臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，科技發展的速度非常驚人，相機不再侷限於只能對焦一次，而是可以在事後進行對焦的動作，而光場相機是經典可以實現事後對焦的相機。本論文提出的離散小波轉換之仿光場影像重建，使用彩色影像進行實驗，透過離散小波轉換(Discrete Wavelet Transform)的頻帶分解運算，取得不同特徵的子頻帶影像，每個子頻帶都包含著不同能量與邊緣特徵，所以我們利用這個特色，對影像進行高階離散小波轉換，分離出更多的頻帶以增加更多組合的可能性，透過權重調整的方式控制各個頻帶的能量，接著使用離散小波反轉換(Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform)重建失去細節能量而模糊的影像，最後透過實驗的方式找出一組係數實現仿光場影像，讓影像從模糊到清楚的重建皆能自由調整，透過這一組係數，可以控制影像的對焦位置。
最後我們將本系統的核心進行硬體架構設計，以數位積體電路設計流程實作成數位晶片，將實作任意頻帶離散小波轉換的部份，透過輸入的欲切割頻段的資訊，對小波轉換進行任意切割轉換，實現仿光場影像重建系統與晶片設計。

In recent years, the development of technology grows very fast. Camera focus system focuses on object not only once. And you can refocus image after you take the first shot. Light Field Camera is the product that you can adjust the focal plane to make clear objects with blur scene. In this research, we take two parts“Object Segmentation” and “Blur Image”to simulate clear region with blur scene at any segmented object.
We proposed a Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform to reconstruct the blur images using color image in this method. We get different characteristic sub-band images through DWT(Discrete Wavelet Transform) decomposition. Each sub-band contains different energy and edge type. Image is composited to many sub-bands by doing high order discrete wavelet transform and makes more conbination with these subbands. Each suband’s energy can be controlled by weight assignment. The blur image is reconstructed using IDWT(Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform) with details. We can find a set of coefficients to control image from blur to clear in our simulation. We can control the blur amount through the sets of coefficients.
We design the hardware architecture using digital chip flow to make real digital chip. We implement the discrete wavelet transform part. We enter the code that tells which subband need to be decomposited by discrete wavelet transform. Finally, chip outputs the result of decomposition result.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
第一章 介紹 1
1.1 簡介 1
1.2 發展與重要性 2
1.2.1 軌跡移動式相機 3
1.2.2 陣列相機 4
1.2.3 針孔陣列遮罩相機 5
1.2.4 微鏡頭陣列相機 5
1.2.5 可編程光圈相機 5
1.3 研究動機 6
1.4 論文章節組成 7
第二章 文獻探討 8
2.1 手機重新對焦技術探討 8
2.1.1 Nokia Lumia Refocus 9
2.1.2 Google相機 10
2.1.3 iOS App-A Twist on Focus 11
2.1.4 HTC One M8 Duo Camera-UFocus 12
2.1.5 Lytro光場相機重新對焦 13
2.2 頻域理論 14
2.2.1 離散傅立葉轉換 15
2.2.2 頻率域的濾波 16
2.2.3 低通濾波器 17
2.3 小波轉換 20
2.3.1 小波轉換應用 20
2.4 結論 24
第三章 研究方法 26
3.1 系統架構 26
3.2 Haar離散小波轉換 27
3.2.1 頻帶能量調整 30
3.3 Haar離散小波反轉換 37
3.3.1 平滑濾波器 40
3.4 遮罩建立 41
3.4.1 影像二值化 42
3.4.2 前景與背景遮罩建立 43
3.5 彩色影像提取與合成 50
3.6 結論 52
第四章 硬體架構設計與實現 53
4.1 硬體系統架構 53
4.2 查表與解碼電路 54
4.3 定址電路 57
4.4 主控制器電路 63
4.5 Haar離散小波轉換濾波器 64
4.5.1 改良型RGB三通道Haar離散小波轉換器 67
4.5.2 三通道離散小波轉換濾波器 76
4.6 結論 77
第五章 實驗方法與結果 78
5.1 實驗環境與方法 78
5.2 實驗結果 80
5.3 結果比較 106
5.3.1 峰值噪訊比 107
5.3.2 差模加總法 114
5.3.3 視覺效果比較 121
5.4 三維標準影像仿光場影像模擬 123
5.5 結論 168
第六章 晶片設計流程 169
6.1 數位電路設計流程 169
6.1.1 電路規格 170
6.1.2 暫存器轉換層級設計 172
6.1.3 邏輯合成 172
6.1.4 可測試性電路設計 173
6.1.5 自動佈局繞線 175
6.1.6 設計規格驗證 175
6.1.7 實體佈局模擬驗證 176
6.2 晶片實體佈局與規格 176
6.3 數位晶片量測 178
6.4 結論 179
第七章 總結與未來展望 180
7.1 總結 180
7.2 未來展望 181
參考文獻 182
附錄A發表論文 188
附錄B獲獎榮譽 189
附錄C量測報告 190

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