臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Modality and negation represent two notional categories that are not typically addressed together in typological linguistic studies, despite both being directly related to the propositional content of a phrase. Modality encodes the speaker’s attitudes and opinions concerning the propositional content of the utterance (Bybee et al. 1994:176), or the status of the proposition that encodes the event (Palmer 2001:1), and is traditionally thought of in terms of possibility and necessity (Lyons 1977:787). Negation, on the other hand, concerns itself primarily with the notion of a proposition’s truth value. This thesis provides a characterization of the modal system in Yami, a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Taiwan, from two angles. First, it examines the expression of modality as a coherent typological/linguistic category in Yami, employing a top-down approach to provide a general description of the semantic and morphosyntactic properties of modally-associated terms. Second, it investigates the relative scope interactions between modality and negation, detailing the morphosyntactic strategies utilized to manage variable scope relations. The present study demonstrates that Yami employs a mixed modal system – the typological category of modality is formally expressed both via a set of modal verbs and morphosyntactically on the main verb itself. The modalities expressed on the main verb are limited to event modality, whereas those expressed through some variety of modal verb encompass both propositional and event modalities. Additionally, the modal verbs together constitute a discrete modal system, whereas the modal expression on the main verb itself are contributed from three separate morphosyntactic systems. This state of affairs points to the system of modal verbs being the more salient strategy. Further, we show that Yami has a strict syntactic order of modal and negative elements in the VP and must rely on the modal suppletion strategy (MSS) to differentiate wide-scope negation from narrow-scope negation, classifying it as an MSS language as per de Haan’s (1997) typology. Our analysis finds that the weak modalities (possibility) have a predictable scope relation paradigm in which narrow-scope negation is expressed with an independent modal element formally scoping over a negative operator, while wide-scope negation is expressed with a semantically negative modal operator. The strong ends of the modal spectrum (necessity) are less independently formalized and consequently must resort to directly borrowing other forms. Strong deontic modality borrows primarily from weak deontic modality patterns in accordance with logical semantic equivalencies, while strong epistemic modality borrows forms from the strong assertion end of the epistemic modality continuum. Moreover, Yami may encode both strong epistemic modality and strong deontic modality using negative morphosyntax. Most notably, Yami employs double negative constructions to encode affirmative deontic necessity ‘must’ as well as affirmative deontic commissives.

Acknowledgments ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.0 Preliminary: Motivations and purpose of the study 1
1.1 Typological profile of Yami 4
1.2 literature review 5
1.3 Grammar sketch 10
1.3.1 Phonemic inventory 10
1.3.2 Case system: Case markers, pronouns, and demonstratives 12
1.3.3 Basic clause structure and the voice system 16
1.3.3.1 Agent focus 20
1.3.3.2 Patient focus 22
1.3.3.3 Locative focus 23
1.3.3.4 Instrument focus 24
1.4 Structure of the thesis 25
Chapter 2 Modality in Yami 27
2.0 Preliminary 27
2.1 Defining modality 28
2.1.1 Modality as a notional concept 28
2.1.2 Organizing the domains of modality 32
2.1.3 Modality: Types and categories 33
2.1.4 Interim summary: Typology used in the present study 36
2.2 Realis and irrealis moods 39
2.3 Expressions of propositional modality 40
2.3.1 Ala ‘maybe’ 41
2.3.2 Ala…koanpro ‘(someone) thought’ 44
2.3.3 Manoyong ‘really’ 47
2.3.4 Akmey ‘seems’ 51
2.3.5 Summary of propositional modality 54
2.4 Expressions of event modality 56
2.4.1 Apia ‘good’ 56
2.4.1.1 Lexical uses 57
2.4.1.2 Modal uses 58
2.4.2 Abilitative/potentive modality: Ma-/maka- ‘can’ 63
2.4.3 Imperative mood 66
2.4.4 Irrealis mood 68
2.4.4.1 Hortative modality: Polite commands and suggestions 69
2.4.4.2 Obligative modality: Necessity 70
2.4.4.3 Desiderative modality: Intention and desire 71
2.4.5 Summary of event modality 72
2.5 Conclusion 74
Chapter 3 Interactions of Modality and Negation in Yami 77
3.0 Preliminary 77
3.1 Overview of negation 78
3.1.1 Definitions of negation 79
3.1.2 Negation and propositional logic 79
3.1.3 Grammatical expressions of negation: Negation in a typological perspective 82
3.2 Negation in Yami 85
3.2.1 Verbal negation: ji 87
3.2.2 Emphatic ji (negative affirmative) 92
3.2.3 Nominal negation: beken 93
3.2.4 Existential, possessive, and locative negation: abo 95
3.2.5 Propositional negation: ta 96
3.3 Interactions between modality and negation: Scope relations 98
3.3.1 Framework for handling scope relations 98
3.3.2 Interactions of modality and negation in Yami 104
3.3.2.1 Deontic modality and negation 106
3.3.2.2 Epistemic modality and negation 110
3.3.2.3 Interim summary 112
3.3.2.4 Weak obligation: The notion of should 114
3.4 Negation, necessity, and strong assertion 116
3.5 Conclusion 121
Chapter 4 Conclusion 123
References 127

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