臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人權是國際公認之普世價值，而健康權更是近年來受到國際組織重視的基本人權之一。因為國際間人口的流動，帶來了許多疾病的傳染，移民在目的地國的健康權利保障，也常因為國內保護主義的影響而未能得到妥適的照顧。本研究主要為探討泰國勞動市場中，來自緬甸、寮國及柬埔寨低技術工人的健康權。從正面來說，進入泰國的低技術工人，帶給了泰國自1990年代起，經濟快速崛起的成果，並使得泰國在近年來的政治紛擾中，仍保有穩定的經濟成長。然深究帶來泰國經濟成長的勞動力來源，其進入泰國之方式卻大多以非法之途徑，在此情形下，使泰國政府人流管控不易，進而形成了防疫上的漏洞。
近年來，泰國開始重視此類低技術工人在境內的健康權問題，不僅僅是因為這些低技術工人的健康權利在政府的政策中無法受到完整保護，在國內形成諸多問題，另一方面，也為了達成國際衛生組織的政策目標，與國際組織合作，以改善低技術工人的健康權問題。
因為泰國境內的低技術工人有相當多為非法身分，自然無法納入保險體系中，因此泰國政府積極的透過相關政策，引導境內非法低技術工人，轉為合法取得工作許可，以藉此保障低技術工人得納入健康政策下，但成效不彰。另一方面，泰國政府與國際組織間的合作，雖獲致相當成效，卻僅為區域性的協助，無法全面實施。
本研究藉由探討泰國境內低技術工人之歷史沿革、國際組織推動健康權之相關公約及決議，以及泰國現行針對低技術工人所做之健康權利相關政策及與國際組織之間的合作來了解進入泰國低技術工人所能獲致之健康權利情形。另一方面，提出本研究的研究發現與建議，希望泰國政府能盡快消除國內爭議，化重視低技術工人健康權想法落實成為實際行動，徹底執行，才是真正使低技術工人的健康權能夠得到完整保障之途。

Human rights are universal and considered the birthright of every human being. And the Right to Health is one of the basic human rights that have been valued by international organizations in recent years. This study mainly explores the healthy right of low-skilled workers from Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia in Thailand.

Since 1990s, low-skilled workers entered Thailand bring rapid economic growth. Although these low-skilled worker brought economic growth, but most of them are illegal. Under the illegal situation, they are not protected by Thai government policy. It is also difficult for Thai government to make appropriate policy.

In recent years, Thailand faced issues about the right to health of these illegal low-skilled workers in Thailand, not only these low-skilled workers cannot be fully protected under government’s policies, but also caused many problems in Thailand. On the other hand, in order to achieve the policy objectives of the WHO, Thai government has cooperated with international organizations to improve the low-skilled workers’ healthy right.

Thai government actively establishes policies to convert illegal workers into legal status to let migrant workers can be included in the insurance system, but it is not successful. Up to date, it is about half of low-skilled workers included in the health policy. Cooperation between the Thai government and international organizations has achieved considerable results, but it just be regional assistance and cannot be fully implemented.

This study explores the history of low-skilled workers in Thailand, the relevant conventions and resolutions of international organizations promoting the right to health, and Thailand’s current policy on health rights for low-skilled workers and cooperation with international organizations. Finally, put forward the research findings and recommendations of this study, hoping that the Thai government can eliminate domestic disputes as soon as possible, and pay attention to the implementation of the idea of low-skilled workers’ right to health as a practical action. The thorough implementation is the only way that low-skilled workers can completely owning the right to health.

目錄
第一章 緒論............................................................. 1
第一節 研究背景與動機............................................ 1
第二節 研究目的...................................................... 7
第三節 研究方法與架構........................................... 8
第四節 研究流程與限制.......................................... 11
第二章 泰國移工沿革與低技術移工現況................... 13
第一節 移民與移民勞工之定義................................. 13
第二節 泰國外來移民沿革及現況............................. 20
第三節 泰國低技術工人政策沿革............................. 26
第四節 泰國低技術工人之基本權…………………………… 44
第五節 小結............................................................ 47
第三章 國際組織對健康權之決議及政策.................... 48
第一節 健康權之定義............................................... 48
第二節 世界衛生組織健康權決議及行動.................... 52
第三節 國際勞工組織相關公約及內容........................ 57
第四節 國際移民組織政策......................................... 63
第五節 小結............................................................. 65
第四章 低技術工人健康權政策與實踐........................ 67
第一節 泰國政府之健康政策...................................... 67
第二節 泰國移民健康相關政策執行概況..................... 80
第三節 國際組織推動之政策...................................... 92
第四節 低技術工人之健康權利困境與問題.................. 98
第五節 小結............................................................. 102
第五章 結論............................................................. 105
參考書目.......................................................................111
圖表目錄
圖次
圖 1-1：1962-2016年泰國國民所得................................. 3
圖1-2：1960-2015年泰國人口總數................................. 5
圖 1-3：研究架構圖........................................................ 10
圖 2-1：泰國移民身份的連續性....................................... 41
圖 3-1：根據經濟、社會和文化權利委員會第14號一般性意見的健康權範圍和內容................................................................. 52
圖4-1 : 健康保險或福利方案（以移民身分區分)............... 87
表次
表2-1：1990, 2000, 2010, 2015各年全球移民人口總數按開發程度及按洲別之分佈分........................................................... 15
表2-2：2013年泰國外來移民之預估數............................ 25
表2-3：1992年至2006年泰國低技術移工登記制............. 30
表2-4：2016年9月止來自緬甸、寮國及柬埔寨之低技術工人取得工作許可者按國籍及職業分................................................ 43
表3-1：國際勞工組織近年重要相關公約及決議................ 58
表4-1：移民健康計畫目標及行動一覽表........................... 71
表4-2：2006年移民健康戰略一覽表................................ 77
表4-3：現行低技術工人健康保障計畫之比較.................... 90

英文文獻

Archavanitkul, Kritaya & Andy Hall, (2011), “Migrant Workers and Human Rights in a Thai Context”, Thailand Migration Report 2011, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand. pp.68-70

Baker, Simoon (2011), “Migration and Health”, Thailand Migration Report 2011, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand. p.85

Chamchan, Chalermpol and Kanya Apipornchaisakul, (2012), A Situation Analysis on Health System Strengthening for Migrants in Thailand, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Thailand. pp.33-34

Chalamwong, Yongyuth (2004), “Government Policies on International Migration: Illegal workers in Thailand”, International Migration in Southeast Asia. p.355

Chamratrithirong, Aphichat. (2017), “Migration from Neighboring countries to Thailand: Implications for Regional Development”in Conference on Prospects for Peace and Prosperity in the New Age 2017, Taipei. p.7.

Claudia Natali and Euan Mcdougall and Sally Stubbington, (2014),“Internaional Migration Policy in Thailand” Thailand Migrations Report 2014, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand. pp.14-16

Huguet, Jerrold W. (2014), “Thailand Migration Profile”, Thailand Migration Report 2014, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand. p.2

Huguet, Jerrold W. and Aphichat Chamratrithirong & Kerry Richter, (2011),“Thailand Migration Profile” Thailand Migration Report 2011, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand. p.9

Paitoonpong, Srawooth “Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: A Case of Thailand” Thailand Development Research Institute. p3

Pungpond, Rukumnuaykit. (2009), “Impact of Migration Policies and the implications for policy reforems” A Synthesis Report on Labour Migration Policies, Management and Immigrations Pressure in Thailand. pp.9-11

Sciortino, Rosalia and Sureeporn Punpuing, (2009), “International Migration in Thailand 2009”, IOM, Thailand Office Bangkok, Thailand, pp.56-57

官方文件

United States, 2016/8/4. Report of the Secretary-General on International migration and development (A/71/296).

International Labour Organization, (2013), Building A Preventative Safety and Health Culture, International Labour Office Geneva.

International Labour Organization, (2014), The ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour(AFML), ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

International Labour Organization, (2015), Review of the effectiveness of the MOUs in managing labour migration between Thailand and neighbouring countries, ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

International Labour Organization, 2015/12/15, Summary of the ILO global estimates on Migrant workers.

International Organization for Migration, Migration and Labour Section 2.6, Essentials of Migration Management Volume Two: Developing Migration Policy.

International Organization for Migration, (2008), Regional office for Southeast Asia, Situation Report on International Migration in East and South-East Asia.

International Organization for Migration Thailand and Department of Health Service Support Ministry of Public Health Thailand, (2009), Healthy Migrants, Healthy Thailand：A Migrant Health Program Model.

International Organization for Migration, (2013), Switzerland, International Migration, Health Human Rights.

International Organization for Migration, Country Mission Thailand, (2016), Preparing for Increased Labour Mobility In ASEAN: Labour Markets, Immigration Policies and Migrant Right.

World Health Organization, (2008), Sixty-First World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19-24 May Resolutions and Decisions Annexes.

World Health Organization, (2015),“Roadmap for Action (2014-2019), Integrating Equity, Gender, Human Rights and Social Determinants into the Work of WHO”, WHO/FWC/GER/15.2.

World Health Organization, (2017), WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, Thailand, 2017-2021, WHO Country Office for Thailand.

網路及其他資料

Supporting National Level Migration Health Coordintion Mechanisms in Asia，http://thailand.iom.int/sites/default/files/Infosheets/IOM%20Infosheet%20-%20Migration%20Health%20Coordination.pdf （瀏覽日期：2018年5月19日）

國際移民組織（IOM）http://www.iom.int/about-iom （瀏覽日期：2017年1月11日）

國際移民組織（IOM）https://thailand.iom.int/mission （瀏覽日期：2018年4月19日）

國際勞工組織（ILO）http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/lang--en/index.htm （瀏覽日期：2017年11日）

國際勞工組織（ILO）http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang--en/index.htm (瀏覽日期：2018年4月17日)

世界衛生組織（WHO）http://www.who.int/about/en/ （瀏覽日期：2017年1月11日）。

聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）：http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/migrant/，（瀏覽日期：2017年1月31日）。

內政部移民署（NIA）， https://www.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1324434&ctNode=29699&mp=1，（瀏覽日期：2017年1月11日）。