臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的是檢測微藻和海藻萃取物對改善白蝦後期幼蟲在逆境耐受性與病原性感染抗病性的有效性。首先，將新鮮的微藻類之顆粒角刺藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)與褐藻厚葉馬尾藻(Sargassum crassifolium)於熱水下萃取5小時。分析新鮮的藻粉與藻萃取物其營養成分與抗氧化活性。在餵食試驗方面，對白蝦餵食四種試驗飼料包括：(1)對照組(Artemia only); (2)新鮮C. gracilis 滋養之Artemia；(3)C. gracilis萃取物滋養之Artemia; (4)S. crassifolium 萃取物滋養之Artemia。各處理續餵食10天後，評估白蝦暴露於濃度100、150和200 ppm福馬林，或濃度為40、50、60 mg L-1氨處理下對逆境的耐受性。此外，為了評估抗病性，將白蝦浸入含有1×105 CFU mL-1 劑量致病菌副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的海水中，並記錄白蝦的死亡率。結果顯示，C. gracilis萃取物多醣含量顯著高於S. crassifolium萃取物（p<0.05)。C. gracilis萃取物中的總酚類化合物顯著低於新鮮C. gracilis 和S. crassifolium萃取物（p<0.05）。在S. crassifolium 萃取物中有最高的類黃酮含量。S. crassifolium 萃取物顯示有最高的抗氧化活性，為DPPH清除能力、亞鐵離子螯合和超氧陰離子清除活性，數值分別52.5±1.38%、8.69±0.86%，和24.8±2.48%。抗病性

存活率分析以白蝦喂飼S. crassifolium 萃取物之組別最佳，餵食新鮮的C. gracilis及 C. gracilis萃取物之組別次之，對照組則最底，數值分別為99.3±0.83%、90.8±1.22% 、96.5±0.61%及83.8±1.06%。餵食白蝦S. crassifolium 萃取物比餵食新鮮的C. gracilis和C. gracilis萃取物有顯著較高的逆境耐受性和抗病性。因此，結論是S. crassifolium 萃取物可以作為具有潛力的添加劑，以降低白蝦在後期幼蟲的死亡率。

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of microalgae and seaweed extracts in improving stress tolerances and disease resistance against pathogenic infection of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Firstly, fresh microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis (C. gracilis) and brown seaweed Sargassum crassifolium (S. crassifolium) were extracted with hot-water for 5 h. The fresh C. gracilis, C. gracilis extract, S. crassifolium extract were then analyzed for antioxidant activities. For the feeding trial, shrimp were fed four exprimental diets including (1) control (Artemia only); (2) Artemia enriched by fresh C. gracilis; (3) Artemia enriched with C. gracilis extract and (4) Artemia enriched with S. crassifolium extract. After 10 days of feeding, to evaluate the stress tolerances, shrimp were exposed to formaline at concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 ppm; or to ammonia at
concentrations of 40, 50, 60 mg L-1. In addition, to assess the disease resistance, shrimp were immersed in the seawater containing the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the dose of 1×105 CFU mL-1. Mortalities of shrimp were recorded. The results showed that polysaccharide content in C. gracillis extract was significantly higher than that of S. crassifolium extract (p<0.05). Total polyphenolic compounds in C. gracillis extract was significantly lower than that of fresh C. gracillis and S. crassifolium extracts (p<0.05). The highest flavonoid content was found in S. crassifolium extract. S. crassifolium extract showed the highest antioxidant activities as DPPH scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and superoxide anion scavenging activities with values of 52.5±1.38%, 8.69±0.86%, and 24.8±2.48%, respectively. S. crassifolium extract treatment showed the best shrimp survival rate of 99.3±0.83%. However, the shrimp survival rate was only 83.8±1.06% in Control treatment. The shrimp survival rate of fresh C. gracilis and C. gracilis extract treatments were 90.8±1.22% and 96.5±0.61%, respectively. Shrimp fed with S. crassifolium extract also had significantly higher stress tolerances and disease resistance than those fed with fresh C. gracillis and C. gracillis extract. Therefore, it is concluded that S. crassifolium extract could be used as a potential additive to reduce the mortality of white shrimp at the postlarvae stage.

ABSTRACT III
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V
TABLE OF CONTENT VI
LIST OF FIGURES IX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Identify the problems 1
1.2 Objective 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 7
2.2 Microalgae 10
2.3 Sargassum seaweed 12
2.4 Pathogenic bacterial agents in white shrimp L. vannamei 14
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17
3.1 Materials 17
3.1.1 Microalgae biomass cultivation and collection 17
3.1.2 Seaweed collection 17
3.1.3 Microalgae or seaweed extractions 17
3.1.4 Enrichment with Artemia 18
3.1.5 White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae 18
3.2 Experimental design 19
3.3 Determinations of antioxidant activity of microalgae and brown seaweed extracts 19
3.3.1 Polysaccharides contents 19
3.3.2 Polyphenolic compounds 20
3.3.3 Flavonoid content 20
3.3.4 Superoxide anion 20
3.3.5 DPPH 20
3.3.6 Ferrous ion chelating activity 21
3.4 Stress tolerance tests 21
3.5 Disease resistance test 22
3.6 Statistical analysis 22
4. RESULTS 23
4.1 Antioxidant activities 23
4.1.1 Polysaccharide contents 23
4.1.2 Total polyphenolic compounds 23
4.1.3 Flavonoid content 23
4.1.4 The DPPH scavenging activity 24
4.1.5 Ferrous ion chelating activity 24
4.1.6 Superoxide anion scavenging activity 24
4.2 Survival rate 24
4.3 Stress tolerance 25
4.3.1 Formaline test 25
4.3.2 Ammonia test 25
4.4 Diseased resistance 26
5. DISCUSSION 34
6. CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCES 41
INFORMATION OF AUTHOR 73

Ahmadi, A., Mozanzadeh, M. T., Agh, N., & Bahabadi, M. N. 2017. Effects of enriched Artemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chaetoceros gracilis on growth performance, stress resistance and fatty acid profile of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(2), 669-673.
Allan, G. L., Maguire, G. B., & Hopkins, S. J. 1990. Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile Metapenaeus macleayi and Penaeus monodon and the influence of low dissolved-oxygen levels. Aquaculture, 91(3-4), 265-280.
Amaro, H. M., Guedes, A. C., & Malcata, F. X. 2011. Antimicrobial activities of microalgae: an invited review. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances, 3, 1272-1284.
Apt, K. E., & Behrens, P. W. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of phycology, 35(2), 215-226.
Awad, E. M., Youssef, N. S., & Shall, Z. S. 2006. Effect of foliar spraying seaweed extracts and inorganic fertilizer levels on growth, yield and quality of potato crop. J. Agric. Sci., Mansoura Univ, 31(10), 6549-6559.
Bachère, E. 2000. Shrimp immunity and disease control. Aquaculture, 191(1), 3-11.
Baticados, M. C. L., Lavilla-Pitogo, C. R., Cruz-Lacierda, E. R., De La Pena, L. D., & Sunaz, N. A. 1990. Studies on the chemical control of luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi and V. splendidus isolated from diseased Penaeus monodon larvae and rearing water. Dis. Aquat. Org, 9(2), 133-139.

Bhaskar, N., & Kazuo, M. 2005. Lipid composition of Padina tetrastomatica (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta), a brown seaweed of the west coast of India. Indian Journal of fisheries, 52(3), 263-268.
Bhattacharyya, N., & Kepnes, L. J. 2011. Initial impact of the acute otitis externa clinical practice guideline on clinical care. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, 145(3), 414-417.
Battacharyya, D., Babgohari, M. Z., Rathor, P., & Prithiviraj, B. 2015. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae, 196, 39-48.
Biswas, A. K., Nozaki, J., Kurata, M., Takii, K., Kumai, H., & Seoka, M. 2006. Effect of Artemia enrichment on the growth and survival of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae. Aquaculture research, 37(16), 1662-1670.
Blondin, C., Fischer, E., Boisson-Vidal, C., Kazatchkine, M. D., & Jozefonvicz, J. 1994. Inhibition of complement activation by natural sulfated polysaccharides (fucans) from brown seaweed. Molecular immunology, 31(4), 247-253.
Borowitzka, M. A. 1994. Large-scale algal culture systems: the next generation. Australasian biotechnology, 4(4), 212-215.
Borowitzka, M. A. 1997. Microalgae for aquaculture: opportunities and constraints. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9(5), 393-401.
Buikema, A. L., Niederlehner, B. R., & Cairns, J. 1982. Biological monitoring part IV-toxicity testing. Water Research, 16(3), 239-262.
Butcher, R.W. 1959. Part I: Introduction and Chlorophyceae, Ser. IV. In An introductory account of the smaller algae of British coastal waters; Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fishery Investigations: London, UK, 1–74.
Briggs, M., Funge-Smith, S., Subasinghe, R., & Phillips, M. 2004. Introductions and movement of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris in Asia and the Pacific. RAP publication, 10, 92.
Brock, J. A. 1991. An overview of diseases of cultured crustaceans in the Asia Pacific region. ADB Agriculture Department Report Series, 1, 347-395.
Brock, J. A. & Lightner, D. V. 1990. Chapter 3: Diseases of Crustacea. In: Kinne, O. (ed.) Diseases of Marine Animals Vol. 3, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, 245-424.
Caccamese, S., & Azzolina, R. 1979. Screening for antimicrobial activities in marine algae from Eastern Sicily. Planta medica, 37(12), 333-339.
Campa-Córdova, A. I., Hernández-Saavedra, N. Y., De Philippis, R., & Ascencio, F. 2002. Generation of superoxide anion and SOD activity in haemocytes and muscle of American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as a response to -glucan and sulphated polysaccharide. Fish & shellfish immunology, 12(4), 353-366.
Cerenius, L. & Söderhäll, K. 2004. The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates. Immunology Reviews, 198, 116-126.
Chang, C. F., Chen, H. Y., Su, M. S., & Liao, I. C. 2000. Immunomodulation by dietary β-1, 3-glucan in the brooders of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 10(6), 505-514.
Chang, C. F., Su, M. S., Chen, H. Y., & Liao, I. C. 2003. Dietary β-1, 3-glucan effectively improves immunity and survival of Penaeus monodon challenged with white spot syndrome virus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 15(4), 297-310.
Chang, Y. P., Liu, C. H., Wu, C. C., Chiang, C. M., Lin L.J. & Hsieh, S. L. 2012. Dietary administration of zingerone to enhance growth, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) juveniles. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 32, 284-290.
Chen, J. C. & Kou, Y. Z. 1992. Effects of ammonia on growth and molting of Penaeus japonicus juveniles. Aquaculture, 104, 249-260.
Chen, J. C., Liu, P. C., & Lei, S. C. 1990a. Toxicities of ammonia and nitrite to Penaeus monodon adolescents. Aquaculture, 89(2), 127-137.
Chen, J. C., Ting, Y. Y., Lin, J. N., & Lin, M. N. 1990b. Lethal effects of ammonia and nitrite on Penaeus chinensis juveniles. Marine Biology, 107(3), 427-431.
Chien, Y. H. 1992. Water quality requirement and manegement for marine shrimp culture. In: Wyban, J. (Ed). Proceedings of the special section on shrimp farming. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 144-156.
Chotigeat, W., Tongsupa, S., Supamataya, K., & Phongdara, A. 2004. Effect of fucoidan on disease resistance of black tiger shrimp. Aquaculture, 233(1), 23-30.
Choudhury, S., Sree, A., Mukherjee, S. C., Pattnaik, P., & Bapuji, M. 2005. In vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of selected marine algae and mangroves against fish pathogens. Asian fisheries science, 18(3/4), 285.
Chuntapa, B., Powtongsook, S., & Menasveta, P. 2003. Water quality control using Spirulina platensis in shrimp culture tanks. Aquaculture, 220(1), 355-366.
Cobo, M. L., Sonnenholzner, S., Wille, M. & Sorgeloos, P. 2014. Ammonia tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 470-475, 1-6.
Cock, J., Thomas, G., Salazar, M. & Rye, M. 2009. Breeding for disease resistance of Penaeid shrimps. Aquaculture, 286, 1-11.
Cohen, Z. 1986. Products from microalgae. CRC Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 421-54.
Cooper, S., Battat, A., Marsot, P., & Sylvestre, M. 1983. Production of antibacterial activities by two Bacillariophyceae grown in dialysis culture. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 29(3), 338-341.
Crocos, P.J., Moss, S.M., 2006. Maturation. In: Boyd, C.E., Jory, D.E., Chamberlain, G.W. (Eds.), Operating Procedures for Shrimp Farming. Global Aquaculture Alliance, St. Louis, Missouri, 20–27.
Cruz Suárez, L. E., Tapia Salazar, M., Nieto López, M. G., & Ricque Marie, D. 2008. A review of the effects of macroalgae in shrimp feeds and in co-culture. 304-333.
Dachi, K., Hirata, T., Fujisawa, S., Nagai, K., Sakaguchi, M., 1999. Effect of -1,3-glucan on the activation of prophenoloxidase cascade in Marsupenaeus japonicus haemocyte. Fish Science, 65, 926-929.
Dashtiannasab, A., Mesbah, M., Pyghan, R., & Kakoolaki, S. 2016. The efficacy of the red seaweed (Laurencia snyderiae) extract on growth performance, survival and disease resistance in white shrimp. Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 2(1), 1-10.
Dashtiannasb, A., & Yeganeh, V. 2017. The effect of ethanol extract of a macroalgae Laurencia snyderia on growth parameters and vibriosis resistance in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 16(1), 210-221.
Delaporte, M., Soudant, P., Moal, J., Lambert, C., Quéré, C., Miner, P., Choquet, G., Paillard, C., & Samain, J. F. 2003. Effect of a mono-specific algal diet on immune functions in two bivalve species-Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(17), 3053-3064.
Dogra, B. S., & Mandradia, R. K. 2014. Effect of seaweed extract on growth and yield of onion. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 2(1), 59-64.
Findlay, J. A., & Patil, A. D. 1984. Antibacterial constituents of the diatom Navicula delognei. Journal of natural products, 47(5), 815-818.
Flegel, T. W. 2006. Detection of major penaeid shrimp viruses in Asia, a historical perspective with emphasis on Thailand. Aquaculture, 258(1), 1-33.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2013. Report of the FAO/MARD Technical Workshop on Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS) of Cultured Shrimp (under TCP/VIE/3304). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1053. ISSN 2070-6987. 65.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2016. In brief the state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 26.
Foo, S. C., Yusoff, F. M., Ismail, M., Basri, M., Chan, K. W., Khong, N. M., & Yau, S. K. 2015. Production of fucoxanthin-rich fraction (FxRF) from a diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano 1968. Algal Research, 12, 26-32.
Foo, S. C., Yusoff, F. M., Ismail, M., Basri, M., Khong, N. M. H., Chan, K. W., & Yau, S. K. 2015. Efficient solvent extraction of antioxidant-rich extract from a tropical diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano 1968. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(10), 834-840.
Führ, F., Tesser, M. B., Rodrigues, R. V., Pedron, J., & Romano, L. A. 2016. Artemia enriched with hydrolyzed yeast improves growth and stress resistance of marine pejerrey Odontesthes argentinensis larvae. Aquaculture, 450, 173-181.
Franz, G., Pauper, D., & Alban, S. 2000. Pharmacological activities of sulfated carbohydrate polymers. In Bioactive carbohydrate polymers. Springer Netherlands, 47-58.
Frías-Espericueta, M. G., Harfush-Melendez, M., Osuna-López, J. I., & Páez-Osuna, F. 1999. Acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62(5), 646-652.
Fridovich, I. 1989. Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 264, 7761-7764.
Giang, H. T., Giang, T. T., Oanh, D. T. H. & Phu, T. Q. 2016. Asessment of nutritional value and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from brown seaweed Sargassum flavicans for aquaculture use. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 2, 69-76.
Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA). 2015. Shrimp Production Review. Retrieved on June 17, 2017, from the World Wide Web: https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Day1_JimAnderson_GOAL2015-copy.pdf?x69012
Gross, F. 1937. Notes on the culture of some marine plankton organisms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 21(2), 753-768.
Guedes, A. C., & Malcata, F. X. 2012. Nutritional value and uses of microalgae in aquaculture. In Aquaculture. ISBN 978-953-307-974-5, 59-79.
Guillard, R. R. 1975. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In Culture of marine invertebrate animals, Springer US, 29-60.
Guillard, R. R., & Ryther, J. H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella Nana Hustedt, and Detonula Confervacea (CLEVE) Gran. Canadian journal of microbiology, 8(2), 229-239.
Han, K., Geurden, I., & Sorgeloos, P. 2000. Enrichment strategies for Artemia using emulsions providing different levels of n− 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture, 183(3), 335-347.
Han, K., Geurden, I., & Sorgeloos, P. 2001. Fatty acid changes in enriched and subsequently starved Artemia franciscana nauplii enriched with different essential fatty acids. Aquaculture, 199(1), 93-105.
Hawkyard, M., Sæle, Ø., Nordgreen, A., Langdon, C., & Hamre, K. 2011. Effect of iodine enrichment of Artemia sp. on their nutritional value for larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture, 316(1), 37-43.
Hayashi, M., & Rosenberry, D. O. 2002. Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water. Groundwater, 40(3), 309-316.
Hegazi, A. Z., Mostafa, S. S., & Ahmed, H. M. 2010. Influence of different cyanobacterial application methods on growth and seed production of common bean under various levels of mineral nitrogen fertilization. Nature and Science, 8(11), 183-193.
Hossain, Z., Kurihara, H., & Takahashi, K. 2003. Biochemical composition and lipid compositional properties of the brown alga Sargassum horneri. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(17), 1497-1500.
Hou, W. Y., & Chen, J. C. 2005. The immunostimulatory effect of hot-water extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 19(2), 127-138.
Houssien, A. A., Ismail, A. A., & Sabra, F. S. 2011. Bioactive substances extracted from seaweeds as a biocontrol agents, effects and identification. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafer El-Sheikh University, 37(1), 460-473.
Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M., & Darzins, A. 2008. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. The plant journal, 54(4), 621-639.
Huang, X., Zhou, H., & Zhang, H. 2006. The effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide extracts on vibriosis resistance and immune activity of the shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Fish & shellfish immunology, 20(5), 750-757.
Huynh, T. G., Yeh, S. T., Lin, Y. C., Shyu, J. F., Chen, L. L., & Chen, J. C. 2011. White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater containing Sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense powder and its extract showed increased immunity and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 31(2), 286-293.
Hwang, P. A., Wu, C. H., Gau, S. Y., Chien, S. Y. & Hwang, D. F. 2010. Antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of hot-water extract from seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18, 41-46.
Immanuel, G., Sivagnanavelmurugan, M., Balasubramanian, V., & Palavesam, A. 2010. Effect of hot water extracts of brown seaweeds Sargassum spp. on growth and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae. Aquaculture research, 41(10).
Immanuel, G., Sivagnanavelmurugan, M., Marudhupandi, T., Radhakrishnan, S., & Palavesam, A. 2012. The effect of fucoidan from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii on WSSV resistance and immune activity in shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fab). Fish & shellfish immunology, 32(4), 551-564.
Immanuel, G., Vincybai, V. C., Sivaram, V., Palavesam, A., & Marian, M. P. 2004. Effect of butanolic extracts from terrestrial herbs and seaweeds on the survival, growth and pathogen (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) load on shrimp Penaeus indicus juveniles. Aquaculture, 236(1), 53-65.
Jayaraj, J., Wan, A., Rahman, M., & Punja, Z. K. 2008. Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases on carrot. Crop Protection, 27(10), 1360-1366.
Jiravanichpaisal, P., Lee, B. L., & Söderhäll, K. (2006). Cell-mediated immunity in arthropods: hematopoiesis, coagulation, melanization and opsonization. Immunobiology, 211(4), 213-236.
Johnson, K. N., Van-Hultena, M. C. W. & Barnes, A. C. 2008. “Vaccination” of shrimp against viral pathogens: phenomenology and underlying mechanisms. Vaccine, 2, 4885-4892.
Jupri, A., Kurnianingsih, R., Julisaniah, N. I., & Nikmatullah, A. 2010. Effect of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of rice plants. 2(2), 73-77.
Karleskint, G., Turner, R., & Small, J. 2012. Introduction to marine biology (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning, 160-171.
Karthik R, K Thamizharasan, Sankari D, Ram Cherma Kadiravan R and Ashwitha A 2016. Biochemical profile of shrimp larvae fed with five different micro algae and enriched Artemia salina under laboratory conditions. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(4): 376-379.
Karthikeyan, P., Manimaran, K., Sampathkumar, P., Jaikumar, M., Robin, R. S., Saravanakumar, C., & Sureshkumar, C. 2013. In vitro antioxidant activity of marine diatoms. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol, 5(2), 32-37.
Kellam, S. J., Cannell, R. J. P., Owsianka, A. M., & Walker, J. M. 1988. Results of a large-scale screening programme to detect antifungal activity from marine and freshwater microalgae in laboratory culture. British Phycological Journal, 23(1), 45-47.
Khan, W., Rayirath, U. P., Subramanian, S., Jithesh, M. N., Rayorath, P., Hodges, D. M., Critchley A. T., Craigie J. S., Norrie J. & Prithiviraj, B. 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 28(4), 386-399.
Kitayam, T. & Lin, S. M. 2012. Brown algae from Chaojing, Keelung City, Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, 48, 149-157.
Kir, M., & Kumlu, M. 2006. Acute toxicity of ammonia to Penaeus semisulcatus postlarvae in relation to salinity. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 37(2), 231-235.
Kuda, T., Tsunekawa, M., Hishi, T., & Araki, Y. 2005. Antioxidant properties of dried “kayamo-nori”, a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyceae). Food Chemistry, 89(4), 617-622.
Latique, S., Chernane, H., Mansori, M., & El Kaoua, M. 2013. Seaweed liquid fertilizer effect on physiological and biochemical parameters of bean plant (Phaesolus vulgaris variety paulista) under hydroponic system. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 9(30).
Lavilla-Pitogo, C. R., Albright, L. J., Paner, M. G., & Sunaz, N. A. 1990. Studies on the sources of luminescent Vibrio harveyi in Penaeus monodon hatcheries. In Diseases in Asian Aquaculture I. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, 26-29 November 1990, Bali, Indonesia. Asian Fisheries Society, Fish Health Section, 157-164.
Lee, Y. K., Chew, P. F., Soh, B. S., & Tham, L. Y. 2003. Enhancing phagocytic activity of hemocytes and disease resistance in the prawn Penaeus merguiensis by feeding Spirulina platensis. Journal of applied phycology, 15(4), 279-287.
Lee, S. Y., & Söderhäll, K. 2002. Early events in crustacean innate immunity. Fish & shellfish immunology, 12(5), 421-437.
Léger, P., Vanhaecke, P., & Sorgeloos, P. 1983. International study on Artemia XXIV. Cold storage of live Artemia nauplii from various geographical sources: Potentials and limits in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering, 2(1), 69-78.
Léger, P., Bengtson, D. A., Simpson, K. L., & Sorgeloos, P. 1986. The use and nutritional value of Artemia as a food source. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev, 24, 521-623.
Léger, P., Bengtson, D. A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K. L., & Beck, A. D. 1987. The nutritional value of Artemia: a review. Artemia research and its applications, 3, 357-372.
Leonard, S. G., Sweeney, T., Pierce, K. M., Bahar, B., Lynch, B. P., & O'Doherty, J. V. 2010. The effects of supplementing the diet of the sow with seaweed extracts and fish oil on aspects of gastrointestinal health and performance of the weaned piglet. Livestock Science, 134(1), 135-138.
Liang, Z., Liu, R., Zhao, D., Wang, L., Sun, M., Wang, M., & Song, L. 2016. Ammonia exposure induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish & shellfish immunology, 54, 523-528.
Lightner, D. V. 1988. Diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp and prawns. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (Netherlands).
Lightner, D. V. 1988. Vibrio disease of penaeid shrimp. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (Netherlands).
Lightner, D. V., & Redman, R. M. 1998. Shrimp diseases and current diagnostic methods. Aquaculture, 164(1), 201-220.
Lightner, D. V., Redman, R. M., Arce, S., & Moss, S. M. 2009. Specific pathogen-free shrimp stocks in shrimp farming facilities as a novel method for disease control in crustaceans. Shellfish safety and quality, 384-424.
Lightner, D. V., & Redman, R. M. 2010. The global status of significant infectious diseases of farmed shrimp. Asian Fisheries Science, 23(4), 383-426.
Lin, C. Y., Hu, K. Y., Ho, S. H., & Song, Y. L. 2006. Cloning and characterization of a shrimp clip domain serine protease homolog (c-SPH) as a cell adhesion molecule. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 30(12), 1132-1144.
Lio-Po, G. D., Leaño, E. M., Peñaranda, M. M. D., Villa-Franco, A. U., Sombito, C. D., & Guanzon, N. G. 2005. Anti-luminous Vibrio factors associated with the ‘green water’ grow-out culture of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 250(1), 1-7.
Liu, C. H., & Chen, J. C. 2004. Effect of ammonia on the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 16(3), 321-334.
Mahasneh, I. H. S. A. N., Jamal, M., Kashashneh, M., & Zibdeh, M. 1994. Antibiotic activity of marine algae against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria. Microbios, 83(334), 23-26.
Mani, M., & Ramasamy, R. 2011. Evaluation of nutritional parameters and carotenoid pigment from Penaeus monodon of zoea - PL 20 stages fed with live algal diet and Artemia enriched algal diet. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 3(8).
Mattio, L., Payri, C. E., & Verlaque, M. 2009. Taxonomic revision and geographic distribution of the subgenus Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in the western and central Pacific islands based on morphological and molecular analyses. Journal of Phycology, 45(5), 1213-1227.
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. 2015. Algae as production systems of bioactive compounds. Engineering in Life Sciences, 15(2), 160-176.
Monroig, O., Navarro, J. C., Amat, F., González, P., Bermejo, A., & Hontoria, F. 2006. Enrichment of Artemia nauplii in essential fatty acids with different types of liposomes and their use in the rearing of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture, 251(2), 491-508.
Muller-Feuga, A. 2000. The role of microalgae in aquaculture: situation and trends. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12(3-5), 527-534.
Muñoz, M., Cedeño, R., Rodriguez, J., van der Knaap, W. P. W., Mialhe, E. & Bachère, E. 2000a. Measurement of reactive oxygen intermediate production in haemocyte of the penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 191, 89-107.
Narciso, L., Pousão‐Ferreira, P., Passos, A., & Luis, O. 1999. HUFA content and DHA/EPA improvements of Artemia sp. with commercial oils during different enrichment periods. Aquaculture Research, 30(1), 21-24
Niu, J., Chen, X., Lu, X., Jiang, S. G., Lin, H. Z., Liu, Y. J., Huang, Z., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Tian, L. X. 2015. Effects of different levels of dietary wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) on growth, immunity and intestinal structure of juvenile Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 435, 78-85.
Nogueira-Lima, A. C., Gesteira, T. C. V., Mafezoli, J. 2006. Oxytetracycline residues in cultivated marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) (Crustacea, Decapoda) submitted to antibiotic treatment. Aquaculture, 254, 748-757.
Nonwachai, T., Purivirojkul, W., Limsuwan, C., Chuchird, N., Velasco, M., & Dhar, A. K. 2010. Growth, nonspecific immune characteristics, and survival upon challenge with Vibrio harveyi in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) raised on diets containing algal meal. Fish & shellfish immunology, 29(2), 298-304.
Nour, K. A. M., Mansour, N. T. S., & Abd El-Hakim, W. M. 2010. Influence of foliar spray with seaweed extracts on growth, setting and yield of tomato during summer season. J. Plant Production, Mansoura University, 1(7), 961-976.
Nuñez, M., Lodeiros, C., De Donato, M., & Graziani, C. 2000. Evaluation of microalgae diets for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae using a simple protocol. Aquaculture International, 10(3), 177-187.
Oanh, D. T. H., Hoa, T. T. T., & Phuong, N. T. 2001. Characterization and pathogenicity studies on vibrio bacteria isolated from freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) hatcheries. In Proceeding of the 2000 annual workshop of Jircas Mekong Delta Project. November.
Oki, T., Masuda, M., Furuta, S., Nishiba, Y., Terahara, N., & Suda, I. 2002. Involvement of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds in radical‐scavenging activity of purple‐fleshed sweet potato cultivars. Journal of Food Science, 67(5), 1752-1756.
Ostrensky, A., & Wasielesky, W. 1995. Acute toxicity of ammonia to various life stages of the São Paulo shrimp, Penaeus paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967. Aquaculture, 132(3), 339-347.
Otero, A., García, D., & Fábregas, J. 1997. Factors controlling eicosapentaenoic acid production in semicontinuous cultures of marine microalgae. Journal of applied phycology, 9(5), 465-469.
Palma, J., Bureau, D. P., & Andrade, J. P. 2011. Effect of different Artemia enrichments and feeding protocol for rearing juvenile long snout seahorse, Hippocampus guttulatus. Aquaculture, 318(3), 439-443.
Panda, D., Pramanik, K., & Nayak, B. R. 2012. Use of sea weed extracts as plant growth regulators for sustainable agriculture. Int. J. Biores. Stress Manage, 3(3), 404-411.
Pesando, D., & Caram, B. 1984. Screening of marine algae from the French Mediterranean coast for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Botanica marina, 27(8), 381-386.
Pulz, O., & Gross, W. 2004. Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 65(6), 635-648.
Rathore, S. S., Chaudhary, D. R., Boricha, G. N., Ghosh, A., Bhatt, B. P., Zodape, S. T., & Patolia, J. S. 2009. Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions. South African Journal of Botany, 75(2), 351-355.
Rattanama, P., Srinitiwarawong, K., Thompson, J. R., Pomwised, R., Supamattaya, K., & Vuddhakul, V. 2009. Shrimp pathogenicity, hemolysis, and the presence of hemolysin and TTSS genes in Vibrio harveyi isolated from Thailand. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 86(2), 113-122.
Reed, L. J., & Muench, H. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints 1 2. American journal of epidemiology, 27(3), 493-497.
Rees, J. F., Curé, K., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., Sorgeloos, P., & Menasveta, P. 1994. Highly unsaturated fatty acid requirements of Penaeus monodon postlarvae: an experimental approach based on Artemia enrichment. Aquaculture, 122(2), 193-207.
Richmond, A., Lichtenberg, E., Stahl, B., & Vonshak, A. 1990. Quantitative assessment of the major limitations on productivity of Spirulina platensis in open raceways. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2(3), 195-206.
Robak, J., & Gryglewski, R. J. 1988. Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochemical pharmacology, 37(5), 837-841.
Roch, P. 1999. Defense mechanisms and disease prevention in farmed marine invertebrates. Aquaculture, 172(1), 125-145.
Sachithananthan, K., & Sivapalan, A. 1975. Antibacterial properties of some marine algae of Sri Lanka. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Station, Sri Lanka, 26(1-2), 5-9.
Saraswati, E., Prajitno, A., Yanuhar, U., & Abadi, A. L. 2013. Administration of hot water extract diatomae Caetoceros ceratosporum via injection enhances the immune resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against infectious myonecrosis virus. Aquatic Science and Technology, 1(2), 95-107.
Sarhan, T. Z., Ali, S. T., & Rasheed, S. M. 2011. Effect of bread yeast application and seaweed extract on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plant growth, yield and fruit quality. Mesopotamia J. Agric, 39(2), 26-34.
Seale, A. 1933. The brine shrimp (Artemia) as a satisfactory live food for fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 63(1), 129-130.
Seoka, M., Kurata, M., & Kumai, H. 2007. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in Artemia on growth of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis larvae. Aquaculture, 270(1), 193-199.
Seraspe, E. B., Ticar, B. F., Formacion, M. J., Pahila, I. G., de la Peña, M. R., & Amar, E. C. 2012. Antibacterial properties of the microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans. Asian Fisheries Science, 25(4), 343-356.
Seraspe, E. B., Gabotero, S., Milagros, R., Pahila, I. G., & Amar, E. C. 2014. Evaluation of dietary freeze-dried Chaetoceros calcitrans supplementation to control Vibrio harveyi infection on Penaeus monodon juvenile. Aquaculture, 432, 212-216.
Shalaby, T. A., & El-Ramady, H. 2014. Effect of foliar application of bio-stimulants on growth, yield, components, and storability of garlic (Allium sativum.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 8(2), 271.
Shanab, S. M. M., Mostafa S. S. M., Shalaby, E. A & Mahmoud, G. I. 2012. Aqueous extracts of microalgae exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2, 608-615.
Shao, P., Chen, X., & Sun, P. 2014. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antitumor activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum horneri. Carbohydrate Polymers, 105, 260-269.
Shin, H. C., Hwang, H. J., Kang, K. J., & Lee, B. H. 2006. An antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent for potential treatment of osteoarthritis from Ecklonia cava. Archives of pharmacal research, 29(2), 165-171.
Siddhanta, A. K., Mody, K. H., Ramavat, B. K., Chauhan, V. D., Garg, H. S., Goel, A. K., Doss, M. J., Srivastava, M. N., Patnaik, G. K., & Kamboj, V. P. 1997. Bioactivity of marine organisms: Part VIII-Screening of some marine flora of western coast of India. Indian journal of experimental biology, 35(6), 638-643.
Sivagnanavelmurugan, M., Karthik Ramnath, G., Jude Thaddaeus, B., Palavesam, A., & Immanuel, G. 2015. Effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan on growth and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon post‐larvae. Aquaculture nutrition, 21(6), 960-969.
Sivagnanavelmurugan, M., Thaddaeus, B. J., Palavesam, A., & Immanuel, G. 2014. Dietary effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan to enhance growth, prophenoloxidase gene expression of Penaeus monodon and immune resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 39(2), 439-449.
Skjermo, J., Størseth, T. R., Hansen, K., Handa, A., & Øie, G. 2006. Evaluation of β-(1→3, 1→6)-glucans and High-M alginate used as immunostimulatory dietary supplement during first feeding and weaning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquaculture, 261(3), 1088-1101.
Söderhäll, K. & Cerenius, L. 1992. Crustacean immunity. Annual Review in Fish Diseases, 2, 3-23.
Soleymani, F., Sayed, H., Ibrahim, M. M., Naghavi, F., Redzuan, M. R., Abdelrahman, R. S., Lotfy, M. E., Mubarak, R., & Ali, Z. H. 2012. Effect of seaweed extract and compost treatments on growth, yield and quality of snap Bean. Journal of American Science, 8(6).
Solorzano, Y., Viana, M. T., López, L. M., Correa, J. G., True, C. C., & Rosas, C. 2009. Response of newly hatched Octopus bimaculoides fed enriched Artemia salina: growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content. Aquaculture, 289(1), 84-90.
Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P., & Candreva, P. 2001. Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture, 200(1), 147-159.
Su, H., Su, M. & Liao, I. C. 1997. Collection and culture of live foods for aquaculture in Taiwan. Hydrobiologia, 358, 37-40.
Supamattaya, K., Kiriratnikom, S., Boonyaratpalin, M. & Borowizka, L. 2005. Effect of a Dunaliella extract on growth performance, health condition, immune response and disease resistance in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture, 248, 207-216.
Sprague, J. B. 1971. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish-III: Sublethal effects and “safe” concentrations. Water Research, 5(6), 245-266.
Tseng, D. Y., Ho, P. L., Huang, S. Y., Cheng, S. C., Shiu, Y. L., Chiu, C. S. & Liu, C. H., 2009. Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 26, 339-344.
Tu, H. T, Silvestre, F., Bernard, A., Douny, C., Phuong, N. T., Tao, C. T., Maghuin-Rogister, G., Kestemont, P. 2008. Oxidative stress response of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) to enrofloxacin and to culture system. Aquaculture, 285, 244-248.
Valli Nachiyar V., & Renugadevi K. 2015. Bio-prospecting microalgae for value added products. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(3), 893-900.
Vargas-Albores, F., Jiménez-Vega, F., & Söderhäll, K. 1996. A plasma protein isolated from brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) which enhances the activation of prophenoloxidase system by β-1,3-glucan. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 20(5), 299-306.
Vargas-Albores, F., & Yepiz-Plascencia, G. 2000. Beta glucan binding protein and its role in shrimp immune response. Aquaculture, 191(1), 13-21.
Vidanarachchi, J. K., Iji, P. A., Mikkelsen, L. L., Sims, I., & Choct, M. 2009. Isolation and characterization of water-soluble prebiotic compounds from Australian and New Zealand plants. Carbohydrate polymers, 77(3), 670-676.
Viso, A. C., Pesando, D., & Baby, C. 1987. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of some marine diatoms in culture. Botanica Marina, 30(1), 41-46.
Vlachos, V., Critchley, A. T., & Von Holy, A. 1997. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from selected Southern African marine macroalgae. South African Journal of Science, 93, 328-332.
Wickins, J. F. 1972. The food value of brine shrimp, Artemia salina L., to larvae of the prawn, Palaemon serratus Pennant. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 10(2), 151-170.
Woods, C. M. 2003. Effects of varying Artemia enrichment on growth and survival of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis. Aquaculture, 220(1), 537-548.
Wyban, J., & Sweeney, J. N. 1991. Intensive shrimp production technology: the Oceanic Institute shrimp manual. The Institute.
Yamaguchi, K. 1996. Recent advances in microalgal bioscience in Japan, with special reference to utilization of biomass and metabolites: a review. Journal of applied phycology, 8(6), 487-502.
Yao, O. 2003. One Chinese medicine cures one illness. Linkingbooks, Taipei, 128-129.
Yeh, S. T., Lee, C. S., & Chen, J. C. 2006. Administration of hot-water extract of brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum via immersion and injection enhances the immune resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & shellfish immunology, 20(3), 332-345.
Yen, G. C., & Chen, H. Y. 1995. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(1), 27-32.
Zahra K., Reza D., Reza G. V. and Hamidreza N. 2013. Survival, development and growth of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei zoea fed with monoalgae (Chaetoceros and Tetraselmis) diets. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5(5), 553-555.
Zodape, S. T., Mukhopadhyay, S., Eswaran, K., Reddy, M. P., & Chikara, J. 2010. Enhanced yield and nutritional quality in green gram (Phaseolus radiata L) treated with seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) extract. 69, 468-471.