臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

純氧燃燒(Oxy-fuel combustion)作為一種可實現減少碳排放的燃燒技術，目前被應用於化石燃料為主的能源系統，比起其餘碳捕捉技術，純氧燃燒除了具有CO2捕獲率高(可達95%以上)的優點，同時也提升燃燒效率，降低污染物排放，因此也作為潔淨能源的高效燃燒方式。
為了逐漸取代化石燃料並兼顧穩定發電量與減少對環境的汙染，達到永續發展的目的，將生質物料(Biomass)取代部分化石燃料(Fossil fuel)進行混燒是一個有效的方式。每年有數上百萬噸的棕櫚空果串(PEFB)廢料沒有得到有效處置，大量的掩埋反而造成大量溫室氣體排放並阻礙作物生長，然而棕櫚空果串非常適合用作為生質燃料再利用，因此本研究通過結合混燒與純氧燃燒技術，探討棕櫚空果串的基礎燃燒特性，提供未來實際操作於業界鍋爐混燒的參考資訊，以預測可能的燃燒行為。
本研究將棕櫚空果串、澳洲煤和其混合物，藉由熱重分析儀(TGA)分析在空氣(O2/N2)與純氧環境下(O2/CO2)的熱解與氧化行為，並串接傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(FTIR)分析產氣中的特定氣體產物，接著以單顆燃料錠自由燃燒爐系統探討在不同環境溫度、氣體環境和混摻比例的燃燒反應特性與現象。熱重分析的熱解行為結果顯示，在不同氣體環境的反應初期整體重量損失行為相似，直到高達約700℃的環境溫度之後，在CO2氣體環境有額外的焦碳氣化反應(Boudouard reaction)發生，導致有更多的CO生成，但是在N2氣體環境則僅有些微的重量損失行為；熱重分析的氧化行為結果顯示混合物在30%O2/70%CO2氣體環境下，當混摻比例提高有助於降低引燃溫度與燃燼溫度，而BBR=50%混合物的整體反應擬合的綜合燃燒特性指數Sm有最大的值，代表具有最佳的燃燒特性，BBR=10%混合物次之，BBR=30%混合物最小，可見其反應不是單純的加成特性結果，彼此間存在協同效應。單顆燃料錠自由燃燒結果顯示，隨著混摻比例提高，有易於氣相火焰提早引燃，促進焦炭燃燒進行，縮短總燃燒時間，並減少灰燼含量，而且環境溫度改變對氣相燃燒有顯著影響，焦炭燃燒則受O2濃度改變有明顯差異。此外，光譜分析結果則顯示棕櫚空果串於30%O2/70%CO2氣體環境與澳洲煤於21%O2/79%CO2氣體環境的NOx與SO2有最低的吸收峰值，可見在適當的純氧燃燒條件是有助於抑制汙染物的形成。

Co-combustion of PEFB and coal can make up for the adverse effects of high pollutant and high ash content of coal. Oxy-fuel combustion and CO2 capture from flue gases is a near-zero emission technology that can be adapted to both new and existing pulverized coal-fired power stations. In this study, the combustion characteristics of PEFB, Australian coal and their blend with various blending ratios were studied. The results indicated that replacing N2 by CO2 in the combustion atmosphere with 21% of O2 caused increase in the ignition temperature and burnout temperature. When the O2 concentration was increased to 30%, the ignition temperature and burnout temperature were lower than in the air case. A slight decrease in the ignition temperature and a significant reduction in the burnout temperature was observed after the addition of PEFB, this trend became more obvious as the blending ratios were increased. The emissions of NOx and SO2 during oxy-fuel combustion were lower than under air-firing conditions. The reaction rate constant of combustion process calculated by Coats-Redfern method for 21%O2/79%CO2 are slightly lower than for 21%O2/79%N2. There was a synergistic effect for the co-combustion of PEFB and Australian coal, especially in the char oxidation stage.

摘要 I
英文衍生摘要 III
誌謝 XVII
目錄 XIX
表目錄 XXIII
圖目錄 XXIV
符號 XXVII
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 全球概況 3
1-2 臺灣概況 4
1-3 生質物料與生質能源 5
1-4 棕櫚空果串 7
1-5 純氧燃燒 9
1-5-1 純氧燃燒特性 12
第二章 文獻回顧與動機 15
2-1 生質物料組成特性 15
2-2 固態燃料燃燒理論 16
2-2-1 熱解反應 17
2-2-2 氧化反應 18
2-2-3 理論燃燒計算 22
2-3 固態燃料轉化途徑 23
2-4 化學反應動力學 24
2-4-1 活化能與頻率因子 27
2-4-2 反應級數 28
2-5 煤炭混摻生質物料燃燒 28
2-5-1 煤炭混摻生質物料的燃燒特性 29
2-5-2 煤炭混摻生質物料的化學反應動力學特性 30
2-5-3 煤炭混摻生質物料的汙染物排放 31
2-6 純氧燃燒研究近況 33
2-7 研究動機與目的 36
第三章 實驗設備與實驗方法 38
3-1 實驗燃料 38
3-2 燃料成分分析量測 38
3-2-1 元素分析量測 38
3-2-2 近似分析量測 39
3-2-3 纖維分析量測 40
3-2-4 熱值量測 41
3-2-5 掃描電子顯微鏡-能量色散X光譜量測 43
3-3 熱重分析儀串接傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀 44
3-3-1 協同效應分析 46
3-3-2 燃燒特性參數訂定 47
3-3-3 固態燃料轉化模式分析 51
3-3-4 化學反應動力學分析 52
3-4 單顆燃料錠自由燃燒爐系統 53
3-4-1 單顆燃料錠製作 54
3-4-2 氣體環境流量控制 55
3-4-3 燃料傳送 55
3-4-4 重量記錄 55
3-4-5 影像拍攝 56
3-4-6 尾氣量測 56
第四章 結果與討論 57
4-1 燃料特性 57
4-1-1 元素分析 58
4-1-2 纖維分析 59
4-1-3 近似分析 59
4-1-4 熱值分析 60
4-1-5 掃描電子顯微鏡-能量色散X光譜分析 60
4-2 熱重分析儀串接傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀分析 67
4-2-1 熱解反應 67
4-2-2 氧化反應 73
4-2-3 不同混摻比例混合物之協同效應影響 89
4-2-4 燃燒特性參數分析 92
4-2-5 固態燃料轉化途徑與模式分析 97
4-2-6 氧化反應動力學分析 98
4-3 單顆燃料錠自由燃燒 100
4-3-1 不同環境溫度影響 103
4-3-2 不同氣體環境影響 107
4-3-3 不同混摻比例混合物的影響 111
第五章 結論 114
參考文獻 117

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