臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著工業化的發展與環境污染，環境中潛在的有毒重金屬(如鉛、鎘、汞等金屬元素)藉由工業廢水排放、事業廢棄物棄置及掩埋、廢氣排放及農業資材的不當使用等方式逸散至水體、土壤中，這些有毒重金屬在環境中移動性小，殘留性高，易累積於環境當中。各類重金屬對健康造成的影響各有不同，民眾可能透過接觸受污染的食物或透過生物濃縮作用或生物放大作用後，經由食物鏈直接攝取而受到重金屬的暴露。
本研究食品中重金屬鉛、鎘以感應耦合電漿質譜分析儀 (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)進行分析，食物樣本來自台灣七大空氣品區，共收集1939件市售食品，種類包含肉類400件、內臟100件、蛋類180件、雜糧類453件、水產動物類239件、乳品類209件、食用油脂類203件、嬰兒食品類155件，以完成重金屬鉛、鎘濃度分析。
各類食品中鉛檢出濃度平均值最高為水產動物類(0.035μg/g，濃度範圍為N.D-1.017μg/g)，其次為嬰兒食品類＞雜糧類＞乳品類＞肉類，最低則為蛋類；鎘濃度以水產動物類最高(0.219 μg/g，濃度範圍為N.D.-5.98 μg/g)，其次為雜糧類＞內臟類＞嬰兒食品類，最低則為蛋類。
以CODEX訂定之各類食品管制標準下，肉類鉛超出率為4.3% (17/400件)，內臟類鉛超出率為0% (0/200件)，雜糧類鉛超出率為2.6% (12/453件)、鎘超出率為8.3% (38/453件)，水產動物類鎘超出率為1.7% (4/239件)，乳品類鉛超出率為33.9% (51/209件)，嬰兒食品鉛超出率為0% (0/155件)。
以食品藥物管理署訂定之各類食品管制標準下，蛋類鉛超出率為0% (0/180件)，雜糧類鎘超出率為1.7% (8/453件)，水產動物類鉛超出率為0.4% (1/239件)、鎘超出率為1.7% (4/239件)，嬰兒食品鉛超出率為0% (0/155件)。
本研究致癌性物質為鉛、鎘，其中鎘只有吸入之致癌資料，無食入致癌風險，故僅估算非致癌風險。由各大類食品中鉛含量經蒙地卡羅模擬後之中位數值所估算之總致癌風險為1.02×10-6，平均濃度估算之總致癌風險為3.46×10-6，第95百分位數濃度估算之總致癌風險為1.34×10-5，不同區域及年齡層之致癌風險推估結果顯示鉛致癌風險最高為高屏地區(3.58×10-6)，北部地區(3.43×10-6)次之，竹苗地區(1.65×10-6)之鉛致癌風險為最低。
以第95百分位數濃度估算鉛及鎘之非致癌風險(FAO每週攝取容許量及慢性暴露參考劑量兩種方式)，各年齡層之總非致癌風險值均高於1，顯示有超過5%的民眾會因飲食中鉛及鎘之暴露而產生健康風險。

Accompany with the industry development and the increasing of environmental pollutants, the potential toxic metals (e.g. lead, cadmium and mercury) have been released into water, soil by air dispersion, wasted water, disposal of industrial wastes and overuse of agricultural purposes. Due to the heavy metals are less mobility and high residual in environment, they can accumulate in environmental easily. Therefore, people may expose to heavy metals by ingestion of contaminant food after the bio-concentration or bioaccumulation.
Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the background levels ofPb and Cd in Taiwan foods. The levels of Pb and Cd are measured by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (ICP-MS). This year, 1939 foodstuffs have been collected in the present study for metals analysis from 7 air pollution areas in Taiwan, the food item as the list: 400 for meats, 100 for viscera, 180 for eggs, 453 for grains, 239for fish and fishery products, 209for dairy products, 203for oil products, 155for babyfood.
The highest Pb level are found in fish and fishery(the average level: 0.035μg/g, range: N.D-1.017μg/g), the following are baby food＞grains＞dairy＞meats, and the lowest are found in eggs products; the highest Cd level are found in fish and fishery products (the average level: 0.219 μg/g, range: N.D.-5.98μg/g). The following are grains＞viscera＞baby food, and the lowest are found in eggs.
The detectable rate in each food items are as the list: in meats, for Pb, 4.3% are over Codex suggestion (0.1 μg/g); in grains, 0.2% are over Codex suggestion (0.2 μg/g) and 0.2% are over Taiwan limited (0.2 μg/g). For Pb, all of baby food under 1 year are all less than Taiwan limited (0.02 μg/g). For Cd level, in shellfish, 3.3% are over Taiwan limited (2 μg/g).
Pb and Cd are carcinogens, but there is no oral slope factor for calculating the cancer risk assessment for Cd ingestion. Therefore, only non-cancer risk assessment are processed in the current program. According to the above 1939 analyzed data, the estimated cancer risk and Hazard Index (HI) of Pb from foodstuffs consumption for Taiwanese by age groups have been completed. The results showed that cancer risk are 1.02×10-6.Thehighestcancer risk in different area is in Kaung-Ping (3.58×10-6) and in Northern regions(3.43×10-6), and the lowest is in Chu-Mia(1.65×10-6).
The HI calculation based on FAO suggestion and chronic reference dose (RfD) for Pb and Cd all over 1 for each age group. The data indicated that over 5 % of Taiwan population posed health risk via dietary intake containing Pb and Cd contaminants.

摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 IX
第一章緒論 1
1-1研究背景 1
1-2研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2-1重金屬之毒性危害 3
2-2 國際食品重金屬含量調查 4
2-3 台灣食品中重金屬含量調查結果 12
2-4 國際及國內食品中重金屬濃度規範 18
2-5 台灣地區重金屬污染事件 28
2-6 有關食品重金屬之健康風險評估結果 30
第三章研究架構與方法 34
3-1研究架構 34
3-2食品採樣 35
3-2.1樣品代表性 35
3-2.2採樣策略 36
3-3食品中重金屬之分析 38
3-3.1 分析所需藥品、儀器設備 38
3-3.2食物樣品之鉛、鎘分析 38
3-3.3品保與品管(QA/QC) 42
3-3.4檢測儀器各項管制指標查核制度 44
3-3.5濃度定量方式 45
3-4國人食品攝取健康風險評估 46
3-4.1 危害確認 47
3-4.2 劑量效應評估 47
3-4.3 暴露量評估 48
3-4.4 風險特徵描述 50
第四章結果與討論 51
4-1 各類食品重金屬檢出率及超標率 51
4-2 各類食品重金屬分布 53
4-3不同地區肉類、內臟類、蛋類、水產動物類重金屬 60
4-4食品攝取健康風險評估 63
4-4.1 危害確認 63
4-4.2 劑量效應評估 64
4-4.3 暴露量評估 65
4-4.4 風險特徵描述 75
第五章結論與建議 83
5-1結論 83
5-2 建議 84
參考文獻 85

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