臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

建築物是最大的能源消耗者，特別是在建築的運營維護階段，建築能耗約占80%-90%。許多研究都表明，綠屋頂能夠改善都市的熱島效應，節約建築耗能，減少雨水洪峰，美化環境。在能源緊缺的今天，綠屋頂的節能效益尤其受到眾多學者的重視。歐美、日本等國都在積極的推動綠屋頂，臺灣也越來越重視綠屋頂的建置，多地政府包括臺北、新北、高雄都在立法推行綠屋頂，對中國大陸來說，綠屋頂的節能效果並沒有受到過多的重視，多數都是推薦性的配備。在不考慮其他的效益上,僅考慮綠屋頂的節能部分，綠屋頂的覆土具體能夠起到多大的溫度影響效果，從而間接得到綠屋頂的節能效益，是本研究需要厘清的重要問題。
本研究通過在福建武夷山地區建立實驗屋，並在實驗屋上建置不同土層厚度的薄層綠屋頂，探討在閩北地區冬天氣候環境下，不同厚度及含水率的薄層式綠屋頂覆土對建築的溫度影響效果，並對綠屋頂建設之節能效果進行研究。研究通過實驗收集到2016年12月13號18時至2017年2月13號8時的環境變數和土壤變數，以環境變數和土壤變數作為引數，屋頂外表面貼片溫度作為因變數建立綠屋頂溫度變化的溫度影響模型。
在建模中，本研究應用多層線性分析方法建立影響綠屋頂外表面溫度的線性模型，另外通過類神經網路，分類廻歸樹演算法，支持向量機，等方法建立綠屋頂影響屋頂表面溫度的非線性模型，探討適合閩北氣候條件的綠屋頂建置的最佳覆土厚度及最佳含水率。研究表明，在線性模型中，多層線性模型能夠較為準確的進行綠屋頂建置的溫度預測，在非線性模型的比較中，類神經網路能夠較好的訓練及預測。計算結果分析中，以福建武夷山的氣候環境來看，在可以控制的變數中，土層厚度及含水率在冬天溫度影響效果最佳的組合為20cm，為了保證綠屋頂植物生長的需要，含水率應優先以土壤所測得的田間持水量的70%來確定。為具體分析綠屋頂對室內的溫度影響效果，研究用有限元分析軟體ANSYS對實驗屋進行模擬，以2017年1月22號為例，探討綠屋頂覆土對室內溫度的影響以及綠屋頂對不同屋頂保溫隔熱條件下的溫度影響。研究表明，綠屋頂覆土以後，可以使得空調耗能降低約4.55%。另外，綠屋頂的溫度影響效果與屋頂本身的保溫隔熱能力關係較大，當屋頂本身保溫隔熱能力較差時，綠屋頂可以起到較好的保溫隔熱效果，但是如果建築本身的保溫隔熱較好時，綠屋頂的建置對室內的溫度影響很小，另外，研究也發現，綠屋頂的溫度調節也和當地的氣候有關，當建築所處的位置位於冬季較寒冷的地區時，綠屋頂的建置在冬天會讓室內平均溫度降低。
業主或設計師關心的是節能技術的投入能夠獲取好的回報，因此希望能在設計階段優化方案以保證其良好的成本效益。本研究旨在建立綠屋頂溫度影響分析的一種研究方法，通過建立模型的方式讓綠屋頂建置的節能效果能夠量化，直觀的為業主或設計師的決策提供依據。

Building is the largest energy consumer, particularly during the stage of operation and maintenance. Energy consumption of building accounts for 80% to 90% of total energy consumption approximately. According to many researches, green roof is able to improve heat island effect in urban area, save building energy consumption and decrease flood peak as well as beautify environment. Nowadays, with current status of energy deficiency, more and more scholars attached particular importance to energy-saving effect of green roof. Especially in Japan, America and European nations, the green roof was positively promoted. Meanwhile in Taiwan the green roof construction was highly noticed. Governments including Taipei City, New Taipei City and Kaohsiung City were legislating to implement green roof. While in Mainland China, energy-saving effect of green roof was not paid much attention. Green roof were recommendations in many cases. It’s a key issue of this article to clear up that what’s the role of soil of green roof played in affecting temperature, and thus energy-saving benefit is achieved indirectly if considering energy saving of green roof only rather than other benefits.
In this study, three experimental houses were built at Wuyishan City in Fujian Province. The temperature affection analysis of thin green roof with different soil thickness and moisture content is discussed. On the other hand, this paper studied the energy-saving benefit and optimization of green roof construction. Based on experiment, the environment and soil variables dated from 13th, Dec 2016 to 13th, Feb 2017 was collected. Also, a temperature influence model regarding temperature change of green roof was built by setting environment and soil variables as independent variable and chip surface temperature of green roof as dependent variable.
In the modeling, the linear model which affects outer surface temperature of green roof was established base on hierarchical linear analysis method. At the same time, ANNS, CART, SVM were used to establish the nonlinear model to evaluate the effect of external surface temperature of green roof. Thus, the optimum thickness and moisture of soil built for green roof was explored in climate condition of northern Fujian. The results showed that, in the linear model, the Multilayer linear model can predict the temperature of the green roof more accurately. In comparison with the nonlinear model, ANNS can be better trained and predicted. In analysis of computing result, seen from climate environment of Wuyishan, Fujian, among the controlled variable, 20cm thickness of soil is the best combination. Moreover, 70% of Field Moisture Capacity should be given priority to the measured soil water holding in order to ensure the need of green roof plants. In order to analyze the effect of green roof on indoor energy saving, the finite element analysis software ANSYS was used to simulate the experimental roofs. The energy saving effect of green roof with soil set on indoor temperature and different roof insulation was discussed by using 22nd Jan 2017 as an example. Study has shown that the energy consumption of the air-conditioning can be reduced by about 4.55% when the green roof soil is set. The study also showed that the energy-saving effect of green roofs has much relation with thermal insulation capacity of the roof. Green roofs provide better insulation when the roof has poor heat insulation ability. The green roof has little impact on the indoor temperature if the building has better thermal insulation. The study also found that the temperature regulation of the green roof was also related to the local climate. The green roof would reduce the average indoor temperature in winter when the building was located in a cold winter region.
It is concerned to gain benefit by input of energy saving techniques, so owner or designer hope to optimizing design scheme during design phase so as to guarantee favorable cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to establish an analysis method for temperature influence of green roof, energy efficiency of green roof establishment can be quantified by modeling, thus provide basis for the owners in making decisions.

口試委員會審定書 i
誌 謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract v
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景及動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3研究範圍與限制 2
1.4 研究方法與流程 3
1.4.1研究方法 3
1.4.2 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2. 1綠屋頂節能效益研究 5
2. 2綠屋頂能耗模擬研究 6
2. 3綠屋頂成本效益研究 7
2. 4 節能廻歸模型研究 9
第三章 綠屋頂覆土實驗 10
3.1實驗選址 10
3.2實驗屋相關資訊 11
3.3數據範圍及所采設備儀器 12
3.4實驗準備 13
3.4.1對比數據差異性檢驗 13
3.4.2土壤實驗檢測 15
第四章 綠屋頂覆土對屋頂外表面溫度影響研究 19
4.1線性建模 22
4.1.1 1號、3號實驗屋屋頂外表面溫度影響之多層線性模型 22
4.1.2 模型檢驗与分析 27
4.1.3 2號實驗屋屋頂外表面溫度影響之線性模型 33
4.2非線性建模 35
4.2.1 1號、3號實驗屋屋頂外表面溫度影響之非線性模型 36
4.2.2三種演算法介紹 39
4.2.3三種演算法預測比較 40
4.2.4 2號實驗屋屋頂外表面溫度影響之非線性模型 42
4.2.5 實驗屋屋頂外表面溫度影響之類神經網絡模型 43
4.3 較佳土層厚度及含水率探討 43
4.3.1預測模型建立 44
4.3.2 不同組合平均溫度計算 47
4.4 覆土對屋頂外表面溫度影響小結 52
第五章 覆土對室內溫度影響分析 54
5.1 溫度影響研究流程 54
5.2 三維建模 55
5.2.1 ANSYS軟體 55
5.2.2 模型假設 55
5.3 模型設置 56
5.3.1傳熱方式及求解器設置 56
5.3.2熱邊界條件設置 57
5.3.3求解器控制參數設置 58
5.3.4模型結果比較 62
5.4 模型檢驗 63
5.4.1網格無關性檢驗 64
5.4.2 不確定度檢驗 65
5.4.3 材料參數檢驗 67
5.5 覆土對室內溫度影響計算 69
5.5.1 類神經網路預測屋頂覆土後外表面溫度 69
5.5.2 Fluent計算覆土前後室內溫度 69
5.6 覆土對不同屋頂的影響探討 73
5.7 覆土對室內溫度影響小結 78
第六章 結論與建議 79
6.1 結論 79
6.2 建議 80
參考文獻 81

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二、中文部分
1.蘇榮宗，屋頂植草覆土層熱效應之研究，國立高雄大學，2008
2.林育樹，綠屋頂改善對用電影響之研究，國立台灣大學，2014
3.魏湘鈴，辦公建築採綠建築策略之節能效益與ENVLOAD指標評估研究， 台灣大學，2014
4.鄭雅文，以數值模擬及實驗驗證建築物不同形式之立體綠化效應，台灣大學，2013
5.葉彥宏，城市綠屋頂成本效益分析，國立交通大學，2012
6.鄭維祐，綠屋頂生命週期與節能效益評估，國立交通大學，2012
7.曹勇等，以辦公建築實際能耗為依據的能耗基準方法，中南大學學報（自然科學版），2012.4：175-179
8.屋頂綠化技術手冊，內政部建築研究所，2015
9.薛薇，陳歡歌 SPSS Modeler數據採擷方法及應用，電子工業出版社，2014.1
10.季娜，城市热岛效应及其减缓策略研究，河北科技大学, 2014.
11.陳秦怡，萬金慶，范穎，王國強，室內溫度變化對空調能耗的影響，製冷與空調 (四川), 2008.3：107-109.
三、網站
1.百度百科：
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=qZGNnxv8x_FVn25N-XUyWkxM62vPmz3ufZYNuWZFIDjOQRz4p66Npsb1HsCpnz9ARGqFbxye3lxpDBN4UvKSMLG4SojhtLxZTbF3Wg9GA5nA4j8wJb-z5KopMUOuhby79kcC9dg0d2QC18jbAJMWbq
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Cq5AxWMlD3T94NWAuR2ipKtRewrnXGYoBD6kv8-pIFTpi53FU03NfcVOjxq16Txbo0OJcoQ1fIeffLNXl3M9La
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=vWIMxRxpdlH4Zlz5S4Ucid-XLFHYxg4XyYQqZ47MYUEqtS40p5J1TGVXVNB1JO1vxNZbYrDDIKUpOTkszxx9Xa
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=qKoZUmAOsDDh0YmbZTciqLA56E_TMIsi05HAdxLVwjaQlbrUMICJ8CDAB8MLpg33mPwbFN9lc3n3S-8FM7yHMK
2. 經濟部能源局http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ecw/populace/content/Content.aspx?menu_id=460