臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗評估飼料中不同比例發酵豆粉（fermented soybean meal, FSM）取代魚粉 （Fish meal, FM） 對牙鮃（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼魚成長及非特異性免疫之影響。
實驗一，六組等蛋白（45 %）、等油脂（14 %）及等能量（480 kcal 100g-1）飼料中發酵豆粉分別取代0（FM）、10（FSM10）、20（FSM20）、30（FSM30）、40（FSM40）及50%（FSM50）魚粉蛋白，投餵飼養在流加海水系統、平均初重18.30 ± 2.42 g之牙鮃幼魚12週，結果發現FSM10及FSM20與FM組牙鮃之增重率及飼料轉換率無顯著差異（p > 0.05），FSM30、FSM40及FSM50之增重率及飼料率則有顯著遞減趨勢（p < 0.05），利用折線回歸分析（Broken line analysis）牙鮃飼料中最適發酵豆粉取代魚粉量為14.60 %。
實驗二，五組等蛋白（45 %）、等油脂（14 %）及等能量（480 kcal 100g-1）飼料中發酵豆粉分別取代0（FM）、10（FSM10）、20（FSM20）、30（FSM30）及40 %（FSM40）魚粉蛋白，投餵飼養在流加海水系統平均初重為32.13 ± 7.84（S）、50.98 ± 5.23（M）及71.48 ± 8.00 g（L）三組不同重量之牙鮃幼魚12週，結果發現S、M及L體型均在FSM10組有最高的增重率，不過FM、FSM10及FSM20組S、M及L體型之增重率及飼料轉換率均沒有顯著差異（p > 0.05），FSM30及FSM40組之增重率及飼料轉換率則有顯著降低（p < 0.05），利用折線回歸做圖分析S、M及L體型之牙鮃飼料中最適發酵豆粉取代魚粉量分別為17.85、18.39及18.78 %。
實驗三，在飼料中發酵豆粉取代0（FM）、20（FSM20）及40 %（FSM40）魚粉投餵平均初重 34.30 ± 4.97 g之牙鮃幼魚七天觀察其頭腎細胞激素tnf-α、il-1β及ifn-γ mRNA表現量，分別在投餵後0、24、72、120及168小時進行採樣，結果發現FSM40組細胞激素tnf-α、il-1β及ifn-γ mRNA表現量均有顯著上升（p < 0.05），FSM20組細胞激素ifn-γ mRNA表現量有顯著上升（p < 0.05）。

An experiment was carried out to evaluate dietary fish meal（FM）replacement by fermented soybean meal（FSM）on the growth and innate immune response of juvenile olive flounder（Paralichthys olivaceus）.
Experiment I, six isonitrogenous（45%）isolipidic（14%）and isocaloric（480 kcal 100g-1）diets were prepared by replacing 0（FM）, 10（FSM10）, 20（FSM20）, 30（FSM30）, 40（FSM40）and 50（FSM50）%. Fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal. Juveniles（mean weight of 18.30 ± 2.42 g）were delivered the test diets for 12 weeks in a flow-through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences（p > 0.05）among the weight gain and feed conversation ratio（FCR）of fish fed FM, FSM10 and FSM20. FSM30, FSM40 and FSM50 showed a significant decrease in the weight gain and FCR（p < 0.05）. Using the Broken line analysis, the optimum amount of fish meal replacement by fermented soybean meal in the feed was 14.60%.
Experiment II, five isonitrogenous（45%）isolipidic（14%）and isocaloric（480 kcal 100g-1）diets were prepared by replacing 0（FM）, 10（FSM10）, 20（FSM20）, 30（FSM30） and 40（FSM40）%. Fish meal protein with Fermented soybean meal.Three of different weight juveniles（mean weight of 18.30 ± 2.42（S）, 50.98 ± 5.23（M）and 71.48 ± 8.00 g（L））were delivered the test diets for 12 weeks in a flow-through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences（p > 0.05）among the weight gain of S, M and L size fish fed FM, FSM10 and FSM20. FSM30 and FSM40 showed a significant decrease in the weight gain and FCR（p < 0.05）. Using the Broken line analysis for flounder of S, M and L size, the optimum amount of fish meal replacement by fermented soybean meal in the feed was 17.85, 18.39, 18.78 %.
Experiment III, three diets were prepared by replacing 0（FM）, 20（FSM20）and 40 %（FSM40）. Fish meal protein with Fermented soybean meal. Juveniles（mean weight of 34.30 ± 4.97 g）were delivered the test diets for 7 days, observed the expression of tnf-α, il-1β and ifn-γ mRNA in the head kidney cells from flounder. Samples were taken at 0, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours after the start of feeding. The results showed that FSM40 levels of tnf-α, il-1β and ifn-γ mRNA were significantly increased（p < 0.05）. FSM20 levels of ifn-γ mRNA were significantly increased（p < 0.05）.

謝辭 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
附錄 VIII
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻整理 2
一、牙鮃 2
1. 分類地位 2
2. 生態習性 2
3. 生理特性 3
4. 生活史 4
5.飼料營養需求 5
6.產業概況 7
二、發酵豆粉 8
三、魚類非特異性免疫系統 9
1.物理屏障 10
2.細胞性免疫 10
3.體液性免疫 10
四、Interleukin-1 beta 11
五、Tumor necrosis factor alpha 12
六、Interferon gamma 13
第三章、材料與方法 15
一、實驗動物 15
二、實驗系統 15
三、實驗用海水 15
四、實驗條件 15
五、配方設計及飼料製作 16
六、牙鮃細胞激素基因表現分析 17
1. 全量核醣核酸 （total RNA） 之萃取 17
2. 樣品中Genomic DNA之去除 17
3. 反轉錄-聚合酶連鎖反應（Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction, RT-PCR） 17
4. 即時聚合酶連鎖反應（Real-time PCR） 18
七、一般成分分析： 18
1. 粗蛋白： 18
2. 粗脂質： 19
3. 總能量： 19
八、成長指標 19
1. 增重率 （Weight gain, WG） 19
2. 肥滿度 （Condition factor, CF） 19
3. 特殊成長率 （Specific Growth Rate, SGR） 20
4. 飼料轉換率 （Feed Conversion Ratio, FCR） 20
5. 攝食量 （Feed Intake, FI） 20
6. 存活率 （Survival Rate） 20
九、統計分析 20
第四章、結果 21
一、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 21
1. 發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉飼料粗成分分析 21
2. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 21
二、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對不同體型之牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 22
1. 發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉飼料粗成分分析 22
2. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對初重32.13 g牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 22
3. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對初重50.98 g牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 23
4. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對初重71.48 g牙鮃幼魚成長之影響 23
三、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚頭腎細胞激素之基因表現量 24
1. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚頭腎細胞激素tnf-α mRNA表現量之影響 24
2. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚頭腎細胞激素il-1β mRNA表現量之影響 24
3. 飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚頭腎細胞激素ifn-γ mRNA表現量之影響 25
第五章、討論 26
一、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃成長之影響 26
二、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對不同體型之牙鮃成長之影響 28
三、飼料中發酵豆粉取代不同比例的魚粉對牙鮃幼魚頭腎細胞激素之基因表現量 29
第六章、結論 32
第七章、參考文獻 33

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