臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文提出一個小面積高效率且具有適應性驅動電壓與低功耗控制技術之RGB-LED驅動器。為了要獲得適當的驅動電壓，我們提出了適應性驅動電壓及低功耗控制電路，此電路主要是透過追蹤升壓型轉換器之參考電壓進一步獲得較為適當的驅動電壓。因此，我們可藉由降低線性電流調整電路的損耗使得整體系統的效率獲得提升，實現低功耗與高效率的設計目標。除此之外，我們也提出了切換式線性電流調節電路，藉由元件共用的概念以減少晶片使用面積，與傳統的線性調節電路相比，約可減少10%的面積，實現小面積的設計目標。本篇論文之晶片係採用TSMC 0.35 µm 2P4M CMOS製程實現，晶片有效面積約為0.3 mm2，最大驅動電流以及操作頻率分別為200 mA與100 kHz。經由實驗結果可得知本篇論文所提出的具適應性驅動電壓與低功耗控制技術之RGB-LED驅動器，相較於傳統固定驅動電壓之LED驅動電路，功率損耗可減少約58%。

The red-green-blue light-emitting diode (RGBLED) driver with adaptive driving voltage and energy-saving (ADVE) technique is presented in this paper. To obtain the proper driving voltage, an ADVE control circuit is proposed. This approach tracks the reference voltage of a boost converter to achieve the appropriate output voltage of the boost converter. Hence, the power loss of the linear current regulator is reduced to improve the efficiency of whole system. Moreover, the occupied area of the linear current regulator is saved about 10% by the proposed switching linear current regulator. This chip was fabricated using TSMC 0.35 µm 2P4M complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The active chip area is 0.3 mm2. The maximum driving current and operating frequency are 200 mA and 100 kHz, respectively. Compared with a conventional LED driver with fixed output voltage, the experimental results demonstrate that the power loss of the proposed LED driver with ADVE technique is reduced by over 58%.

口試委員會審定書 I
誌謝 V
摘要 VII
目錄 XI
圖目錄 XIII
表目錄 XVII
1. 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 LED驅動器簡介 2
1.2.1 傳統LED驅動器 2
1.2.2具適應性驅動電壓與節能控制技術之LED驅動器 3
1.3 論文概述 5

2. 發光二極體與LED驅動器的操作原理 7
2.1 傳統燈具與LED簡介 7
2.1.1 傳統燈具介紹 7
2.1.2 LED簡介 8
2.2 LED驅動器之操作原理 10
2.2.1 LED驅動器之驅動模式 10
2.2.2白光LED驅動器與RGB-LED驅動器 13
2.3 直流-直流轉換器簡介 17
2.3.1線性穩壓器 17
2.3.2電荷泵穩壓器 18
2.3.3切換式穩壓器 20
2.4 直流-直流轉換器的參數介紹 21
2.4.1 轉換效率 21
2.4.2 線調整率 22
2.4.3 負載調整率 22
2.4.4 暫態響應 22
2.5 升壓型轉換器的分析 25
2.5.1 升壓型轉換器在連續導通模式之穩態分析 25
2.5.2 升壓型轉換器導通模式之邊界條件 31
2.5.3 升壓型轉換器在不連續導通模式之穩態分析 33

3. 文獻回顧與整理 41
3.1 傳統LED驅動器 41
3.2 LED相關文獻回顧 44
3.2.1具脈波電流驅動技術之LED驅動器 44
3.2.2電流調節式電荷泵之白光LED驅動器 46
3.2.3具適應性電壓回授控制技術之LED驅動器 48
3.2.4雙迴路控制之LED背光驅動IC 51
3.2.5 具適應性參考電壓追蹤技術之白光 LED驅動器 54
3.2.6 具自適應性驅動電壓控制技術之LED驅動器 56
3.3 文獻回顧整理與討論 59

4. 具適應性驅動電壓與節能控制技術之RGB-LED驅動器 63
4.1 適應性驅動電壓與低功耗技術 63
4.2 電路操作原理與實現 64
4.2.1適應性驅動電壓與低功耗控制電路 64
4.2.2切換式電流調節電路 67
4.2.3鋸齒波產生電路 75
4.2.4脈波寬度調變控制電路 77
4.3 小訊號分析 79
4.4 模擬結果 82
4.4.1 晶片佈局圖 82
4.4.2 前模擬 83
4.4.3 後模擬 85
4.5 量測結果 87
4.5.1 晶片顯微圖 87
4.5.2 晶片腳位圖與功能描述 88
4.5.3 量測環境 89
4.5.4 量測結果 91
4.5.5 效能比較表 95

5. 結論 97
參考文獻 99
發表期刊與研討會論文 103

[1]P.-J. Liu and Y.-C. Hsu, “Boost converter with adaptive reference tracking Control for Dimmable White LED Drivers,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 46, pp. 513-518, 2015.
[2]P.-J. Liu, S.-R. Hsu, C.-W. Chang and L.-H. Chien “Dimmable white LED driver with adaptive voltage feedback control,” in Proc. IEEE International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC), Nov. 2015, pp. 1–4.
[3] S. Thielemans, D.D. Zenobio, A. Touhafi, P. Lataire, K. Steenhaut, “DC grids for smart LED-based lighting: the EDISON solution,” Energies, 2017
[4] N.H. Vu, T.T. Pham, S. Shin, “ LED uniform illumination using double linear fresnel lenses for energy saving,” Energies, 2017
[5]Y.-L. Lin, H.-J. Chiu, Y.-K. Lo, and C.-M. Leng, “LED backlight driver circuit with dual-mode dimming control and current-balancing design,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4632–4639, Sep. 2014.
[6]Y.D. Ahn, S. Bae, S.-J. Kang, “Power controllable LED system with increased energy efficiency using multi-sensors for plant cultivation,” Energies, 2017.
[7]M.-S. Lin and C.-L. Chen, “An LED driver with pulse current driving technique,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4594-4601, Nov. 2012.
[8]C.-Y. Hsieh and K.-H. Chen, “Boost DC-DC converter with fast reference Tracking (FRT) and charge-recycling (CR) techniques for high-efficiency and low-cost LED driver,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2568-2580, Sep. 2009.
[9]M.H. Crawford, “LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances, ” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1028-1040, 2009.
[10]N. Tansu, H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, X. H. Li, J. Zhang, H. Tong, Y. K. Ee, “III-nitride photonics,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 241-248, Apr. 2010.
[11]S.P. DenBaars, D. Feezell, K. Kelchner, S. Pimputkar, C.C. Pan, C.C. Yen, S. Tanaka,Y. Zhao, N. Pfaff, R. Farrell, M. Iza, S. Keller, U. Mishra, J.S. Speck, S. Nakamura, “Development of gallium-nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes for energy-efficient lighting and displays,” Acta Mater. vol. 61, pp. 945–951, 2013.
[12]R.A. Arif, Y.-K. Ee, N. Tansu, “Polarization engineering via staggered InGaN quantum wells for radiative efficiency enhancement of light emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.91, 091110, 2007.
[13]C.-K. Tan and N. Tansu, “Nanostructured lasers: electrons and goles get closer,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol.10, pp. 107–109, 2015.
[14]H.-H. Park, X. Zhang, Y. Cho, D.-W. Kim, J. Kim, K.-W. Lee, J. Choi, H.-K. Lee, S.-H. Jung, E.-J. Her, et al., “Wafer-scale surface roughening for enhanced light extraction of high power AlGaInP-based light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express, vol.22, pp. A723–A734, 2014.
[15] P.-F. Zhu and N. Tansu, “Effect of packing density and packing geometry on light extraction of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with microsphere arrays,” Photonics Res. vol. 3, pp. 184–191, 2015.
[16] X. H. Li, P. Zhu, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. Song, Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. Gilchrist, N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of III-nitride light-emitting diodes by using 2-D close-packed TiO2 microsphere arrays,” J. Display Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 324-332, May 2013.
[17]F. Yamada, H. Nakamura, Y. Sakaguchi, Y. Taira, “Sequentialcolor LCD based on OCB with an LED backlight,” J. SID, vol.10, pp. 81–85, 2002.
[18]C.-C. Chen, C.-Y. Wu, Y.-M. Chen, and T.-F. Wu, “Suppression of color breakup in color-sequential multi-primary projection displays,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, pp. 919–925, May 2007
[19]G. A. Rincon-Mora and P. E. Allen, “A low-voltage, low quiescent current, Low drop-out regulator,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 36–44, Jan. 1998.
[20]P. Favrat, P. Deval and M. J. Declercq, “A high-efficiency CMOS voltage doubler,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, pp. 410-416, Mar. 1998.
[21]R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of power electronics,” Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2001.
[22] Ke-Horng Chen, Power Management Techniques for Integrated Circuit Design. IEEE Press and John Wiley, 2016.
[23] Y.-C. Hsu, C.-Y. Ting, L.-S. Hsu, J.-Y. Lin and C.-P. Chen, “A transient enhancement DC-DC buck converter using dual operating mode control technique,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs, accept for publication. 2018.
[24] 梁適安，交換式電源供應器之理論與實務設計，二版，全華圖書，2008
[25] Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. SZX05A0A Z-Power LED, SSC-SZX05A0A Datasheet.
[26] C.-H. Wu and C.-L. Chen, “High-efficiency current -regulated charge pump for a white LED driver, ” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs, vol. 56, no 10, pp. 763–767, Oct. 2009.
[27] S. I. Hong, J. W. Han, D. H. Kim, O. K. Kwon, “A double-loop control LED backlight driver IC for medium-sized LCDs,” in IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 2010, pp. 116-118.

[28] Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. SZX05A0A Z-Power LED, SSC-SZX05A0A Datasheet.
[29] Y. Hu and M. Jovanovic, “LED driver with self-adaptive drive voltage,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no.6, pp. 3116-3125, Nov. 2008.
[30] H.-J. Chiu, Y.-K. Lo, J.-T. Chen, S.-J. Cheng, C.-Y. Lin, and S.-C. Mou, “A high-efficiency dimmable LED driver for low-power lighting applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 735–743, Feb. 2010.
[31] Y.-M. Sun and X.-B. Wu, “High efficiency LED driver featuring auto output-voltage tuning,” in Procs. 2010 IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC), Hong Kong, China, pp. 1–4. Dec. 2010.
[32] Y.-T. Hsieh, B.-D. Liu, J.-F. Wu, C.-L. Fang, H.-H. Tsai, Y.-Z. Juang, “A high-dimming-ratio LED driver for LCD backlights,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.27, no. 11, pp. 4562–4570, 2012.
[33] P. E. Allen, and D. R. Hoolberg, “CMOS analog circuit design,” New York: Oxford. 2002
[34] C.-F. Lee and P.K.-T. Mok, “A monolithic current-mode CMOS DC-DC converter with on-chip current-sensing technique,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 3-14, Jan. 2004.
[35] P.-J. Liu, et al., “A high-efficiency CMOS DC-DC converter with 9-μs transient recovery time,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Papers, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 575-583, Mar. 2012.