臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文依據文類理論，檢視莎士比亞如何在莎翁悲劇中使用騎士文學元素。為解釋文類的演變，本文藉由並置騎士傳奇《高文與綠騎士》以及莎翁悲劇《哈姆雷特》兩個不同的作品，企圖為《哈姆雷特》提供不同視角的詮釋。
首章介紹文類理論所包含的四個基本概念:文類的外在形式與內在形式(outer form and inner form)、作者的寫作目的(the writer’s purposes)、讀者預期心理(the reader’s expectations)、及混用文類(mixed genre)。藉此四種基本概念，我希望能解讀出不同時空發展出的各種文類及其所呈現出來的共通性。此共通性的產生是由於文類為一善變機制，在作者與讀者的共同經驗下，作者為了使作品與眾不同，讀者看到不同以往符合時空脈絡的作品，混用文類的特徵能幫助作者達成寫作目的進而滿足讀者的期待。
第二章討論騎士文學與莎翁悲劇的定義以及特徵。騎士傳奇主要描述騎士在冒險患難中所擁有的騎士精神，莎翁悲劇則在於描述出真實世界中殘酷的真相。然而，若讀者能以騎士文學此一文類來閱讀莎翁悲劇，透過批評家討論探討得知，即使莎翁悲劇刻劃出人類的侷限性以及命運的不確定性，但騎士傳奇中的騎士精神也給於讀者一個美好並且可達到的遠景。因此利用修正概念以及母題的特性能幫助讀者探討兩種文類的對比差異。
第三章藉由《高文與綠騎士》與《哈姆雷特》中的「流放」以及「回歸」母題，詳細討論莎士比亞如何在莎翁悲劇中使用騎士文學元素。高文爵士相信在流放以及回歸的過程中，騎士精神是建造一個理想國的最高價值。另一方面，哈姆雷特流放的經歷則反映了殘酷以及冷血的世界，而他卻試圖以騎士精神在充滿不公的世界中，建造美麗新世界的基模。
第四章藉由《高文與綠騎士》與《哈姆雷特》中的「成長」母題，詳細討論莎士比亞如何在莎翁悲劇中使用騎士文學元素。高文爵士在完成綠騎士斷頭遊戲的使命中，從一個魯莽以及驕傲的年輕人，在不斷接受騎士精神與人性考驗的衝突中，洗禮成一個懂得謙遜的成年人。另一方面，哈姆雷特在完成為父王復仇的任務中，從一個陷入絕望以及害怕的年輕人，在不斷探索騎士精神以及獨立思考的矛盾中，轉變成一個即使面對死亡也奮鬥到最後一分鐘的成年人。
第五章結論闡述哈姆雷特如同高文一樣，只有經過流放的經驗以及檢視成長的過程，才能夠充分了解自己的優點和缺點並且找到生存的意義進而堅定的相信自己。因此，以騎士文學文類來閱讀《哈姆雷特》有助於讀者審視莎士比亞的理想國及其衝突，並且明白文類批評在閱讀文學作品上的重要性。

This thesis, working with genre criticism, examines how Shakespeare uses chivalric romance elements in Shakespearean tragedy. Juxtaposing two different works, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Hamlet, and the genres they belong to, reveals a different interpretation of Hamlet.
Chapter One begins with genre criticism, explored in four aspects: a genre’s outer form and inner form, the writer’s purposes, the reader’s expectations, and mixed genre. In regards to these aspects, the reader can see that though times are different, similarities exist between the two genres. The reason behind the similarities is that genre is a changeable institution. The writer aims to create unique works based on shared experiences between the reader and him or herself. The reader is interested in reading literary works in their spatial and temporal contexts. The characteristics of mixed genre can achieve the writer’s purposes, as well as satisfy the reader’s expectations.
Chapter Two discusses definitions and characteristics in the genres of chivalric romance and Shakespearean tragedy. The main spirit in chivalric romance is the chivalry the knight exhibits while overcoming difficulties; on the other hand, the main idea in Shakespearean tragedy represents the cruelty of fate in reality. However, through analysis of critics’ discussion, if the reader reads Shakespearean tragedy with the genre of chivalric romance in mind, despite the fact that Shakespearean tragedy depicts the limitations to one’s ability and the uncertainty of the fate, the spirit of chivalry in the genre of chivalric romance reflects an ideal image of the world. Using the concept of revision and the characteristic of motif can help the reader compare and contrast the two genres.
Chapter Three provides a detailed discussion of how Shakespeare uses the elements of chivalric romance in the motif of exile and return in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Hamlet. Sir Gawain believes that chivalry is the foundation upon which an ideal world is based on during the process of exile and return. Hamlet’s experience during his exile and return reflects the cold-blooded world, but he tries to practice chivalry in an unjust world to do his part in creating an ideal world.
Chapter Four provides a detailed discussion of how Shakespeare uses the elements of chivalric romance in the motif of growth in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Hamlet. Sir Gawain faces the Green Knight’s beheading game with pride and impatience. However, throughout the process, he reconcilliates the gap between his chivalrous spirit and human nature, and becomes more modest. On the other hand, during his quest to avenge Old Hamlet’s death, Hamlet is a depressed young man. Considering the conflicts between the chivalrous spirit and independent thinking, Hamlet becomes an adult who fights until the last minute, even in the face of death.
In conclusion, Hamlet is like Sir Gawain. Only through experiencing the exile and return and examining the process of growth, can they fully understand their strengths and weaknesses. This way, they are truly able to understand the meaning of life and the value of their lives. Therefore, I argue that an investigation on the literary values of Hamlet from the perspective of chivalric romance helps us understand Shakespeare’s ideal world, the conflicts therein arise, as well as the importance of genre theory in interpreting literary works.

Abstract (English) i
Abstract (Chinese) iii
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vii
Chapter One: Introduction 1
I. The Concept of Genre 2
II. Structure of the Thesis 8
Chapter Two: Chivalric Romance and Shakespearean Tragedy 11
I. The Definition of Chivalric Romance 11
II. The Characteristics of Chivalric Romance 12
III. The Definition of Shakespearean Tragedy 16
IV. The Characteristics of Shakespearean Tragedy 17
V. Chivalric Romance and Shakespearean Tragedy 22
VI. The Definition of Motif 24
Chapter Three: The Motif of Exile and Return in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
and Hamlet 26
I. The Motif of Exile and Return 29
II. The Exile and Return in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Hamlet
A. First Stage: Before the Exile 32
B. Second Stage: The Exile 36
C. Third Stage: The Return 45
Chapter Four: The Motif of Growth in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and
Hamlet 50
I. The Motif of Growth 53
II. Growth in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Hamlet 56
A. First Stage: Immaturity 56
B. Second Stage: Conflicts 59
C. Third Stage: Maturity of the Heroes 73
Chapter Five: Conclusion 79
I. Similar Background and Dissimilar Treatment 79
Works Cited 84

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