................14
Census error.....................................................................................................14
Bird species......................................................................................................14
Assemblage guilds............................................................................................15
Variation between breeding season and non-breeding season.........................17
Conclusion........................................................................................................17
Literature cited.......................................................................................19
Tables.......................................................................................................24
Figures.....................................................................................................34
Appendices..............................................................................................38

Archaux, F. and N. Bakkaus. 2007. Relative impact of stand structure, tree composition and climate on mountain bird communities. Forest Ecology and Management 247:72-79.
Bibby, C.J., N.J. Burgess and D.A. Hill. 1992. Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, London. 257 pp.
Chang, H.W., C.P. Wu, C.H. Yang, Y.L. Chen and J.T. Chao. 2000. Effects of thinning on bird communities in Taiwania cryptomerioides plantation. Pp. 201-210, In: Chiu, W. L., Y. C. Huang, and Y. C. Shen, editors. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Conservation and Management of Forest Resource. Taipei, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. (In Chinese)
Chang, H.W. 2005. Difference of bird community structures between natural forest and plantations in Teng-chih. Unpublished Manuscript. National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Chen, E.L. 1996. The Effects of Edge on the Bird Community in Fushan. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Chen, T.K. 1994. Resource partitioning of avian communities in Hsitou. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Chou C.H. 1990. Plant Ecology. United Press, Taipei. 433 pp. (In Chinese)
Ding, T.S. 1993. Ecology of Bird Communities in Mature Forests at Mt. Yushan. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Erdelen, M. 1984. Bird communities and vegetation structure: I. Correlations and comparisons of simple and diversity indices. Oecologia 61: 277-284.
Donald, P.F., R.J. Fuller, A.D. Evans and S.J. Gough. 1998. Effects of forest management and grazing on breeding bird communities in plantations of broadleaved and coniferous trees in western England. Biological Conservation 85: 183-197.
Fang, Y.J. 1996. The Relationship Between Forest Structure and Bird Community: a Case Study on the Influence of the Timber Stand Improvement Program in Mid-elevation Area, Northern Taiwan. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Gibbons, D.W., D.A. Hill and W.J., Sutherland. 1996. Pp. 227-255 in J.S., William, editor. Ecological Census Techniques. Academic Press, Cambridge, Great Britain.
Gill, F.B. 1989. Ornithology. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. 660 pp.
Glennon, M.J. and W.F. Porter. 2005. Effects of land use management on biotic integrity: An investigation of bird communities. Biological Conservation 126: 499-511.
Hansen, A.J., W.C. McComb, R. Vega, M.G. Raphael and M. Hunter. 1995. Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west cascades of Oregon. Ecological Applications 5: 555-569.
Hawkins, C.P. and J.A. MacMahon. 1989. Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept. Annual Review of Entomology 34: 423-451.
Hsiao, W.Y., Ding, T.S., and H.I. Hsieh. 2005. Short-term responses of animal communities to thinning in a Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae) plantation in Taiwan. Zoological studies 44: 393-402.
Hsu, F.H. 2001. Census techniques for bird surveys. Endemic Species Research 3: 81-90. (In Chinese with English summary)
Jaksić, F.M. 1981. Abuse and misuse of the term 「guild」 in ecological studies. Oikos 37: 397-400.
Krebs, C.J. 1998. Ecological methodology. Second edition. Addison Wesley, Longman, California. 620 pp.
Ku, C.N. 2004. The Relationships Between Avian Communities and Land Use Types in Wuling Area. Master’s Thesis. National Dong Hwa University, Hualien. (In Chinese with English summary)
Kwok, H.K. and R.T. Corlett. 2000. The bird communities of a natural secondary and a Lophostemon confertus plantation in Hong Kong, south China. Forest Ecology and Management 130: 227-234.
Lee, C.K. 1995. A Comparison of Bird Communities Between Conifer Plantation and Natural Broadleaved Forest. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Liao, D.N. 2000. Forest Resources Management. National Institute for Compilation and Translation, Taipei. 808 pp. (In Chinese)
Lin, K.Y. 2004. Studies on the Vegetation Ecology of Tengjhih Forest Recreation Area. Master''s Thesis. National Pingtung University of Science, Pingtung. (In Chinese with English summary)
Lu, H.Y., K.J. Tang, H.Y. Ku and H.H. Huang. 2000. Climate condition of forested lands of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 15: 429-440.
Ludwig, J. A. and J. F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical Ecology. John Wiley, New York.
MacArthur, R.H. and J.W. MacArthur. 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42: 594-598.
Murton, R. K. and N. J. Westwood. 1977. Avian Breeding Cycles. Oxford University Press, New York.
Owiunji, I. and A.J. Plumptre. 1998. Bird communities in logged and unlogged compartments in Budongo Forest, Uganda. Forest Ecology and Management 108: 115-126.
Pearman, P.B. 2002. The scale of community structure: habitat variation and avian guilds in tropical forest understory. Ecological Monographs 72: 19-39.
Pei, K. and Y.H., Sun. 1998. A preliminary assessment in the effects of landscapre on the composition of forest bird communities. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 31: 325-342.
Raman, T.R.S., G.S. Rawat and A.J.T. Johnsingh. 1998. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succession following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, North-east India. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 214-231.
Reitsma, R., J. D. Parrish and W. McLarney. 2001. The role of cacao plantations in maintaining forest avian diversity in south-eastern Costa Rica. Agroforestry Systems 53: 185-193.
Reynolds, R.T., J.M. Scott and R.A. Nussbaum. 1980. A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers. The Condor 82: 309-313.
Ricklefs, R.E. and D. Schluter 1993. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 416 pp.
Root, R.B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnatcataher. Ecological Monographs 37: 317-350.
SAS Institute, Inc. 1990. SAS/STAT user''s guide. Version 6, Fourth edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. Volume 1. 943 pp. Volume 2. 846 pp.
Severinghaus, W.D. 1981. Guild theory development as a mechanism for assessing environmental-impact. Environmental Management 5: 187-190.
Shiu, H.J. 2003. Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Avian Assemblages in Taiwan. Doctor''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Shen, J.C., L. Chen and H.W. Huang. 2003. Avifauna of the natural forest and Taiwan red cypress plantation in Hsinan-Shan area. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 36: 115-128.
Sibley, C.G. and B. Monroe. 1991. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, London.
Simberloff, D. and T. Dayan. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 115-143.
Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA. 666 pp.
Tsai, J.W. 2001. Effects of Thinning on the Bird Community and Spinouscountry-rat (Niviventer coxingi) Population in the China-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Plantations. Master''s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Verner, J. 1984. The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environmental Management 8: 1-14.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. The Ecology of Bird Communities, Volume I: Foundations and Patterns. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Willson, M.F. 1974. Avian community organization and habitat structure. Ecology 55:1017-1029.
Yang, J.H. 2003. Comparison of Bird Communities Between Natural Forests and Taiwania Plantations. Master’s Thesis. National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung.
Yang, S.Y. 2005. The Relationship Between Understorey and Insect Fauna at Guandaushi Forest Ecosystem. Master''s Thesis. National Chung Hsing University, Taichung. (In Chinese with English summary)
Yang, Y.P., H.Y. Liu, B.L. Shih and S.Y. Lu. Manual of Taiwan Vascular Plants . 1993-2000. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei. Volume 1-6. (In Chinese)
Yo, S.P. 1999. Guild structure of the Guandaushi avian community in non-breeding seasons. Journal of Forestry Research 21:61-72.
Yuan, H.W. 2002. Avifauna monitoring of forest ecosystem management area at Phoenix Mt., Chi-Tou. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 35: 201-211. (In Chinese)
Yuan, H.W. 2004. Effects of removing Chamaecyparis sp. snags and logs on bird communities in Chilan Mountain. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 37: 29-36. (In Chinese)