臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

番石榴是台灣重要的經濟果樹之一。除了果實，其葉片富含抗氧化物質，具有預防退化性疾病的潛力。本研究的目的在了解乾燥溫度和時間對番石榴葉幼葉與成熟葉的總酚含量和抗氧化能力的影響，也探討基因型間總酚含量、抗氧化力和α-澱粉酶抑制率的變異。共分析了36個基因型，包括6個栽培種、5個引進或收集的品種(品系)、23個育種品系以及2個近緣種。結果顯示，在40℃下乾燥48小時幼葉通常在所有處理中具有最高的總酚含量和抗氧化能力，而在40℃的這些結果和處理與50℃乾燥12小時無顯著差異。葉片以50℃乾燥12小時，發現基因型間總酚含量、FRAP、DPPH清除力和α-澱粉酶抑制活性皆有顯著差異，而幼葉的總酚含量和抗氧化力優於成熟葉。基因型間幼葉的總酚含量、FRAP、DPPH清除能力和α-澱粉酶抑制率範圍分別為197.89至94.52 mg GAE / g、34.42至9.78 g Vitamin C / g、45.62至13.52 g Trolox / g和79.0％至13.7％。不論葉齡為何，總酚含量與FRAP和DPPH清除能力兩者均有高度顯著相關。從所分析的基因型中可篩選出總酚含量、抗氧化力和α-澱粉酶抑制率比常見的栽培種好的基因型，其可用於育種改良或保健產品的開發。

Guava is one of the important economic fruit trees in Taiwan. In addition to its fruits, its leaves are rich in antioxidant components and have the potential for the prevention of degenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to understand the effects of drying temperature and duration on the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of guava leaves at young and mature stages. The variations of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and α-amylase inhibitory rate among genotypes were also investigated. In total, 36 genotypes were evaluated including six cultivars, five introduced or collected cultivars (line), 23 breeding lines and two related species. The results showed that drying young leaves at 40°C for 48 hours generally had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity among treatments. However, no significant difference was found between treatments at 40°C and at 50°C for 12 hours. When drying leaves at 50°C for 12 hours, it was found that there were significant variations in total phenolic content, FRAP, DPPH radical-scavenging power and α-amylase inhibitory activity among genotypes. Young leaves were better than mature leaves in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content, FRAP, DPPH scavenging power and α-amylase inhibition rate of the young leaves of the genotypes ranged from 197.89 to 94.52 mg GAE/g, 34.42 to 9.78 g Vitamin C/g, 45.62 to 13.52 g Trolox/g and 79.0% to 13.7%, respectively. Regardless of the leaf ages, total phenolic content is highly significantly correlated with both FRAP and DPPH scavenging power. Genotypes show better quality than the commonly grown cultivars in total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and α-amylase inhibition rate have been selected. They can be used for further breeding or healthy product development.

目錄

摘要 I
Abstract II
謝誌 IV
目錄 V
圖表目錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、前人研究 2
一、番石榴 2
(一)番石榴的簡介 2
(二)種類及特性 3
1. 泰國拔 3
2. 世紀拔 3
3. 梨仔拔 3
4. 西瓜拔 3
5. 珍珠拔 4
6. 草莓番石榴(P. cattleianum) 4
7. P. friedrichsthalianum 4
(三)番石榴的功效 4
1. 抗氧化性 4
2. 抗糖尿病與降血糖 5
3.抗菌 6
4.抗腹瀉 6
二、影響抗氧化力的因子 7
(一)品種 7
(二)部位 8
(三)葉齡 9
(四)萃取方式 9
三、澱粉酶(E.C.3.2.1.1) 10
(一) 介紹與分類 10
(二)澱粉酶與糖尿病的關係 10
參、材料與方法 13
一、植物材料 13
二、葉片乾燥與萃取 13
三、總酚含量分析 13
(一)試驗藥劑 13
(二)藥劑配製 14
(三)分析流程 14
四、FRAP 14
(一)試驗藥品 14
(二)藥品配製 14
(三)分析流程 15
五、DPPH清除力 15
(一)試驗藥品 15
(二)藥品配製 15
(三)分析流程 15
六、α-amylase抑制能力測定16
(一)試驗藥品 16
(二)藥品配置 16
(三)分析流程 16
七、統計分析 17
肆、結果 18
一、乾燥溫度與時間對番石榴葉片總酚含量與抗氧化能力的影響 18
二、基因型間幼葉與成熟葉總酚含量與抗氧化力的變異 18
三、幼葉與成熟葉之間總酚含量與抗氧化力的相關性 20
四、果實與葉片之間總酚含量與FRAP的相關性 20
五、基因型間幼葉的澱粉酶抑制率的變異以及其與總酚含量和抗氧化力的相關性 20
伍、討論 22
一、乾燥溫度與時間對總酚含量與抗氧化能力的影響 22
二、不同基因型與葉齡總酚含量與抗氧化能力的差異 22
三、番石榴葉的總酚含量、FRAP與DPPH清除力間的相關性 23
四、果實與葉片間總酚含量與FRAP的相關性 23
五、基因型間幼葉的澱粉酶抑制率 23
陸、結論 25
柒、參考文獻 39
作者簡介 47

柒、參考文獻
王誠之 (2002) 糖尿病。天下生活出版。
黃和炎、黃鵬戎 (1998) 番石榴栽培管理與合理化施肥。台南區農業專訊23:6-10。
黃明雅 (2010) 紅肉番石榴介紹。高雄區農業專訊71:12-13。
張哲嘉、林宗賢 (1998) 台灣番石榴生產之現況與改進。中國園藝 44: 116-124。
謝鴻業 (2000) 珍珠拔與水晶拔之特性與栽培管理。高雄區農業專訊31:16-17。
謝鴻業 (2005) 番石榴保護。植物保護系列 15:2-14。
謝鴻業 (2013) 台灣番石榴品種的發展趨勢。園藝之友160：15-19。
謝鴻業、陳幼光 (2013) 臺灣番石榴育種.臺灣果樹育種研討會專刊。國立屏東科技大學農園生產系編印p.37-48。
Ademiluyi, A.O., G. Oboh, O.B. Ogunsuyi, and F.M. Oloruntoba (2016) A comparative study on antihypertensive and antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from fruit and leaf of some guava (Psidiu guajava L.) varieties. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 25: 363-374.
Arima, H., and G. Danno (2002) Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L.). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66:727-1730.
Baere, D.H. (1999) Starch policy in the European community. Starch 51: 189-193.
Barbalho, S.M., F.M.V. Farinazzi-Machado, R.A. Goulart, A.C.S. Brunnati, A.M.M.B. Ottoboni, and C.C.T. Nicolau (2012) Psidium Guajava (guava): A plant of multipurpose medicinal applications. Med. Aromat. Plants 1:1-6.
Benzie, I.F.F., and J. J. Strain (1999) Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Method Enzymol. 299:15-27.
Bernfeld, P. (1955) Amylase α and β. Methods Enzymol. 1:149-158.
Beyhan, Ö., M. Elmastas, and F. Gedikli (2010) Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of leaf, dry fruit and fresh fruit of feijoa (Acca sellowiana, Myrtaceae). J. Med. Plant. Res. 4:1065-1072.
Chah, K.F., C.A. Eze, C.E. Emuelosi, and C.O. Esimone (2006) Antibacterial and wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some Nigerian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 104:164–167.
Chan, E.W.C., Y.Y. Lim, and Y.L. Chew (2007) Antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. Food Chem. 102:1214-1222.
Chan, E.W.C., Y.Y. Lim, K.L. Chong, J.B.L. Tan, and S.K. Wong (2010) Antioxidant properties of tropical and temperate herbal teas. J. Food compos. Anal. 23:185-189.
Chen, H.Y., and G.C. Yen (2007) Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Food Chem. 101:686-694.
Chen, G.L., X. Zhang , S.G. Chen, M.D. Han, and Y.Q. Gao (2017) Antioxidant activities and contents of free, esterified and insoluble-bound phenolics in 14 subtropical fruit leaves collected from the south of China. J Funct. Foods 30: 290-302.
Cuadrado-Silva, C.T., M.Á. Pozo-Bayón, and C. Osorio (2017) Targeted metabolomic analysis of polyphenols with antioxidant activity in sour guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum Nied.) Fruit. Mol. 22:1-10.
Delgado-Adámez, J., M.F. Fernández-Leon, B. Velardo-Micharet, and D. González-Gómez (2012) In vitro assays of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of aqueous leaf extracts from different Prunus salicina Lindl. cultivars. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50:2481-2486.
Deshpande, M.C., V. Venkateswarlu, R.K. Babu, and R.K. Trivedi (2009) Design and evaluation of oral bioadhesive controlled release formulations of miglitol, intended for prolonged inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidases and enhancement of plasma glucagon like peptide-1 levels. Int. J. Pharm. 380:16-24.
Dhiman, A., A. Nanda, S. Ahmadl, and B. Narasimhan (2011) In vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. J. Pharm. Bioall. Sci. 3:226-229.
Díaz-de-Cerio E., A.M. Gómez-Caravaca, V. Verardo, A. Fernández-Gutiérrez, and A. Segura-Carretero (2016) Determination of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf phenolic compounds using HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. J. Func. Foods 22: 376–388.
Djeridane A., M. Yousfi, B. Nadjemi, D. Boutassouna, P. Stocker, and N. Vidal (2006) Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 97:654-660.
Dutta, B.K., and T.K. Das (2000) In vitro study on antifungal property of common fruit plants. Biomedical 20:187-189.
Ehlenfeldt, M.K., and R.L. Prior (2001) Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of highbush blueberry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:2222-2227.
Eidenberger, T., M. Selg, and K. Krennhuber (2013) Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase activity by flavonol glycosides of guava (Psidium guajava L.): A key to the beneficial effects of guava in type II diabetes mellitus. Fitoterapia 89:74-79.
Elfalleh, W., H. Hannachi, N. Tlili, Y. Yahia, N. Nasri, and A. Ferchichi (2012) Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. J. Med. Plants Res. 6:4724-4730.
Fu, L., B.T. Xu, X.R. Xu, R.Y. Gan, Y. Zhang, EQ Xia, and H.B. Li (2011) Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 62 fruits. Food Chem. 129:345-350.
Goncalves, J.L., R.C. Lopes, D.B. Oliviera, S.S. Costa, M.M. Miranda, M.T. Romanos, N.S. Santos, and M.D. Wigg (2005) In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99:403–407.
Gutiérrez, R.M. P., S. Mitchell, and R.V. Solis (2008) Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 117:1-27.
Hemwimon, S., P. Pavasant, and A. Shotipruk (2007) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidative anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. Separ. Purif. Tech. 54:44-50.
Hirsh, A.J., S.Y. Yao, J.D. Young, and C.I. Cheeseman. (1997) Inhibition of glucose absorption in the rat jejunum: A novel action of alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitors. Gastroenterology 113: 205-211.
Huang, H.Y., C.K. Chang, T.K. Tso, J.J. Huang, W.W. Chang and Y.C. Tsai (2004) Antioxidant activities of various fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan. Int. J. food Sci. Nutr. 55:423-429.
Iqbal, S., U. Younas, Sirajuddin, K.W. Chan, R.A. Sarfraz, and M.K. Uddin (2012) Proximate composition and antioxidant potential of leaves from three varieties of mulberry (Morus sp.): a comparative study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13: 6651-6664.
Jacques, R.A., L.S. Freitas, V.F. Perez, C. Dariva, A.P. Oliveira, J.V.O. Oliveira and E.B. Caramao (2007) The use of ultrasound in the extraction of Ilex paraguariensis leaves: a comparison with maceration. Ultrason. Sonochem. 14:6-12
Jeong, C.H., Y.I. Bae, S.J. Park, S.K. Lee, and S.J. Hur (2012) Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from three cultivars of guava leaf. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 21:1557-1563.
Katalinic,V., S.S. Mozina, I. Generalic, D. Skroza, I. Ljubenkov, and A. Klancnik (2013) Phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from six Vitis vinifera L. varieties. Int. J. Food Properties 16: 45-60.
Katsube, T., Y. Tsurunaga, M. Sugiyama, T. Furuno, and Y. Yamasaki (2009) Effect of air-drying temperature on antioxidant capacity and stability of polyphenolic compounds in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Food Chem. 113: 964-969.
Leong, L.P., and G. Shui. (2002) An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem. 76:69-75.
Lim,Y.Y., T.T. Lim, and J.J. Tee (2007) Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: A comparative study. Food Chem. 103:1003-1008.
Mocan, A., G. Zengin, M. Simirgiotis, M. Schafberg, A. Mollica, D.C. Vodnar, G. Crişan, and S. Rohn (2017) Functional constituents of wild and cultivated goji (Lycium barbarum L.) leaves: phytochemical characterization, biological profile, and computational studies. J. Enz. Inhib. Med. Chem. 32:153-168.
Mohsen, S. M., and A. S. Ammar. 2009. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of corn tassel extracts. Food Chem. 112: 595-598.
Mukherjee, P.K., K. Maiti, K. Mukherjee, and P.J. Houghton (2006) Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. J. Ethnopharmacol. 106: 1-28.
Musa, K.H., A. Abdullah, K. Jusoh, and V. Subramanian (2011) Antioxidant activity of pink-flesh guava(Psidium guajava L.): Effect of extraction techniquesand solvents. Food Anal. Methods 4:100-107.
Nathan, D.M., J.B. Buse, M.B. Davidson, E. Ferrannini, R.R. Holman, R. Sherwin, and B. Zinman (2008) Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabetologia 51: 8-11.
Nantitanon, W., S. Yotsawimonwat, and S. Okonogi (2010) Factor influencing antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of guava leaf extract. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 43: 1095-1103.
Ndukui1, J.B., Murithi, H. Muwonge, L. Sembajwe and J. Kateregga (2013) Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic fruit extract of Psidium Guajava (Guava) in Castor oil induced diarrhea in albino rats. Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2: 191-197.
Nguyen, Q.V., S.L. Wang, and A.D. Nguyen (2018) In vitro α-amylase inhibition, and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effect of Psidium littorale Raddi leaf extract. Res. Chem. Intermed. 44: 1745-1753.
Nor Qhairul Izzreen, M.N., and A.B. Mohd Fadzelly (2013) Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of different parts of Camellia sinensis leaves from Sabah Tea Plantation in Sabah, Malaysia. Intern. Food Res. J. 20:307-312.
Oboh, G., A.O. Ademosun, M. Akinleye, O.S. Omojokun, A.A. Boligon, and M.L. Athayde (2015) Starch composition, glycemic indices, phenolic constituents, and antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of some common tropical fruits. J. Ethn. Foods. 2: 64-73.
Oha, W.K., C.H. Leea, M.S. Leea, E.Y. Baea, C.B. Sohnb, H. Oha, B.Y. Kima, and J.S. Ahn (2005) Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96: 411-415.
Pereira, E.S., J. Vinholesa, R.C. Franzona, G. Dalmazob, M. Vizzottoa, and L. Norab (2018) Psidium cattleianum fruits: A review on its composition and bioactivity. Food Chem. 258:95-103.
Pino, J.A., R. Marbot, and C. Vázquez (2002) Characterization of volatiles in costa rican guava [Psidium friedrichsthalianum (Berg) Niedenzu] fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:6023-6026.
Prabu, G.R., A. Gnanamani, and S. Sadulla (2006) Guaijaverin a plant flavonoid as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans. J. App. Microbio. 101:487-495.
Ranilla, L.G., Y.I. Kwon, E. Apostolidis, and K. Shetty (2010) Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresour. Technol. 101:4676-4689.
Reddy N. S., A. Nimmagadda, and K.R.S.S. Rao (2003) An overview of the microbial α-amylase family. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2:645-648.
Reynertson, K.A., R.F. Foronjy, J. M.D. Armiento, and E.J. Kennelly (2013) Phenolic-rich extract from the Costa Rican guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum) pulp with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Potential for COPD therapy. Food Chem. 141:889-895.
Rice-Evans, C., N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga (1996) Stucture–antioxidant activity: activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20:933-956.
Roshanak, S., M. Rahimmalek, and S.A.H. Goli (2016) Evaluation of seven different drying treatments in respect to total flavonoid, phenolic, vitamin C content, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity and color of green tea (Camellia sinensis or C. assamica) leaves. J. Food Sci. Technol. 53: 721-729.
Salgado, H.R.N., A.F.F. Roncari, D.C. Michelin, and R.R.D. Moreira (2006) Evaluatuin of antidiarrhoeal effects of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceace) aqueous leaf extract in mice. Rev. Ciênc. Farm. Básica. Apl. 27: 89-92.
Sato, J., K. Goto, F. Nanjo, S. Hawai, and K. Murata (2000) Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Arthrinium sacchari and Chaetomium funicola. J. Biochem. Engi. Sci. 90:442-446.
Silva, E., J. Souza, H. Rogez, J.F. Rees, and Y. Larondelle (2007) Antioxidant activities and polyphenolic contents of fifteen selected plant species from the Amazonian region. Food Chem. 101:1012-1018.
Siow, L.F., and Y.W. Hui (2013) Comparison on the antioxidant properties of fresh and convection oven-dried guava (Psidium guajava L.).Int. Food Res. J. 20: 639-644.
Sultana, B. F. Anwar, and R. Przybylski (2007) Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food Chem. 104:1106-1114.
Sundarram, A., and T.P.K. Murthy (2014) α-Amylase production and applications: a review. J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014: 166-175.
Tachakittirungrod, S., S. Okonogi, and S. Chowwanapoonpohn (2007) Study on antioxidant activity of certain plant in Thailand: Mecanism of antioxidant guava leaf extract. Food Chem. 103:381-388.
Taga, M. S., E. E. Miller, and D. E. Pratt. 1984. Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:928-931.
Teleszko, M., and A. Wojdyło (2015) Comparison of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential between selected edible fruits and their leaves. J. Funct. Foods 14:736-746.
Vinatoru, M. (2001) An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem. 8:303-313
Wang, S.Y., and H.S. Lin. (2000) Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:140-146.
Wang, H., Y.J. Du, and H.C. Song (2010) α-Glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activities of guava leaves. Food Chem. 123: 6-13.
Wongsa, P., J. Chaiwarit, and A. Zamaludien (2012) In vitro screening of phenolic compounds, potential inhibition against a-amylase and a-glucosidase of culinary herbs in Thailand. Food Chem. 131:964-971.
Yan, L.Y., L.T. Teng, and T.J. Jhi (2006) Antioxidant properties of guava fruit: comparison with some local fruits. Sunway Acad. J. 3: 9-20.
You, D.H., J.W. Park, H.G. Yuk, and S.C. Lee (2011) Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of different parts of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Food Sci. Biotechnol. 20: 1095-1100.
Zhang, W.J., B.T. Chen, C.Y. Wang, Q.H. Zhu, and Z. Mo (2003) Mechanismof quercetin as an antidiarrheal agent. Di. Yi. Jun. Yi. Xue. Xue. Bao. 23:1029-1031.
Zimmet, P.Z., D.J. Magliano, W.H. Herman, and J.E. Shaw (2014) Diabetes: a 21st century challenge. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2: 56-64.