臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在全球市場競爭下，集團進行國際化策略勢在必行，回顧過去國內外有關國際化地點的文獻，甚少學者注意到為何有些國家市場距離大需面對高風險，但集團企業仍願意前往。此外，有關市場距離之文獻多著墨於距離帶來的營運結果，甚少探討為何管理者會選擇進入市場距離大的海外地點。因此，本研究試圖探討影響台灣集團企業前往距離大海外市場之原因，補足海外市場地點選擇與市場距離的研究缺口。

本研究採用中華徵信所台灣三百大集團資料庫，彙整出2006年至2012年共101家集團年度資料，分別以外部產業環境、公司行為要素與核心人物特質角度，探討集團選擇地離距離、文化距離和體制距離大海外市場之原因，另外，亦納入多角化經驗探討其調節角色。研究結果顯示:(1)環境複雜性與海外投資地理、文化距離大海外市場呈反向關係；(2)環境動態性與海外投資地理、文化距離大海外市場呈反向關係；(3)集團績效落差與海外投資地理、文化、體制距離大海外市場呈正向關係；(4)集團關鍵核心人物為家族成員與海外投資地理、文化、體制距離大海外市場呈正向關係；(5)多角化經驗強化集團複雜性與海外投資地理、文化、體制距離大海外市場的反向關係。

Business groups go international because of competition from the world. Review past studies about the international location choices, a few scholars have noticed why some business groups are willing to go to the country with long distance and high risks. Besides, the studies about the market distance are focus on the result of running business on the long distance locations. A few studies investigate why managers decide to enter the long distance locations. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the reason making business groups in Taiwan to invest the long distance market and to fill the gap between the choices of overseas markets and market distance.
This study was based on data collected from China Credit Information Service top 300 business groups. The sample was tested hypotheses by using longitudinal data(2006-2012) from 101 group companies. Independent variables include industry environment, behavioral theory of the firm and managers characteristics to investigate why business groups go investing the overseas markets with high geographical distance, cultural distance or institutional distance. Moreover, this study uses diversification experience as moderating variable and finds the relationship between diversification experience and industry environments. The result indicate: (1)The environment complexity present a negative relationship with investing high geographical distance and cultural distance. (2)The environment dynamism present a negative relationship with investing high geographical distance and cultural distance. (3)The slack of business groups present a positive relationship with investing high geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance. (4)The key character of the business groups is family member presenting the positive relationship with investing high geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance. (5) Diversification experience enforces the negative relationship between environment complexity and high geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance market.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 研究流程 6
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 台灣集團企業海外投資 8
第二節 國際市場距離 15
第三節 產業環境 17
第四節 公司行為理論 23
第五節 高階團隊 28
第六節 多角化經驗對國際市場距離之調節效果 33
第三章 研究方法 36
第一節 研究架構 36
第二節 研究對象與樣本 37
第三節 研究變項 38
第四節 分析方法與工具 45
第四章 資料分析與實證結果 47
第一節 敘述性統計與相關分析 47
第二節 迴歸模型與假設分析 50
第五章 結論與建議 59
第一節 研究結論 59
第二節 理論貢獻與管理意涵 64
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議 66
參考文獻 67
附錄A：中華徵信所集團企業研究定義(2013) 85

中華徵信所，2013。2012／2013台灣地區集團企業研究。台北：中華徵信所。
方至民與鍾憲瑞，2006。策略管理。前程文化。
司徒達賢，1995。關係企業之立法。中國論壇，第十卷第八期：24-26。
呂怜樺，2013。探討組織搜尋行為、控制權的不對稱性、以及運用制度理論邏輯對研發策略之影響。國立成功大學企業管理學系博士班論文。
胡嘉瑋，2008。企業集團兩岸投資空間區位選擇之研究。國立政治大學地政學系碩士班論文。
張惠盆，2009。環境不確定因素與創業之研究。實踐大學企業創新與創業管理研究所碩士論文。
張義杰、高銘淞與邱志芳，2012。文化距離之雙重立論與地主國制度環境之調節效果。中山管理評論，第二十卷第三期：731-773。
莊怡婷，2005。組織學習效果對企業創新績效影響之研究:環境之敵意性、組織資源寬裕程度、策略定位之調和效果。國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
許文宗與王俊如，2013。組織間模仿與關係專屬性投資─績效期望之干擾效果。中山管理評論，第二十一卷第三期：661-688。
許麗芬，1996。台灣集團企業進入大陸市場模式之研究。中山大學大陸研究所未發表之碩士論文。
陳俞如與謝存瑞，2011。集團內部所有權與分子企業盈餘管理：國際多角化與家族連結之影響。管理學報，第二十八卷第一期：65-80。
彭玉樹與朱佩珊，2014。台灣資訊電子業組織變革前因之研究：組織寬裕、公司治理結構觀點。創新與管理，第十卷第四期：1-26。
曾真真，2009。愈多資源愈有利成長？環境不確定性的調節效果。輔仁管理評論，第十六卷第二期：77-98。
曾真真與賴勇成，2011。期望績效回饋效果對企業投資活動的影響：台灣電子製造業之實證研究。台大管理書叢，第二十二卷第一期：273-296。
曾真真與簡俊成，2010。管理限制、吸收能力與企業成長：Penrose效應之再檢驗。台大管理書叢，第二十卷第二期：73-96。
楊國彬與陳書平，2007。台灣集團企業海外直接投資進入模式之研究：組織學習觀點。台大管理論叢，第十八卷第一期：151-181。
楊國彬， 2007。台灣集團企業海外直接投資進入模式之研究：組織學習觀點。台大管理書叢，第十八卷第一期：151-181。
廖懿萱，2012。自我效能、情緒、知覺環境不確定對創業意圖的影響─以風險偏好為中介變數。國立高雄應用科技大學企業管理系碩士班碩士論文。
劉華順，2010。國際化與績效─應用分量迴歸。國立高雄大學經營管理所碩士論文。
劉韻僖，2002。上市公司間董事會連結之研究。管理學報，第十九卷第五期：901-926。
蔡渭水與蔡新豐，1998。集團企業赴大陸之經營模式與其影響因素之研究。中原管理學報，第二十六卷第四期：35-52。
鄧樂強，2009。大陸台商集團企業多角化歷程探討─以旺旺、頂新集團為例。銘傳大學國際企業學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。
鄭詩穎，2010。企業危機下市影響因素之研究：組織生態觀點與寬裕資源觀點。國立東華大學國際企業學系碩士論文。
蕭瑞子，2004。國際多角化與企業績效關聯性及其影響因素之研究，私立銘傳大學國際企業系碩士班論文。
賴鵬羽，2010。探討地理距離與社會距離對熟識網絡演化的影響。交通大學資訊科學與工程研究所學位論文。
戴國良，2004 。國際行銷管理。台北市：五南出版社。
鍾喜梅與林佳慧，2009。家族企業集團接班資源與角色鑲嵌關係：網絡觀點之初探。組織與管理，第二卷第二期：155-195。
鍾喜梅與葉家豪，2010。家族連結、政商關係與多角化擴張：台灣家族企業集團的跨時分析。組織與管理，第三卷第一期: 67-106。
鍾喜梅、劉韻僖與葉匡時，2003。我國上市公司家族控制力與董事會關係運作之探討。中山管理評論，第十一卷第二期：341-365。
魏婉如，2011。企業國際化程度對技術創新之影響-以台灣企業集團為例。國立政治大學國際經營與貿易研究所碩士班論文。
蘇怡方，2010。家族成員角色鑲嵌與分子企業的代理問題：台灣金融業家族集團之觀察。2010崇越論文大賞。
Ajai S. Gaur, Vikas Kumar, Deeksha Singh, 2014. Institutions, resources, and internationalization of emerging economy firms. Journal of World Business, 49(1):12-20.
Aldrich, H., 1979. Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Allio, M.K, 2004. Family business:Their virtues, vices, and strategic path. Strategy and Leadership, 32(4): 24-33.
Anderson, R., Reeb, D., 2003. Founding-family ownership and firm performance: evidences from the S&P 500.The Journal of Finance, 153 (3): 1301-1328.
Arthurs, J., Busenitz, L., 2003. The boundaries and limitations of agency theory and stewardship theory in the venture capitalist/entrepreneur relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2):145-162.
Arregle, J-L., Michael A. H., David G. S. and Philippe V., 2007. The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1):73-95.
Athanassiou, N.A. & Nigh, D., 2000. Internationalizationm tacit knowledge and the top management team of MNCs. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3):471-488.
Audia, P. G. , & Greve, H. R., 2006. Less likely to fail: Low performance, firm size, and factory expansion in the shipbuilding industry. Management Science, 52(1):83-94.
Baum, J. A. C., Rowley, T.J., Shipilov, A.V., & Chuang, Y. T., 2005, Dancing with strangers: Aspiration performance and search for underwriting syndicate partners. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(4):536-575.
Baum, J. A. C., and Dahlin, K. B., 2007.Aspiration performance and railroads’ patterns of learning from train wrecks and crashes.Organization Science, 18(3):368-385.
Berry, C. H., 1975. Corporate Growth and Diversification. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Benabou, R., Tirole, J., 2003. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Review of Economic Studies, 70 (244):489-502.
Beugelsdijk Sjoerd, Maseland Robbert, Onrust Marjolijn, van Hoorn, André, Slangen Arjen, 2015. Cultural distance in international business and management: from mean-based to variance-based measures.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(2):165-191.
Bourgeois, L. J., 1981. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6 (1):29–39.
Boyd, B.,1990. Corporate linkages and organizational environment: A test of the resource dependence model. Strategic Management Journal, 11(6):419-430.
Boyd, B., 1995. CEO duality and firm performance: A contingency model. Strategic Management Journal, 16(4): 301-312.
Bromiley P., 1991. Testing a causal model of corporate risk taking and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1):37–59.
Brouthers, K. D., and Brouthers, L. E., 2000. Acquisition of greenfield start-up? Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (1): 89–97.
Brewer, P., 2001. International market selection: Developing a model from Australian case studies. International Business Review, 10 (2):155-74.
Brouthers, Lance Eliot, Gao, Yan & McNicol, Jason Patrick, 2008. Corruption and Market Attractiveness Influences on Different Types of FDI. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6):673-680.
Chatterjee, S., & Lubatkin, M., 1990. Corporate mergers, stockholder diversification, and changes in systematic risk. Strategic Management Journal, 11 (4):255-268.
Chattopadhyay, P., Glick, W. H., & Huber, G. P., 2001. Organizational actions in response to threats and opportunities. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5):937-955.
Chen, W. R., Miller. K, 2007.Situational and institutional determinants of firms’ R&D search intensity . Strategic Management Journal, 28:369-381.
Chen. W. R., 2008. Determanants of firms’ backward-and forward-looking R&D search behavior. Organization Science, 19(4):609-622.
Chitra Singla, Rejie George, 2013.Internationalization and performance: A contextual analysis of Indian firms.Journal of Business Research, 66(12):2500-2506.
Chung, C. N. and Luo, X., 2008a. Institutional logics or agency costs: the influence of corporate governance models on business group restructuring in emerging economies.Organization Science, 19: 766-784.
Chung, C. N. and Luo, X., 2008b. Human agents, contexts, and institutional change: the decline of family in the leadership of business groups. Organization Science,19:124-142.
Chang, S., Wu, W., & Wong, Y., 2010. Family control and stock market reactions to innovation announcements. British Journal of Management, 21(1):152-170.
Clark, X., Dollar, D., and Micco, A., 2004. Port efficiency, maritime transport costs, and bilateral trade. Journal of Development Economics, 75 (2): 417-450.
Claver, E., Rienda, L., & Quer, D., 2009. Family firm’s international commitment. The influence of family-related factors. Family Business Review, 22(2):125-135.
Contractor, F. J., & Kundu,S.K, 1998. Mode Choice in a World of Alliances: Analyzing Organization Forms in the International Hotel Sector, Journal of International Business Studies , 29(2):325-358.
Cushner, K., and Brislin, R., 1997. Key concepts in the field of cross cultural training: An introduction. Multicultural Aspects of Counseling Series, 1-20.
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G., 1992. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm(2nd Edition ed.).Cambriddge, Massachusetts USA: Blackwell Publishers.
Cyert, R. M.and March, J.G., 1963. A Behaviroal Theory of the Firm.’Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
Davidson, W.H., 1980. The Location of Foreign Direct Investment Activity:Country Characteristics and Experience Effect. Journal of International Studies, 11(2): 9-22.
Daft R.L, 2004. Organizational Theory and Design.,8th ed.,New York:Thomson South-Weatem.
David Souder,Zeki Simsek, and Scott g. Johnson , 2011. The differing effects of agent and founder ceoS on the firm’s market expansion, Strategic Management Journal, 33(1):23-41.
Dess G.G & Beard D.W., 1984. Dimensions of Organizational Task Environments. Administrative Science Quartly, 29(1):53-73.
Demirbag, M., Tatoglu, E., and Glaister, K. W., 2009. Equity-based Entry Modes of Emerging Country Multinationals: Lessons from Turkey. Journal of World Business, 44(4): 445-462.
Duncan, R.B., 1972.Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environment Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly,17(3):313-327
Dutton, J., Dukerich, J., Harquail, C., 1994. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2): 239-263.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. and Jeffrey A. Matin, 2000.Dynamic Capabilities: What are they? .Strategic Management Journal, 21 (10-11): 1105-1121.
En-Te Chen, Stephen Gray, and John Nowland, 2013. Family Representatives in Family Firms. Corporate Government: An International Review, 21(3): 242-263.
Erramilli,M. K., C.P.Rao, 1993. Service Firms’International Entry-mode Choice: A Modified Transaction-cost Analysis Approach. The Journal of Marketing, 57(3):19-38.
Fariss-Terry MOUSA, Jaideep Chowdhurry, 2014. Organizational slack effects on innovation: the moderating roles of CEO tenure and compensation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 15(2): 369-383.
Ferdows, K., 1997. Making the Most of Foreign Factories. Harvard Business Review, 75(2):73-88.
Fernandez, Z., and Nieto, M. J., 2006. Impact of ownership on the international involve-ment of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37:340-351.
Finkelstein, S., and Hambrick, D. C., 1996. Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations, Minneapolos:West Publishing.
Fleming, G., R. Heaney, and R. McCosker, 2005. Agency costs and ownership structure in Australia. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 13(1): 29-52.
Fonseka, M.M., Tian, G-L., Yang, X., Rajapakse, R.L.T.N., 2014. The interactions between different types of financial and human resource slacks on firm performance : evidence from a developing country. South African Journal of Business Management,45(3): 57-66.
Froelich, K. A. and McLagan II, J. R., 2008. Diversification strategy inelectric utilities: Who wins? Who loses?. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 7: 1-20.
Gabriele Troilo, Luigi M. De Luca and Kwaku Atuahene-Gima, 2014. More Innovation with Less? A Strategic Contingency View of Slack Resources, Information Search, and Radical Innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(2): 259-277.
Ghemawat, P., 2001. Distance still matters: The hard reality of global expansion. Harvard Business Review, 79 (8): 137-147.
Goerzen, A., & Beamish, P., 2007. The Penrose effect: "Excess" expatriates in multinational enterprises. Management lnternational Review, 47 (2): 221-240.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Makri, M., & Larraza-Kintana, M., 2010. Diversification decisions in family controlled firms. Journal of Management Studies, 47(2):223-252.
Goldstein SM and Lossifova AR., 2012. Ten years after: Interference of hospital slack in process performance benefits of quality practices., Journal of Operations Management, 30: 44-54.
Granovetter, M., 1995.Coase revisited: Business groups in the modern economy. Industry and corporate change, 4(1):93-130.
Greenley, G.E., & Oktemgil, M., 1998, A comparison of slack resources in high and low performing British companies. Journal of Management Studies, 35(3):377-398.
Greve, H.R., 2003. Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change. Cambriedge, U.K.:Cambriedge University Press.
Grevem H.R., 2007. Exploration and exploitation in product innovation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(5):945-975.
Greve, H. R., 2008. A behavioral theory of firm growth: Sequential attention to size and performance goals. Academy of Management Journal, 51(3): 476-494.
Hambrick, D. and P. Mason, 1984, Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2),193-206.
Hambrick, D., & Finkelstein, S., 1987. Managerial discretion:A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. Research in organizational behavior, 9:369-406.
Hambrick, D. C. and R. A. D’Aveni, 1992. Top Team Deterioration as Part of the Downward Spiral of Large Corporate Bankruptcies, Management Science,38(10):1445-1466.
Haleblian, J. and S. Finkelstein, 1993. Top Management Team Size, CEO Dominance, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 844-850.
Håkanson, L., and Ambos, B., 2010. The antecedents of psychic distance. Journal of International Management, 16 (3): 195-210.
Henrich. R Greve, 1998. Managerial cognition and the mimetic adoption of market positions: What you see is what you do. Strategic management journal, 19 (10): 967-988.
Herrmann, P. and D.K. Datta, 2005.Relationships between top management team characteristics and international diversification: An empirical investigation.British Journal of Management, 16(1): 69-78.
Hill, Charles W.L. and Jones, Gareth R., 1998.Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Hutzschenreuter, Thomas, Kleindienst, Ingo, Lange, Sandra, 2014. Added Psychic Distance Stimuli and MNE Performance: Performance Effects of Added Cultural, Governance, Geographic, and EconomicDistance in MNEs' International Expansion. Journal of International Management., 20(1):38-54.
Iyer, D. N. & Miller, K, 2008.Performance feedback, slack, and timing of acquisitions,. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4): 808-822.
Jan Johanson andJan-Erik Vahlne , 2009.The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies , 40: 1411-1431.
Jensen, M., Meckling, W., 1976. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics,3(4): 305-360.
J.S Cramer, J Hartog, N Jonker, C.M Van Praag, 1999. Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 48(1): 29-36.
Keats, B., & Hitt, M., 1988. A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro organizational characteristics, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3):570–598.
Katz, D., Kahn, R.L., 1990. The Social Psychology of Organizations. Wiley Publishing, New York.
Khanna, T., and K. Palepu., 2000. Is group affiliation profitable in emerging markets? An analysis of diversified Indian business groups. The Journal of Finance ,55 (4):867-891.
Khanna, T. and Rivikin, W., 2001. Estimating the Performance Effect of Business Group in Emerging Market.Strategic Management Journal,22(1): 45-47.
Kim J. B. , C. H. Yi, 2006, Ownership structure, Business group affiliation, Listing status, and Earnings management: Evidence from Korea.Contemporary Accounting Researchm, 23(2): 427-464.
Kim, H., Kim, H., & Lee, P. M., 2008. Ownership structure and the relationship between financial slack and R&D investments: Evidence from Korean firms. Organization Science, 19(3):404-418.
Kim, J.-Y. , & Miner, A. S., 2009.Organizational learning from extreme performance experience: The impact of success and recovery experience. Organization Science, 20(6):958-978.
Kogut, B., and Singh, H., 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of international Business Studies, 19 (3): 411-432.
Kostova, T., 1997. Country institutional profile: Concept and measurement. In Academy of Management Proceedings, 1997 (1): 180-184.
Leibenstein, H., 1969. Organizational or frictional equilibria, X-efficiency, and the rate of innovation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83 (4): 600-623.
Lerong He, 2008. Do founders matter? A study of executive compensation governance structure and firm performance.Journal of Business Venturing,23(3): 257-279.
Li, M., and Y. Wong., 2003. Diversification and economic performance: An empirical assessment of Chinese firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20 (6): 243-265.
Li, H., Zhang, Y., & Lyles, M., 2013. Knowledge spillovers, search, and creation in China’s emerging market. Management and Organization Review, 9: 395-412.
Lin, Chen, Lin, Ping, Song, Frank M. and Li, Chuntao, 2011.Managerial incentives, CEO characteristics and corporate innovation in China’s private sector. Journal of Comparative Economics,39(2):176-190.
Madsen, T.K., 1989. Successful Export Marketing Management: Some Empirical Evidence. International Marketing Review, 6(4):41-57.
Markides, C. C. and Williamson, P. J., 1996. Corporate diversification and organizational structure: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2): 340.
Matlay, H. and D. Fletcher, 2000. Globalization and Strategic Change: some lessons from the UK small business sector. Strategic Change, 9(7): 437-449.
MDR Chari, 2013.Business groups and foreign direct investments by developing country firms: An empirical test in India. Journal of World Business, 48 (3): 349-359.
Meyer, A., 1982. Adapting to environment jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27 (4): 515- 537.
Miles,R.E, &Snow,C.C, 1978. Organization Strategy, Structure, & Process. New York: Mcgraw- Hill.
Miller, D. and Friesen, P.H, 1982. Strategy-making and environment: the third link.Strategic Management Journal, 4:221-235.
Miller, K. D., 1992. A Framwork for Integrated Risk Management in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2):311-331.
Moses, D. O., 1992. Organizational slack and risk-taking behavior: Tests of product pricing strategy. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 5 (3): 38-54.
Murdock, K., 2002. Intrinsic motivation and optimal incentive contracts. Rand Journal of Economics, 33 (4):650-671.
Musteen, M., D. Datta, and P. Herrmann, 2009. Ownership structure and CEO compensation: Implications for the choice of foreign market entry modes. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(2): 321-338.
Muritiba, P. M., Muritiba, S. N., de Albuquerque, L. G., Bertoia, N., and French, J. L., 2010. International strategy, cultural distance and management policies in Brazilian multinational companies. GCG:Globalización Competitividad Gobernabilidad, 4(3): 24-37.
Nachum & Wymbs, 2005. Product Different, External- Economies and MNE Location Choice:MandAs in Global Cities. Journal of International Business Studies, 36 (4):415-434.
Newman, Karen and Stanley Nollen, 1996.Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(4):753-779.
Nelson T., 2003. The persistence of founder influence:management, ownership, and performance effects at initial public offering. Strategic Management Journal,24(8):707–724.
Nielsen, Sabina, 2010. Top management team internationalization and firm performance : the mediating role of foreign market entry Sabina Nielsen. Management international review, 50(2): 185-206.
Nohria, N., and Gulati, R., 1996. Is slack good or bad for innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (5): 1245-1264.
Ocasio, W. , 1995. The enactment of economic adversity: A reconciliation of theories of failure-induced change and threat-rigidity. Research in Organizational Behavior, 17: 287-331.
Oliver, C., 1997. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-based Views.Strategic Management Journal, 18( 9): 697-713.
Omri, W. and Becuwe A., 2014.Managerial characertistics and entrepreneurial internationalization: A study of Tunisian SMES. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 12(1):8-42.
Palmer, T. and Wiseman, R., 1999. Decoupling risk taking from income stream uncertainty: A holistic model of risk. Strategic Management Journal, 20(11):1037-1062.
Penrose ET., 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford University Press: New York Pitts, R. A. and Hopkins, H. D.,1982. Firm Diversity: Conceptualizaion and Measurement. Academy of Management Review, 7: 620-629.
Poza, E.J., Theodore A. and Anil M., 1997. Stakeholder perceptions of culture and management practices in family and family firms─a preliminary report. Family Business Review, 10(2):135-155.
Prasad, P. , Kang, R. C., 1996. Ownership Strategy for a foreign Affiliate: An Empirical Investigation of Japanese Firms. Management Intenational Review, 36(1):45-65.
Ramanujam, V. and P. Varadarajan, 1989. Research on Corporate Diversification: A Synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 523-551.
Reed, R., & Luffman, G. A., 1986. Diversification: The growing confusion. Strategy Management Journal, 7 (1): 29-35.
Robert B. Duncan, 1972.Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3):313-327.
Samiee, S. and P.G.P. Walters, 1990.Influence of Firm Size on Export Planning and Performance. Journal of Business research, 20(3): 235-248.
Sachin B. Modi, Saurabh Mishra, 2011. What drives financial performance–resource efficiency or resource slack?: Evidence from U.S. Based Manufacturing Firms from 1991 to 2006. Journal of Operations Management, 29(6): 254-273.
Sang Kyun Kim, Hyuksoo Cho, Hinh Khieu, 2014. Slack Slack and R&D Strategy: The Effect of Slack on Internal R&D and External R&D, and Innovation. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(2):33-42.
Sethi, D., S. Gusinger, S. Phelan, D. Berg, 2003.Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Flows: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 34:315-326.
Shimizu, K., & Hitt, M.A., 2005. What constraints or facilitates divestitures of formaerly acquired firms? The effects of organizational inertia. Journal of Management, 31(1):50-72.
Singh, J.V., 1986. Performance, slack and risk-taking in organization decision making. Academic of Management Journal, 29(3):562-585.
Slangen, A. H. L. and Hennart, J. F., 2008. Do multinationals really prefer to enter culturally distant countries through greenfields rather than through acquisitions? The role of parent experience and subsidiary autonomy. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (3): 472-490.
Slangen, A. H. L. and van Tulder, R. J. M., 2009.Cultural Distance, Political Risk, or Governance Quality? Towards a More Accurate Conceptualization and Measurement of External Uncertainty in Foreign Entry Mode Research.International Business Review, 18(3):276-291.
Smith, K. G., Grim, C. M. , Ganon, M. J., & Chen, M.-J, 1991. Organizational information processing, competitive responses, and performance in the U.S. domestic airline industry. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1): 60-85.
Tan, J., and Peng, M., 2003. Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: Two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24 (13): 1249-1264.
Tan, D. and Meyer, K. E., 2010. Business group's outward FDI: a managerial resources perspective. Journal of International Management, 16: 154-164.
Thompson, J. D. , 1967.Organization in Action. New York: McGrew-Hill.
Tihanyi, Z., A.E. Ellstrand, C.M. Daily, and D.R. Dalton, 2000. Composition of the top management team and firm international diversification. Journal of Management, 26(6): 1157-1177.
Tushman, M. L. , Romanelli,E, 1983.Uncertainty, social location, and difference in decision making, Management Science, 28:12-23.
Verbeke, A., and Yuan, W., 2007. Managerial Services for Entrepreneurial Activities in Multinational Enterprises: A Penrosean Perspective. Management International Review, 47(2): 241-258.
Vissa, B. , Greve, H. R., & Chen, W. R., 2010. Business group affiliation and firm search behavior in India: Responsiveness and focus of attention. Organization Science, 21(3): 696-712.
Voss, G. B., Sirdeshmukh, D., & Voss, Z. G., 2008. The effects of slock resources and environmental threat on prodct exploration and expoitation . Academy of Management Journal, 51(1): 147-164.
Wangner, W.G., Pfeffer, J. and O’Reilly, C.A., 1996. Organizational Demography and Turnover in Top Management Group. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1): 74-92.
Wen-Ting Lin and Yunshi Liu, 2012. Successor characteristics, organizational slack, and change in the degree of firm internationalization. International Business Review, 21(1):89-101.
Wen-Tsung Hsu, Hsiang-Lan Chen and Chia-Yi Cheng., 2013. Internationalization and firm performance of SMEs: The moderating effects of CEO attributes. Journal of World Business, 48(1): 1-12.
Williamson, O. E., 1963. A model of rational managerial behavior. In R. M. Gyert and J. G. March (Eds.), A behavioral theory of the firm, 237-252. Englewood Gliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Wiersema, M.F. and K.A. Bantel, 1992. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1):91-121.
Wiseman, R. M., & Bromiley, P, 1996. Toward a model of risk in declining organizations: An empirical examination of risk, performance and decline. Organization Science, 7(5): 524-543.
Xu, D., Pan, Y., and Beamish, P. W., 2004. The effect of regulative and normative distances on MNE ownership and expatriate strategies. Management International Review, 44 (3): 285–307.
Young, Michael N., Mike W. Peng, David Ahlstrom, Garry D. Bruton, and Yi Jiang, 2008. Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies: A Review for the Principal-principal Perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1):196-220.
Yuanfei Kang, Fuming Jiang , 2012. FDI location choice of Chinese multinationals in East and Southeast Asia: Traditional economic factors and institutional perspective. Journal of World Business, 47(1):45-53.
Zaheer, A. & N. Venkatraman, 1995. Ralational governmance as an interorganizational strategy: An empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange. Strategy Management Journal, 16(5):373-392.
Zahra, S. A., 2005. Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms.Family Business Review, 18(1): 23-40.
Zhao, H & Seibert, S.E, 2006. The big five personality dimensions and Entrepreneurial status: a meeta- analytical review, Journal of applied Psychology, 91(2):259-271.
Zhong, H., 2010. The Impact of Organizational Slack on Technological Innovation: Evidence from Henan Province in China. In Management and Service Science (MASS). International Conference, 1-4.