臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究在嘉義縣大林鎮慈濟醫院污水處理廠旁約1200m2空地設置人工溼地實驗系統模場，希望能以自然生態淨水的方法，從原來的污水處理廠（二級處理水）再抽取入設計好的人工溼地實驗系統模場做生態處理（三級處理水），企圖能降低放流水中總氮（TN）能達到「農業灌溉用水標準」，和慈濟証嚴法師對水資源儘可能回收再利用環保與節約之目的。
本人工溼地設置時就針對較為實際附合自然環境處理材料與處理技術，以省能源，低成本，及儘可能降低二次污染的考量方法，又可以提供當地生態，景觀，教育等弁遄A在1200m2空地中設計總面積為782 m2人工溼地系統模場，分三單元有FWS溼地面積450 m2和SSF溼地186 m2，最後是接連生態景觀池面積146 m2，每日平均抽取30 m3/d流量污水（二級處理後放流水），相當於水力負荷（hydraulic loading rate）為0.05m/day，這些污水主要是來至大林慈濟醫院醫療及民生用水截入到污水處理廠，抽取到人工溼地實驗系統模場。
早期之操作結果顯示，雖然各項水質當初進流濃度即相當低，但經過人工溼地實驗系統模場之後，仍然有部份會有處理效果。當初在實驗前大林慈濟醫療園污水處理所排放的放流水中，除了總氮（TN）之外，其他各項水質報告均已符合「農業灌溉用水標準」。結果顯示總氮中以硝酸氮濃度最高（28.65mgN/ L），經由人工溼地處理過後，濃度可以降至15.99 mgN/L，去除效率為44％。由於剛開始模場處於啟動「適應期」，未達預期的去除效能，主要原因植物生長剛開始密度不高， 進行脫硝作用所需碳源也較不足。而在FWS溼地與SSF溼地對硝酸氮的去除效能，FWS溼地的硝酸氮去除率為15％，SSF溼地為34％，顯示SSF溼地中的去除效能上比FWS溼地更強。
實驗進行到穩定操作期(I)（半年），調高每日平均流量70m3/d，相當於水力負荷為0.11m/day，結果顯示，硝酸氮由原本進流前37.58mgN/ L，降低至11.98 mgN/ L，去除效能達68％，與其他文獻相同操作條件的溼地硝酸氮去除效能相同。再比較FWS與SSF溼地的硝酸氮的去除速率，FWS溼地硝酸氮去除率為2.48gN/m2/d，SSF的去除速率為3.61gN/m2/d。研究結果顯示，SSF溼地對於硝酸氮的去除效能比FWS溼地較好。在高濃度的硝酸塩及沒有額外碳源添加的進流條件下，無觀察到氨氮及亞硝酸氮在濕地中明顯累積，因此上述硝酸氮在濕地中的去除主要可歸因於微生物脫硝作用。

This study has set up the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field for area about 1200m2 beside the wastewater treatment plant of Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center, Chiayi Hsien, hoping to pump from the original wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment water) into the designed artificial wetland experimental system model field for ecological treatment (tertiary treatment) with natural ecological water purification method in an attempt to reduce the total nitrogen amount to the degree of “agricultural irrigation water standard”, also to achieve the goal of environmental protection and reservation for best recycling and reuse of the water resource that Cheng Yen, the founder of Tzu Chi Foundation, intends to do all the time.

At the beginning when this Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field was set up, it has practically applied the treatment material and technique that better met natural environmental protection idea to achieve energy saving, low cost and reduce of second time pollution, and to display local ecological, scenic and educational, etc., functions. Of the 1200m2 area, the total designed area for the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field is 782m2, which is divided into three units for FWS wetland area 450 m2, SSF wetland area 186m2, and the rest 146m2 has been connected to ecological scenic pond. The average water pumping is 30m3 of wastewater flow daily (discharged water after second degree treatment), which almost reaches 0.05m/day of the hydraulic loading rate. The discharged wastewater mainly from the medical water of Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center and daily use water of the households has been loaded into the wastewater treatment plant and then pumped into the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field.

The operation results at the earlier stage indicated that although the water quality of the incoming flow density was very low, however, after going through the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field there was treatment result partially. Of the discharged water from the wastewater treatment of the Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center before experiment, except the Total Nitrogen (TN) amount, the different kinds of water quality report from the rest have met the “agricultural irrigation water standard”. The results indicated that the Nitrogen nitrate had the highest density (28.65mg N/L) of the Total Nitrogen (TN), which might reduce to 15.99 mg N/L upon artificial wetland treatment that made a reduction rate of 44%. Due to the model field was at the activated “adaptation period” at the beginning that it did not achieve the expected reduction efficiency because the green plants has just started to grow so the density was low, while the carbon source for de-niter function was also insufficient. As to the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency at the FWS wetland and SSF wetland, the former was 15% and the latter was 34%, which indicated SSF wetland has stronger ridden efficiency than FWS wetland.

When the experiment has moved to stable stage (six months), the daily water discharge rate was increased to 70m3/d, which equaled 0.11m/day of the hydraulic loading rate. The results indicated that the Nitrogen nitrate has reduced from the original 37.58 mg N/L to 11.98 mg N/L with 68% of ridden efficiency. It is the same as the other wetland Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency under the same conditions on the documentary records. Further, to compare the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency of the FWS and SSF wetlands, the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency of the FWS was 2.48 gN/m2/d, and SSF, 3.61 gN/m2/d, which indicated SSF wetland has better Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency than that of the FWS wetland. Such comparison proved that data of the model field at the activated “adaptation period” and the operational function after the stable stage, the performance of the FWS and SSF wetlands was the same. Due to after the wetland getting into the stable stage and flowed into the FWS and SSF wetlands, of the data obtained from different sample taking observation stations, the Nitrogen nitrate ridden speed was higher than any other station, on the contrary, the incoming flow of the wetlands at the adaptation stage had no such performance. While high N/P incoming flow density (incoming flow contained no positive phosphoric acid density), and amino nitrogen and nitrous acid showed no increasing value at the wetlands. Therefore, the nitrogen nitrate was ridden through de-niter function at the artificial wetland to leave the wetland system model field.

目 錄
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
英文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------------III
誌謝----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V目錄----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI 表目錄-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IX
圖目錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X照片目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------------XII
第一章 前 言-----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1研究起緣-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2研究目的-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.3研究架構-----------------------------------------------------------------------3
第二章 文獻回顧-----------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1溼地的定義及分類-----------------------------------------------------------6
2.2人工溼地的發展沿革與類型-----------------------------------------------7
2.3三級處理人工溼地的應用--------------------------------------------------9
2.4醫院園區生活污水回收再利用的用途及水質要求-------------------13
2.4.1農業灌溉用水----------------------------------------------------------13
2.4.2園區內澆灌-------------------------------------------------------------14
2.4.3景觀、沖廁、消防、道路清洗--------------------------------------15
第三章 實驗設備與研究方法--------------------------------------------------------20
3.1 人工溼地系統之設置場址的規劃、設計、及建造--------------------20
3.2 人工溼地系統的操作--------------------------------------------------------20
3.3 水質的分析------------------------------------------------------------------20
3.4 數據的歸納------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.5溼地操作弁鄏蘁熐P操作參數建立-------------------------------------21
3.6 慈濟大林醫院操作團隊的訓練------------------------------------------21
3.7 計劃區域概況---------------------------------------------------------------23
3.8 人工溼地系統設計的概念------------------------------------------------25
3.8.1設置地點狀況---------------------------------------------------------25
3.8.2系統設置原則----------------------------------------------------------25
3.8.3相關設施初步規劃的狀況-------------------------------------------26
3.8.4設計與施工-------------------------------------------------------------26
3.8.5景觀園區的規劃-------------------------------------------------------27
3.9 慈濟大林醫院人工溼地系統施工---------------------------------------27
3.9.1慈濟大林醫院人工溼地系統施工方法---------------------------27
3.9.2大林慈濟人工溼地系統施工日誌---------------------------------29
3.10 人工溼地系統實際完成的狀況----------------------------------------31
3.11慈濟大林醫院人工溼地系統之採樣分析-----------------------------47
3.11.1採樣分析方法-------------------------------------------------------47
3.11.2水質分析項目及方法----------------------------------------------47
3.11.3連續監測-------------------------------------------------------------49
3.11.4認證水質分析-------------------------------------------------------49
3.12 操作效能估算-------------------------------------------------------------49
3.13 2003年~2006年人工溼地模場成長狀況---------------------------50
第四章 結果與討論--------------------------------------------------------------------51
4.1啟動期人工溼地操作結果-------------------------------------------------51
4.1.1水質分析結果---------------------------------------------------------51
4.1.2每日定時連續監測結果---------------------------------------------56
4.1.3 FWS溼地水質24小時連續監測結果----------------------------59
4.1.4認證水質分析結果---------------------------------------------------61
4.1.5分析結果之比較與認證分析實驗結果---------------------------63
4.2穩定期(I)人工溼地操作結果----------------------------------------------64
4.3穩定期(II)人工溼地操作結果---------------------------------------------69
4.4 慈濟大林人工溼地系統操作設計估算--------------------------------74
4.4.1 系統設計估算（啟動期估算未來人工溼地面積設計）------74
4.4.2 以達到放流水之硝酸氮為15 mg/L為目標---------------------79
4.5本研究之人工溼地操作三年後之水質----------------------------------85

第五章 結論與建議--------------------------------------------------------------------94
5.1結論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
5.2建議-------------------------------------------------------------------------------96
第六章 參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------------98



表 目 錄
表1-1慈濟大林醫療園區污水處理廠進出流濃度---------------------------------2
表2-1人工溼地系統應用於水污染防治之國外案例一覽表--------------------12
表2-2澳洲昆士蘭地區人工溼地進出流水質--------------------------------------13
表2-3澳洲昆士蘭地區人工溼地糞便性大腸菌處理效能-----------------------13
表2-4世界各國廢(污)水處理回收利用水質標準比較表------------------------16
表2-5採土壤處理方式以施灌花木、抑制揚塵適用之水質標準--------------18
表2-6中水道二元供水系統建議的水質標準--------------------------------------19
表3-1 本研究人工溼地系統各階段操作日期與操作流量----------------------20
表3-2施工日誌表-----------------------------------------------------------------------30
表3-3 水體水質檢測分析方法-------------------------------------------------------48
表4-1啟動期慈濟大林醫院人工溼地系統各項水質分析平均值--------------53
表4-2具驗證資格之水質檢驗公司採樣分析結果--------------------------------62
表4-3本實驗分析結果與認證分析實驗結果表比較-----------------------------63
表4-4穩定操作期(I)大林慈濟醫院人工溼地系統各項水質分析平均值----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
表4-5穩定操作期(II)大林慈濟醫院人工溼地系統各項水質分析平均值----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72


圖 目 錄
圖1-1研究架構----------------------------------------------------------------------------5
圖2-1 自由水層系統(FWS, free water surface system)--------------------------11
圖2-2 表層下流動系統(SSF, subsurface flow system)---------------------------11
圖3-1大林慈濟人工溼地系統流程及採樣點--------------------------------------22
圖3-2人工溼地卵石基地剖面圖-----------------------------------------------------27
圖3-3人工溼地不透水布舖設剖面圖-----------------------------------------------28
圖3-4 FWS溼地與SSF溼地間連通管製作透視圖 -----------------------------29
圖4-1硝酸氮與總氮的去除效率在慈濟大林人工溼地系統中的變化--------54
圖4-2慈濟大林人工溼地系統中FWS與SSF溼地去除硝酸氮的比較-----54
圖4-3每日定時於於慈濟大林人工溼地系統監測之DO平均值--------------57
圖4-4每日定時於慈濟大林人工溼地系統監測之pH平均值-----------------58
圖4-5每日定時於慈濟大林人工溼地系統監測之溫度平均值-----------------58
圖4-6慈濟大林人工溼地系統(FWS溼地)24小時連續監測DO之變化-----60
圖4-7慈濟大林人工溼地系統(FWS溼地)24小時連續監測pH之變化-----60
圖4-8慈濟大林人工溼地系統(FWS溼地)24小時連續監測溫度之變化----61
圖4-9硝酸氮與總氮的去除效率在大林慈濟醫院人工溼地系統中的變化----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
圖4-10 大林慈濟醫院人工溼地啟動適應期與穩定操作期的硝酸氮去除速率-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
圖4-11 本研究之人工溼地系統啟動期與穩定操作期間的氮、磷去除速率----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73
圖4-12慈濟大林人工溼地系統硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係--------------------77
圖4-13慈濟大林人工溼地(FWS)硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係------------------78
圖4-14慈濟大林人工溼地(SSF)硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係-------------------79
圖4-15慈濟大林人工溼地系統硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係--------------------82
圖4-16慈濟大林人工溼地(FWS)硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係------------------83
圖4-17慈濟大林人工溼地(SSF)硝酸氮濃度與HRT之關係-------------------84

照 片 目 錄
照片3-1 慈濟大林人工溼地系統基地--------------------------------------------23
照片3-2 慈濟大林人工溼地系統基地整地情形-------------------------------24
照片3-3 大林慈濟污水廠作放流水用的RC水溝------------------------------24
照片3-4 控制馬達抽水進流時間的時間控制器--------------------------------32
照片3-5 監測進流水量的水表-----------------------------------------------------32
照片3-6 進流污水於溼地的T型入流管-----------------------------------------32
照片3-7 人工溼地開始進流污水操作--------------------------------------------33
照片3-8 FWS溼地剛開始操作的狀況------------------------------------------33
照片3-9 SSF溼地剛開始操作的狀況-------------------------------------------33
照片3-10 FWS溼地操作2星期後香蒲的狀況---------------------------------34
照片3-11 FWS溼地操作2星期後蘆葦與莎草的狀況------------------------34
照片3-12 SSF溼地操作2星期後培地茅的狀況-------------------------------34
照片3-13 人工溼地操作2星期後生態池的狀況-------------------------------35
照片3-14 FWS溼地前段操作後的狀況(2003/9/9)------------------------------35
照片3-15 FWS溼地中間操作後的狀況(2003/9/9)------------------------------35
照片3-16 FWS溼地後段操作後的狀況(2003/9/9)------------------------------36
照片3-17 SSF溼地前段操作後的狀況(2003/9/9)-------------------------------36
照片3-18 SSF溼地後段操作後的狀況(2003/9/9)-------------------------------36
照片3-19 生態池操作後水生植物的狀況(2003/9/9)---------------------------37
照片3-20 生態池操作後田字草的狀況(2003/9/9)------------------------------37
照片3-21 生態池操作後浮萍開始增加的狀況(2003/9/9)---------------------37
照片3-22 FWS溼地操作後蘆葦的狀況(2003/10/14)---------------------------38
照片3-23 SSF溼地操作後培地茅的狀況(2003/10/14)-------------------------38
照片3-24 生態池中的狀況(2003/10/14)------------------------------------------38
照片3-25 生態池的蓮花(2003/10/7)-----------------------------------------------39
照片3-26 FWS溼地中出現的鴨子(2003/10/14)---------------------------------39
照片3-27 生態池中的蓮花(2003/10/14)------------------------------------------39
照片3-28 進流污水於溼地的T型入流管 (2004/05/05)-----------------------40
照片3-29 FWS溼地操作後香蒲的狀況 (2004/05/05)-------------------------40
照片3-30 SSF溼地操作後培地毛的狀況(2004/05/05)-------------------------40
照片3-31 SSF溼地操作後培地毛的狀況(2004/05/05)-------------------------41
照片3-32 SSF溼地操作後培地毛的狀況(2004/05/05)-------------------------41
照片3-33 生態池睡蓮的狀況(2004/05/05)---------------------------------------41
照片3-34 生態池荷花及睡蓮的狀況(2004/05/05)------------------------------42
照片3-35 生態池中多重水生植物的狀況(2004/05/05)------------------------42
照片3-36 生態池中多重水生植物的狀況(2004/05/05)------------------------42
照片3-37 進流污水於溼地的T型入流管(2005/06/24)------------------------43
照片3-38 FWS中蘆葦生長狀況(2005/06/24)------------------------------------43
照片3-39 FWS中蘆葦生長狀況(2005/06/24)------------------------------------43
照片3-40 FWS中香蒲生長達180公分以上(2005/06/24)--------------------44
照片3-41 SSF中香蒲生長情況(2005/06/24)-------------------------------------44
照片3-42 SSF中培地毛生長情況(2005/06/24)----------------------------------44
照片3-43 SSF鳥瞰(2005/06/24)----------------------------------------------------45
照片3-44 生態池鳥瞰(2005/06/24)------------------------------------------------45
照片3-45 人工濕地模場三單元全區及FWS鳥瞰 (2005/06/24)------------45照片3-46 Hydrolab多弁鄏菾吨蘀銴尷R儀-------------------------------------46照片4-6-1 FWS溼地進流端現況(2006/7/6)--------------------------------------86
照片4-6-2 FWS溼地進流端採收後現況(2006/7/6)-----------------------------86
照片4-6-3 FWS溼地中段現況(2006/7/6)-----------------------------------------87
照片4-6-4 FWS溼地出流段採收後現況(2006/7/6)-----------------------------87
照片4-6-5 SSF溼地近流段採收後現況(2006/7/6)------------------------------88
照片4-6-6 SSF溼地中段採收後現況(2006/7/6)---------------------------------88
照片4-6-7 SSF溼地出流段採收後現況(2006/7/6)------------------------------89
照片4-6-8 生態池全景現況，目前為種植荷花與多種水生植物(2006/7/6)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89
照片4-6-9 生態池中的錢幣草與茡薺(2006/7/6)--------------------------------90
照片4-6-10 生態池放流段的溢流口(2006/7/6)-----------------------------------90
照片4-6-11 原傳統式水錶於2004年改為環保污水電子流量計（請參見照片3-5）---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91
照片4-6-12 溼地週遭的草皮維護現況(依季節變化定期割草)----------------91
照片4-6-13 三角液位控制器---------------------------------------------------------92
照片4-6-14 三角液位控制器與定時器---------------------------------------------92

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