臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

代謝症候群是數種代謝異常的群聚疾病，其包含高血壓、糖尿病、肥胖、高血脂等。蝦紅素、檸檬酸鋅、牛磺酸、紅麴米已被證實可做為降膽固醇與抗氧化的素材。
本實驗主要目的是探討由蝦紅素、檸檬酸鋅、牛磺酸、紅麴米四種成分沖泡製成的紅麴複方飲品，對於高膽固醇飲食所誘導之高膽固醇倉鼠脂質代謝影響。雄性倉鼠隨機分成 6 組：(1) 正常飲食及管餵1 mL 水之倉鼠 (MD + W)；(2) 高膽固醇飲食及管餵1 mL 水之高膽固醇倉鼠 (HD + W)；(3) 高膽固醇飲食及管餵1 mL 降血脂藥物之高膽固醇倉鼠 (HD + D)； (4) 高膽固醇飲食及管餵1 mL 0.5倍濃度紅麴複方飲品之高膽固醇倉鼠 (HD + 0.5S)；(5) 高膽固醇飲食及管餵1 mL 1倍濃度紅麴複方飲品之高膽固醇倉鼠 (HD + 1S)；(6) 高膽固醇飲食及管餵1 mL 5倍濃度紅麴複方飲品之高膽固醇倉鼠 (HD + 5S)。6組飲食與飲水皆自由攝取。實驗期維持8週。主要探討紅麴複方飲品對於功能性指標如體重、攝食量與解剖後臟器外觀與重量、血清三酸甘油酯、總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、肝臟與糞便的三酸甘油酯與膽固醇等生化指標的影響；於安全性指標如血清肝指數麩草酸轉胺基? (glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT)、麩丙酮酸轉胺基? (glutamyl pyruvic transaminase, GPT) 的影響；對肝臟與血清脂質過氧化物 (lipid peroxides) 的影響；對肝臟抗氧化酵素的影響。
結果顯示，在功能性指標評估方面，隨飼養週數增加，各組實驗倉鼠之平均體重有增加之趨勢，但前後體重變化無顯著差異。經高膽固醇飲食誘導後的 HD + W 組肝臟明顯大於正常飲食的 MD + W 組，在給予不同濃度的紅麴複方飲品後，對於肝臟與腎臟的外觀、大小及重量無顯著影響。紅麴複方飲品可有效降低高膽固醇倉鼠的血清總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇。在HD + 1S 組，肝臟膽固醇明顯高於HD + W 組。隨紅麴複方飲品灌食量增加，動物糞便中膽固醇含量亦同時增加。於安全性指標方面，低劑量紅麴複方飲品可有效降低血清肝指數 GOT 與 GPT 數值，然給予 5 倍濃度之紅麴複方飲品，血清肝指數 GOT 與 GPT 亦明顯增加。於脂質過氧化方面，0.5 倍濃度之紅麴複方飲品可降低血清脂質過氧化物。
綜合上述結果，紅麴複方飲品對於高膽固醇飲食所引起之脂質異常有改善作用，並降低血清脂質過氧化物的生成。但不可服用過量，會使血清 GOT 與 GPT 數值上升，造成倉鼠肝臟損傷。

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a worldwide-defined lifestyle disease that is described as a clustering of multiple metabolic abnormalities, and cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance (InsR). Aastaxanthin, zinc citrate, taurine and red mold rice has been proven that it could be used as anantihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative agents.
In the present study, we investigated the effects of anka complex drink, a complex solution produced by the powder of astaxanthin, zinc citrate, taurine and red mold rice suspended in water, on lipid metabolism in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia hamsters. Male hamsters were randomly divided into six groups: (1) hamsters ate normal diet and fed water 1 mL, using oral administration; (2) hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed water 1 mL, using oral administration; (3) hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed probucol was suspended in 1 mL water, using oral administration; (4) hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed 1 mL 0.5 X anka complex drink, using oral administration; (5) hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed 1 mL 1 X anka complex drink, using oral administration; (6) hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed 1 ml 5 X anka complex drink, using oral administration. All groups fed with diet and water ad libtium. This experiment was done for 8 weeks. This research focused on the effects of adding anka complex drink on function index assessments including the body weight, the food intake, livers and kidneys outward appearances, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); hepatic total cholesterol, hepatic triglyceride, fecal total cholesterol and fecal triglyceride; on safe index assessments including serum glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and serum glutamyl pyruvic transaminase (GPT); on hepatic and serum lipid peroxides measurements ; on antioxidative enzymes measures including hepatic catalase, superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
In the results of function index assessments, the oral administration of anka complex drink in hyperlipidemia hamsters was indeed proven to increase the body weight with experiment, but the weight gain was no different. The livers outward appearances of hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet group was significant hypertrophy than hamsters ate normal diet group. For fed anka complex drink, it was no different in the outward appearances and the weight of livers and kidneys. The oral administration of anka complex drink was proven to decrease the serum TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C. The hepatic total cholesterol of hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed 1 mL 1 X anka complex drink, using oral administration group was significant high than hyperlipidemia hamsters ate high cholesterol diet and fed water 1 mL, using oral administration. In the safe index assessments, 0.5 X anka complex drink decreasted hepatic somatic index GOT and GPT, but 5 X anka complex drink did not. In addition, the oral administration of 0.5 X anka complex drink was proven to decrease the serum lipid peroxides.
This study reveals that anka complex drink could improve dyslipidemia and lipid peroxides. But the dose of anka complex drink was not over that resulting in the hepatic damage.

縮寫表 V
摘要 VII
ABSTRACT IX
壹、前言 - 1 -
貳、文獻整理 - 3 -
一、血脂質 - 3 -
(一) 三酸甘油酯 - 3 -
(二) 膽固醇 - 4 -
二、脂蛋白 - 4 -
(一) 乳糜微粒 - 5 -
(二) 極低密度脂蛋白 - 6 -
(三) 低密度脂蛋白 - 7 -
(四) 高密度脂蛋白 - 8 -
三、自由基 - 9 -
(一) 自由基 - 10 -
(二) 自由基種類 - 10 -
(三) 自由基對生物體的傷害 - 11 -
(四) 自由基所引發的疾病 - 12 -
四、代謝症候群 - 12 -
(一) 代謝症候群定義 - 13 -
(二) 代謝症候群與自由基及血脂之相關性 - 15 -
五、飲品成分 - 16 -
(一) 蝦紅素 - 16 -
(二) 檸檬酸鋅 - 19 -
(三) 紅麴米 - 22 -
(四) 牛磺酸 - 26 -
六、研究大綱與目的 - 29 -
參、動物實驗設計 - 31 -
肆、實驗材料與方法 - 32 -
一、實驗材料 - 32 -
(一) 飲品原料 - 32 -
(二) 實驗動物 - 32 -
(三) 動物飼料 - 32 -
(四) 藥品試劑 - 33 -
(五) 儀器設備 - 33 -
(六) 溶液配製 - 34 -
二、實驗方法 - 飲品研發 - 34 -
(一) 飲品配方設計 - 34 -
三、實驗方法 - 動物實驗 - 36 -
(一) 實驗動物與分組 - 36 -
(二) 實驗動物之飼養 - 37 -
(三) 實驗時間 - 38 -
(四) 實驗攝食量與體重記錄 - 38 -
(五) 動物犧牲、採血及臟器摘取 - 38 -
(六) 功能性指標評估 - 39 -
(七) 安全性指標評估 - 43 -
(八) 脂質過氧化物測定 - 43 -
(九) 抗氧化指標測定 - 46 -
(十) 生物統計分析方法 - 48 -
伍、 結果與討論 - 49 -
一、功能性指標評估 - 49 -
(一) 飼養八週期間，各組實驗倉鼠之體重變化趨勢 - 49 -
(二) 餵食不同濃度紅麴複方飲品八週後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠體重增加與攝食量的影響 - 49 -
(三) 餵食不同濃度紅麴複方飲品八週後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠臟器外觀觀察 - 50 -
(四) 餵食不同濃度紅麴複方飲品八週後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠臟器重量的影響 - 50 -
(五) 餵食不同濃度紅麴複方飲品八週後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠血清脂質的影響 - 51 -
(六) 餵食八週不同濃度紅麴複方飲品後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠肝臟脂質的影響 - 58 -
(七) 餵食八週不同濃度紅麴複方飲品後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠糞便脂質的影響 - 60 -
二、安全性指標評估 - 61 -
(一) 餵食不同濃度紅麴複方飲品八週後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠血清肝指數 (GOT、GPT ) 的影響 - 61 -
三、脂質過氧化物測定 - 64 -
(一) 餵食八週不同濃度紅麴複方飲品後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠血清及肝臟脂質過氧化物含量的影響 - 64 -
四、抗氧化指標測定 - 66 -
(一) 餵食八週不同濃度紅麴複方飲品後，對於高膽固醇飲食之雄性倉鼠肝臟抗氧化酵素活性的影響 - 66 -
陸、結論 - 67 -
柒、參考文獻 - 69 -
捌、圖表 - 91 -

冉霞。1993。牛磺酸與機體的免疫功能。國外醫學衛生分冊 6: 344-346。
行政院衛生署。2002。國人膳食營養素參考攝取量 (Dietary Reference Intakes, DRIs)。行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署。2006。臺灣地區九十五年國人主要死因統計。行政院衛生署。
林讚峰。1992。紅麴菌在保健食品上的新用途。食品工業 24: 41-45。
周健偉。1995。牛磺酸與肝臟關係的研究進展。國外醫學衛生分冊 22: 97~100。
島崎 弘幸。1990。身體內過酸化脂質測定。過酸化脂質實驗室（今田尚志、植田伸夫編著）。p.81，醫藥齒科出版社，東京。
陳名雄。2003。牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇和魚油在大白鼠毒性之影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學碩士學位論文，基隆。
陳旭麗。2004 。蝦紅素之開發與應用。食品工業 36: 25-32。
陳汶佩。2007。開發不易形成體脂肪之紅麴保健食品。國立臺灣大學生命科學院微生物與生化學研究所碩士學位論文，台北。
陳慶源、莊淑惠。2003。?論紅麴產品之開發與應用。食品工業 35:1-2。
傅茂組。1986。血脂質的新陳代謝及血管硬化。國防醫誌 2: 45-49。
韓曉濱。1988。 牛磺酸與大腦發育關係的初步探討。衛生研究 17: 22~26。
韓曉濱。1991。牛磺酸與中樞神經系統關係的研究新進展。國外醫學衛生分冊 3: 143-145。
Aebi, H. E., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Meths Enzymol 105:121-126.
Alberti, K. G. and Zimmet, P. Z., 1998. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic Medicine 15: 539-553.
Alvarez, J. G. and Storey, B. T., 1983. Taurine, hypotaurine, epinephrine and albumin inhibit lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa and protect against loss of motility. Biology Reporter 29: 548-555.
American Institute of Nutrition, 1977. Report of the American Institute of Nutrition and hoc committee on standards for nutritional studies. Journal of Nutrition 107: 1340-1349.
Anderson, R. A., Roussel, A. M., Zouari, N., Mahjoub, S., Matheau, J. M., Kerkeni, A., 2001. Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20: 212–218.
Andrewes, A. G., Phaff, H. J., Starr, M. P., 1976. Carotenoids of Phaffia rhodozyma, a red-pigmented fermenting yeast. Phytochemistry 15: 1003-1007.
Aniya, Y., Yokomakura, T., Yonamine, M., Shimada, K., Nagamine, T., Shimabukuro, M., Gibo, H., 1999. Screening of antioxidant action of various molds and protection of Monascus anka against experimentally induced liver injuries of rats. General Pharmacology 32: 225-231.
Arora, R. C., Agarwal, N., Arora, S., Pandey, A., 1992. Dietary cholesterol induced changes in serum lipoproteins in healthy females. Materia Medica Polona 24: 17-19.
Augusti, P. R., Conterato, G. M. M., Somacal, S., Sobieski, R., Spohr, P. R., Torres, J. V., Chara?o, M. F., Moro, A. M., Rocha, M. P., Garcia, S. C., Emanuelli, T., 2008. Effect of astaxanthin on kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 212–219.
Bediz, C. S., Baltaci, A. K., Mogulkoc, R., Oztekin, E., 2006. Zinc supplementation ameliorates electromagnetic field-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 208: 133-140.
Blanc, P. J., Loret, M. O., Santeree, A. L., Pareilleus, A., Prome, J. C., Laussac, J. P., 1994. Pigment of monascus. Journal of Food Science 59: 862-865.
Blanc, P. J., Loret, M. O., Goma, G., 1995a. Production of citrinin by various species of Monascus. Biography Letter 17: 291-294.
Blanc, P. J., Laussac, J. P., Le Bars, J., Le Bars, P., Loret, M. O., Pareilleux, A., Prome, D., Prome, J. C., Santerre, A. L., Goma, G., 1995b. Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as citrinin. International Journal of Food Microbiology 27:201–213.
Blomhoff, R., 2005. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 16: 47-54.
Bocan, T. M., Mueller, S. B., Uhlendorf, P. D., Newton, R. S., Krause, B. R., 1991. Comparison of CI-976, an ACAT inhibitor, and selected lipid-lowering agents for antiatherosclerotic activity in iliac-femoral and thoracic aortic lesions. A biochemical, morphological, and morphometric evaluation. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11: 1830-1843.
Boogaerts, J. R., Malone-McNeal, M., Archambault-Schexnayder, J., Davis, R. A., 1984. Dietary carbohydrate induces lipogenesis and very-low-density lipoprotein synthesis. American Journal of Physiology 246: E77-E83.
Boyd, N.F., Cousins, M., Beaton, M., Kriukov, V., Lockwood, G., Tritchler, D., 1990. Quantitative changes in dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol in women: Results from a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52: 470-476.
Bray, T. M. and Bettger, W. J., 1990. The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 8:281-291.
Bradford, M. M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254.
Brown, M. S. and Glodstein, J. L., 1986. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 232: 34-47.
Brown, M. S., Herz, J., Kowal, R. C., Goldstein, J. L., 1991. The low density receptor-related protein: double agent or decoy ? Current Opinion in Lipidology 2: 65-72.
Carlson, S. E. and Goldford, S., 1979. A sensitive enzymatic method of determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol. Clinica Chemica Acta: International Monthly of Clinical Chemistery 79: 575-582.
Cao, G.., 1991. Effects of zinc deficiency and supplements on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase in mice. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 71: 623-626.
Chen, M. D., Liou, S. J., Lin, P. Y., Yang, V. C., Alexander, P. S., Linm W. H., 1998. Effects of zine supplementation on the plasma glucose level and insulin activity in genetically obeses (ob/ob) mice. Biological Trace Element Research 61: 303-311.
Chesney, R. W., 1985. Taurine: Its biological role and clinical implications. Advances in Pediatrics 32: 1-42.
Cheung, P. C. K., 1996. The hypocholesterolemic effect of two edible mushorooms: Auricularia auricular (tree-ear) and Tremella fuciformis (white Jelly-Leaf) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutrition Research 16: 1721-1725.
Chiang, M. T. and Kimura, S., 1991. Effect of dietary protein on the peroxidaton of eicosapentaenoic acid in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensice rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Researh 61: 230-243.
Chien, C. T., Lee, P. H., Chen, F., Ma, M. C., Lai, M. K., Hsu, S. M., 2001. De novo demonstration and co-localization of free-radical production and apoptosis formation in rat kidney subjected to ischemia reperfusion. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12: 973-982.
Coulston, L. and Nandona, P., 1980. Insulin-like effect of zinc on adipocytes. Diabetes 29: 665-667.
Davies, K. J., 1987. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. I. general aspects. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 9895-9901.
Davis, R. A., Thrift, R. N., Wu, C. C., Howell, K. E., 1990. Apolipoprotein B is both integrated into and translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 10005-10011.
Desager, J. P. and Horsmans, Y., 1996. Clinical pharmacokinetics of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 31: 348-371.
Dixon, J. L., Furukawa, S, Ginsberg, H. N., 1991. Oleate stimulates secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein from Hep G2 cells by inhibiting early intracellular degradation of apolipoprotein B. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 5080-5086.
Endo, A., 1979. Monacolin K, a new hypocholesterolemic agent produced by a Monascus species. Journal of Antibiotics 32: 852-854.
Endo, A., 1986. Chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Klin Wochenschr 66: 421-427.
Ezaki, O., 1989. IIb group metal ions (Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) stimulating glucose transport activity by post-insulin receptor kinase mechanism in rat adipocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 16118-16122.
Faure, P., Roussel, A., Coudray, C., 1992. Zinc and insulin sensitivity. Biological Trace Element Research 32: 305-310.
Feillet-Coudray, C., Meunier1, N, Bayle, D., Brandolini-Bunlon, M., Andriollo-Sanchez, M., O’Connor, J. M., Maiani, G., Roussel, AM., Mazur, A., Coudray, C., 2006. Effect of zinc supplementation on in vitro copper-induced oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in healthy French subjects aged 55–70 years: the Zenith Study. British Journal of Nutrition 95: 1134–1142.
Folch, J., Less, M., Sloane-Stanley, G. H., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues, Journal of Biological Chemistry 223: 497-509.
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., Dietz, W. H., 2002. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 356-359.
Frankel, E. N., 1991. Recent advances in lipid oxidation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 54: 495-511.
Franz, M., 1986. Is it safe to consume aspartame during pregnancy? A review. Nutrition update. Diabetes Education 12: 145-147.
Freeman, B. A. and Crapo, J. D., 1982. Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury. Laboratory Investigation 47: 412-426.
Fungwe, T. V., Cagen, L., Wilcox, H. G., Heiberg, N., 1992. Regulation of hepatic secretion of very low density lipoprotein by dietary cholesterol. Journal of Lipid Research 33: 179-194.
Fungwe, T. V., Cagen, L. M., Cook, G. A., Wilcox, H. G., Hermberg, M., 1993. Dietary cholesterol stimulates hepatic biosynthesis of triglyceride and reduces oxidation of fatty acid in the rat. Journal of Lipid Research 34: 933-941.
Garg, M.L., Snoswell, A. M., Sabine, J. R., 1985. Dietary cholesterol modifies both cholesterol content and fatty acid profiles of hepatic microsomal membranes. Nutrition Reports International 32: 17-26.
Gaziano, J. M., Buring, J. E., Breslow, J. L., Goldhaber, S. Z., Rosner, B., VanDenburgh, M., Willett, W., Hennekens, C. H., 1993. Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction. The New England Journal of Medicine 329: 1829-34.
Gerster, H., 1996. Intermediate cancer biomarkers and their use in β-carotenes studies in humans. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 66: 3-18.
Goldberg, A. C. and Schonfeld, G., 1985. Effects of diet on lipoprotein metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 5: 195-212.
Goodwin, J. S. and Brodwick, M., 1995. Diet, aging, and cancer. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 11: 577-589.
Gordon, D. J. and Rifkind, B. M., 1989. High-density lipoprotein-the clinical implications of recent studies. The New England Journal of Medicine 321: 1311-6.
Grung, M., D’Souza, F. M. L., Borowitzka, M., Liaaen-Jensen, S., 1992. Algal carotenoids 51. Secondary carotenoids 2, Haematococcus pluvialis aplanospores as a source of (3S, 3S’)-astaxanthin esters. Journal of Applied Phycology 4:165-191.
Guerin, M., Huntley, M. E., Olaizola, M., 2003. Haematococcus astaxanthin: Applications for human health and nutrition. Trends in Biotechnology 21: 210-216.
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J. M. C., 1989. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon Press 8: 484-487.
Harada, N., Ninomiya, C., Osako, Y., Morishima, M., Mawatari, K., Takahashi, A., Naksya, Y., 2004. Taurine alters respiratory gas exchange nutrient metabolism in type 2 duabetic rats. Obesity Resport 12: 1077-1084.
Harris, W. S., 1997. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: animal studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65: 1611-1616.
Hawksworth, D. L. and Pitt, J. L., 1983. A new taxonony for Monascus species based on culture and microscopical characters. Australian Journal of Botany 31: 51-61.
Heber, D., Yip, I., Ashley, J. M., Elashoff, D. A., Elashoff, R. M., Go, V. L., 1999. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 231-236.
Ho, E. and Bray, T. M., 2000. Dietary zinc supplementation inhibits NF�羠 activation and the development of IDDM. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 14: A484.
Hussein, G., Sankawa, U., Goto, H., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, H., 2006. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with potential in human health and nutrition. Journal of Natural Products 69: 443-449.
Hussein, G., Takako, N., Goto, H., Shimada, Y., Matsumoto, K., Sankawa, U., Watanabe, H., 2007. Astaxanthin ameliorates features of metabolism syndrome in SHR/NDmcr-cp. Life Science 80: 522-529.
Huxtable, R. J., 1992. Physiological of taurine. Physiological Review 72: 101.
Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsen, B., Lahti, K., Nissen, M., 2001. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24: 683-689.
Jeon, S. M., Park, Y. B., Choi, M. S., 2004. Antihypercholesterolemic property of naringin alters plasma and tissue lipids, cholesterol-regulating enzymes, fecal sterol and tissue morphology in rabbits. Clinical Nutrition 23: 1025-1034.
Johnson, E. A. and An, G. H., 1991. Astaxanthin from microbial sources. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 11: 297-326.
Kaplan, N. M., 1989. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 149: 1514-1520.
Karppi, J., Rissanen, T. H., Nyyssonen, K., Kaikkonen, J., Olsson, A. G., Voutilainen, S., Salonen, J. T., 2007. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 77: 3-11.
Klausner, R. D. and Sitia, R., 1990. Protein degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell 62: 611-614.
Kohama, Y., Matsumoto, S., Mimura, T., Tanabe, N., Inada, A., Nakanishi, T., 1987. Isolation and identification of hypotensive principles in red-mold rice. Chem Pharm Bull 35: 2484-2489.
Kokot, F. and Ficek, R., 1999. Effects of neuropeptide Y on appetite. Miner Electrolyte Metabolism 25: 303-305.
Laaksonen, D. E., Lakka, H. M., Niskanen, L. K., Kaplan, G. A., Salonen, J. T., Lakka, T. A., 2002. Metabolic Syndrome and Development of Diabetes Mellitus: Application and Validation of Recently Suggested Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Prospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 156: 1070-1077.
Lavie, C. J. and Milani, R. V., 1996. Effects of nonpharmacologic therapy with cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in patients with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The American Journal of Cardiology 78: 1286-1289.
Lee, J. S., Boke, S. H., Park, Y. B., Lee, M. K., Choi, M. S., 2003. 4-hydroxycinnamate lowers plasma and hepatic lipids without changing antioxidant enzyme activities. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 47: 144-151.
Lee, C. L., Tsai, T. Y., Wang, J. J., Pan, T. M., 2005. In vivo hypolipidemic effects and safety of low dosage Monascus powder in a hamster model of hyperlipidemia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 70:533-540.
Li, C. L., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y. Y., Chang, J., Kritchevsky, D., 1998. Monascus purpureus-fermented rice (red yeast rice): A natural food product that lowers blood cholesterol in animal models of hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research 18: 71-81.
Lin, P. Y., 1998. Effects of zinc and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on glucose transporter GLUT4 in the adipocytes of obese (ob/ob) mice. NSC86-2311-B-029-005 Report.
Lindahl, T., 1993. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Naturation 362: 709-715.
Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Pradilla, L., P., Lahera, V., Sieger, F. A. S., Rueda-Clausen, C. F., Marquez, G. A., 2006. A randomized, double blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effects of candesartan on the insulin sensitivity on non diabetic, non hypertense subjects with dysglycemia and abdominal obesity. "ARAMIA". BioMed Central 7: 28-40.
Lu, C. H., Hung, M. T., Hung, P. C., 1995. Source of triglyceride accumulation in liver of rats fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet. Lipids 30: 527-531.
MacFarlane, S. I., Banerji, M., Sowers, J. R., 2001. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86: 713-718.
Mahfouz, M. M. and Kummerow, F. A., 2000. Cholesterol-rich diet have different effects on lipid peroxidation, cholesterol oxides, and antioxidant enzymes in rats and rabbits. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 11: 293-302.
Maret, W. and Sandstead, H. H., 2006. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 20: 3-18.
Marreiro, D. N., Geloneze, B., Tambascia, M. A., Lerario, A. C., Halpern, A., Cozzolino, S. M., 2006. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance of obese women. Biological Trace Element Research 112: 109-118.
Marx, J. L., 1987. Assessing the risks of microbial release. Science 237: 1413-1417.
Maturo, J. and Kulakowski, E. C., 1987. Insulin-like activity of taurine . Huxtable R J ed. The Biology of Taurine ed 1.New York and London: 217.
May, J. M. and Contoreggi, C. S., 1982. The mechanism of the insulin-like effects of ionic zinc. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257: 4362-4368.
Mayes, P. A., 1988. Harper’s Biochemistry ed 21. pp 241-252, 226-240.
McClain, C., Stuart, M., Kasarskis, E., Humphries, L., 1993. Zinc, appetite regulation and eating disorders. Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease: An Update. Wiley-Liss: New York: 47-64.
McKenney, J. M., 1988. Lovastatin: A new cholesterol-lowering agent. Clinical Pharmacology 7: 21-36.
Miki, W., 1991. Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids. Pure and applied chemistry. Chimie Pureet Appliquee 63: 141-146.
Miyazaki, A. and Koga, Teiichiro., 2002. Pravastatin sodium, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutatyl coenzyme A reductase, decreases serum total cholesterol in Japanese White rabbits by two different mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 162: 299-306.
Mortensen, A., Skibsted, L. H., Sampson, J., Rice-Evans, C., Everett, S. A., 1997. Comparative mechanisms and rates of free radical scavenging by carotenoid antioxidants. FEBS Letters 418: 91-97.
Moustafa, S. A., 2004. Zinc might protect oxidative changes in the retina and pancreas at the early stage of diabetic rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 201: 149-55.
Murakami, S., Kondo, Y., Toda, Y., Kitajima, H., Kameo, K., Sakono, M., Fukuda, N., 2002. Effect of taurine on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters: up-regulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor by taurine. Life Science 70: 2355-2366.
Murray, W. H. and John, R. B., 1997. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and hepatix apolipoprotein B secretion. Curr Opni Lip. 8: 138-145.
Naguib, Y. M., 2000. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 1150-1154.
Nicolosi, R. J. and Wilson, T. A., 1997. The anti-atherogenic effect of dietary soybean protein concentrate in hamsters. Nutrition Research 17: 1457-1467.
O'Connor, I. and O'Brien, N., 1998. Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts. Journal of Dermatological Science 16: 226-230.
Ohkawa, H, Ohishi, N., Yagi, K., 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues bythiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochemistry 95: 351-358.
Paglia, D. E. and Valentine, W. N., 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal Laboratory Clinical Medicine 70: 158-191.
Pitaman, W. A., Osgood, D. P., Smith, D., Schaefer, E. J., Ordovas J. M., 1998. The effects of diet and lovastain on regression of fatty streak lesions and on hepatic and intestinal mRNA levels for the LDL recepo and HMG CoA reductase in F1B hamsters. Atherosclerosis 138: 43-52.
Porsch-Ozcurumez, M., Langmann, T., Heimerl, S., Borsukova, H., Kaminski, W. E., Drobnik, W., Honer, C., Schumacher, C., Schmitz, G., 2001. The zinc finger protein 202 (ZNF202) is a transcriptional repressor of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1 gene expression and a modulator of cellular lipid efflux. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276: 12427–12433.
Pow, D. V., 1993. Immunocytochemistry of amino acids in the rodent pituitary using extremely specifis, very hyghtitre antisera. Journal of Neuroendocrino l5: 349-356.
Randon: RANSOD, 1995. Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore, Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co. Antrim, UK.
Reiterer, G., MacDonald, R., Browning, J. D., Morrow, J., Matveev, S. V., Daugherty, A., Smart, E., Toborek, M., Hennig, B., 2005. Zinc deficiency increases plasma lipids and atherosclerotic markers in LDL-receptor–deficient mice. Biochemical and Molecular Actions of Nutrients 135: 2114–2118.
Rinning, F. and Pittman, R. C., 1987. Regulation of the selective uptake phospholipid in hepatocyte monolayer with n-3, n-6 and n-9 fatty acid and its relationhip to triglyceride production. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 921: 378-391.
Roth, H. P. and Kirchgessner, M., 1981. Zinc and insulin metabolism. Biological Trace Element Research 3:13-32.
Roussel, A. M., Kerkeni, A., Zouari, N., Mahjoub, S., Matheau, J. M., Anderson, R. A., 2003. Antioxidant effects of zinc supplementation in Tunisians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 22: 316–321.
Rubinstein, A., Burstein, R., Lubin, F., Chetrit, A., Dann, E. J., Levtov, O., Geter, R., Deuster, P. A., Dolev, E., 1995. Lipoprotein profile changes during intense training of Israeli military recruits. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27: 480-484.
Sahu, A. and Kalra, S. P., 1993. Neuropeptidergic regulation of feeding behavior: neuropeptide Y. Trend Endocrinol Metabolism 4: 217-224.
Sandy, M. S., Moldeus, P., Ross, D., Smith, M. T., 1986. Role of redox cycling and lipid peroxidation in bipyridyl herbicide cytotoxicity.Studies with a comptomised isolated hepatocyte model system. BioPharm 35: 3095-3101.
Scholes, G., 1983. Radiation effects on DNA. British Journal of Radio 56: 221-231.
Shisheva, A., Gefel, D., Shechter, Y., 1992. Insulinlike effects of zinc ion in vitro and in vivo: preferential effects on desensitized adipocytes and induction of normoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced rats. Diabetes 41: 982-988.
Sohn, E., Daggy, B. P., Arjmandi, B. H., 1999. Ovariectomized hamster: A potential model of postmenopausal hypercholesterolemia. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 10: 660-663.
Spiller, G. A. and Dewell, A., 2003. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Medicinal Food 6: 51-56.
Su, Y. C., Wang, J. J., Lin, T. T., Pan, T. M., 2003. Production of the secondary metabolites γ-aminobutyric acid and monacolin K by Monascus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 40-46.
Su, N. W., Lin, Y. L., Lee, M. H., Ho, C. Y., 2005. Ankaflavin from Monascus-fermented red rice exhibits selective cytotoxic effect and induces cell death on HepG2 cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 1949-1954.
Sugden, M. C., Holiness, M. J., Howard, R. M., 1993. Changes in lipoprotein lipase activities in adipose tissue, heart and skeletal muscle during continuous or interrupted feeding. The Biochemical Journal 292: 113-119.
Sugiyama, Y., Odaka, H., Itokawa, S., Itokawa, E., 1995. TMP-153, a novel ACAT inhibitor, lowers plasma cholesterol through its hepatic action in golden hamsters. Atherosclerosis 118: 145-153.
Sunyer, P., 2002. Glycemic index and disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76: 290S-298.
Sviridov, D. D., Endo, A., Pavlov, M. Yu., Repin, V. S., Smirnov V. N., 1990. Comparison of the effect of six compactin-related compounds on cholesterol synthesis in five human cell types. Lipids 25: 685-690.
Taira, J., Miyagi, C., Aniya, Y., 2002. Dimerumic acid as an antioxidant from the mold, Monascus anka: the inhibition mechanisms against lipid peroxidation and hemeprotein-mediated oxidation. Biochemical Pharmacology 63: 1019-1026.
Takahashi, H., Tiba, M., Iino, M., Takayasu, T., 1955. The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure. The Japanese Journal of Physiology 5: 334-341.
Takihara, K., Azurma, J. Awata, N., Ohta, H., Sawamura, A., Kishimoto, S. and Sperelakis, N. 1985. Taurine’s possible protective role in age dependent reponse to calcium paradox. Life Science 37: 1705-1710.
Tallman, D. L. and Taylor, C, G., 2003. Effects of dietary fat and zinc on adiposity, serum leptin and adipose fatty acid cpmposition in C57BL/6J mice. Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry 14: 17-23.
Tang, X. H. and Shay, N. F., 2000. Effect of zinc on signal transduction affecting insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the adipocyte. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 14: A92.
Teng, S. S. and Feldheim, W., 2001. Anka and anka pigment production. Journal of Industrial Microbiol Biotechanol 26: 280-282.
Thompson, G. R., 1989. A Handbook of Hyperlipidemia. London: Current Science.
Thurston, J. H., Hauhart, R. E., Nelson, J. S., 1980. Adaptive decreases in amino acids (taurine in particular), creatine, and electrolytes prevent cerebral edema in chronically hyponatremic mice: rapid correction (experimental model of central pontine myelinolysis) causes dehydration and shrinkage of brain. Metabolic Brain Disease 2: 223-41.
Tiuburg, L. B., Wiseman, S. A., Meiuer, G. W., Weststrate, J. A., 1997. Effects of green tea, black tea and dietary lipophilic antioxidants on LDL oxidizability and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Athero 135: 37-47.
Tracy, R. P., 1999. Inflammation markers and coronary heart disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 10: 435-441.
Usman and Hosono. A., 2001. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Journal of Dairy Research 68:617-624.
Uchiyama, M. and Mihara, M., 1978. Determination of malonaldehyde precusor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical Biochemistry 86: 271-278.
Vallee, B. L. and Falchuk, K. H., 1993. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physioligical Reviews 73: 79-11.
Wang, M. Y. and Liehr, J. G., 1995. Lipid hydroperoxide-induced endogenous DNA adducts in hamsters: possible mechanism of lipid hydroperoxide-mediated carcinogenesis. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 316: 38-46.
Wang, J., Lu, Z., Chi, J., Wang, W., Su, M., Kno, W., Yu, P., Chen, L., Chang, J., 1997. Multicenter clinical trial of the serum lipid-lowering effects of a Monascus purpureus rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine. Current Therapeutic Research 58: 964-978.
Wong, H. C. and Koehler, P. E., 1981. Production and isolation of an antibiotic from Monascus purpureus and its relationship to pigment production. The Journal of Food Science 46:589–592.
Woollett, L. A., Spady, D. K., Dietschy, J. M., 1989. Mechanisms by which saturated triacylglycerols elevate the plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in hamsters. Differential effects of fatty acid chain length. Journal of Clinical Investigation 84: 119-28.
Wu, G. F. and Wu, X. C., 2000. Screening DPPH radical scavengers from Monascus sp. Acta Microbiologica Sinica 40: 394–399.
Yasukawa, K., Takahashi, M., Natori, S., Kawai, K., Yamazaki, M., Takeuchi, M., Takido, M., 1994. Azaphilones inhibit tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mice. Oncology 51: 108-112.
Yasukawa, K., Takahashi, M., Yamanouchi, S., Takido, M., 1996. Inhibitory effect of oral administration of Monascus pigment on tumor promotion in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology 53: 247-249.
Yokoyama, A., Izumida, H., Miki, W., 1994. Production of astaxanthin and 4-ketozeaxanthin by the marine bacterium. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 58: 1842-1844.
Zhang, M., Bi, L. F., Fang, J. H., Su, X. L., Da, G. L., Kuwamori, T., Kagaminoris, S., 2004. Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Amino Acid 26: 267-271.