臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要

在這篇論文中，以流化床反應器及陶瓷球作為流化介質，且以CO2 作為流化氣體去熱裂解
棕梠殼(PKS)，研究的目的為找出反應器溫度 (350~500 ºC)、流化氣體流速 (5-15
liter/min)及昇熱速率 (1, 5, 10 K/min) 對熱裂解後各項產物(生質油、生質氣體及生質能
碳)含量的影響。PKS的產物含量分析是依照美國材料和試驗協會(ASTM)標準辦法分析。在這次
研究成果顯示，生質油在反應器溫度為500 ºC且CO2流量為10 liter/min能得到最大的產量
(20.43 wt.%)，而在這樣的操作條件下，生質能碳為35.96 wt.%而生質氣為43.61 wt.%。且生
質能碳的含量會隨著反應器溫度和CO2流量增加而減少，反之生質氣體含量則是會隨著反應器
溫度和CO2流量增加而增加。從TGA分析可以觀察到，重量損失分成三個部分。首先發生在100
ºC到220 ºC此階段為水氣及雜質的蒸發。再者是在240 ºC到400 ºC為纖維素及半纖維素的分解
和最後400 ºC到900 ºC為木質素的分解。DTGA的部分，可以觀察到兩個很明顯的峰值，第一個
為揮發掉半纖維素的可揮發物質，第二個為揮發掉纖維素的可揮發物質。而在DTGA中隨著昇溫
速率的提升，會使這兩個峰值往右提升，在1 K/min第一和第二個峰值發生在 280 ºC and
380ºC 在 5 K/min 發生在 305 ºC and 390 ºC 及 310 ºC and 405 ºC 在 10 K/min。在探討
生成物的組成成分，生質油部分碳氫氮氧成分分別為:67.70 wt.%、9.70wt.%、0.9wt.%和
21.7wt.%，在生質能碳的部分擁有較高的碳含量，大概在62.87wt.%左右，其他元素組成則有
，2.54wt.%的氫、0.56wt.%的氧、0.01wt.%的硫和10.80wt.%的氧，PKS成分分析部分，有
23.18wt.%是灰燼、3.30wt.%是水氣、17.86wt.%是揮發物及58.96wt.%為碳化物，且PKS擁有相
當高的熱值，約為23.56MJ/kg。當使用CO2當流化氣體時，所產出的生質氣體成分組成，跟先
前研究做出來的結果相符，大部分產出物為CO2(超過50 vol.%)，剩下主要為CO還有少量的CH4
和H2


關鍵字:生質能、棕梠殼、生質油、熱裂解

ABSTRACT

In this thesis, palm kernel shell (PKS) biomass are pyrolyzed in a fast pyrolysis system using
fluidized bed reactor and ceramic balls as fluidizing medium, with CO2 as fluidization gas. The
purpose of this research is to find the effect of operating parameters, such as reactor temperature (350º
- 550ºC), fluidizing gas flow rate (5-15 liter/min) and heating rates (1, 5, 10 K/min) on the yield of
each pyrolysis product (bio-oils, gas, and char). The composition of PKS biomass and their product are
investigated according to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard methods. The
result shows that the maximum bio-oil yield is 20.4 wt.%, occurred at 500ºC and the flow rate of CO2
is 10 liter/min, the other product are char with 36.0 wt.% and gas with 43.6 wt.%. Char decreases
with increasing reactor temperature and CO2 flow rate. A opposite, the gas product increases with
increasing reactor temperature and CO2 flow rate above 10 liter/min. From TG (thermogravimetry) and
DTG (differential thermogravimetry) analysis, the weight loss are generally divided into 3 parts. First,
occurred from 100ºC to 220ºC, presented the moisture and extractive evaporations. The second weight
loss occurred at 240ºC - 400ºC, the thermal decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose and the
third, the weight loss above 400ºC until 900ºC is mainly due to the decomposition of lignin. The DTG
curves have two peaks. The first peak is assigned to devolatilization of hemicellulose, while the second
peak is cellulose. The effects of the heating rate on the DTG curve and maximum decomposition rate
are investigated. At higher heating rates, individual conversions are reached at higher temperatures.
For the heating rate of 1 K/min, the first and second peak occurred at 280 ºC and 380ºC. For 5 K/min,
they occurred at 305 ºC and 390 ºC. They occurred at 310 ºC and 405 ºC for 10 K/min. The maximum
of the decomposition rate is also slightly shifted towards higher temperature. CHNO content of bio oils
are 67.70 wt.%, 9.70 wt.%, 0.90 wt.%, and 21.70 wt.%, respectively. Bio-char have high carbon
content, around 62.87 wt.%, other elemental compositions are 2.54 wt.% of hydrogen, nitrogen with
0.56 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% for sulfur, and oxygen with 10.80 wt.%. Proximate analysis of PKS bio char gets
23.18 wt.% of ash, 3.30 wt.% of moisture, also HHV, volatile matter, and fixed carbon with 23.56
MJ/kg, 17.86 wt.%, and 58.96 wt.%, respectively. When using CO2 utilized as fluidization gas, the gas
product has compositions similar to previous study, and consists mostly of CO2 (Over 50 vol.%),
followed by CO, and little amount of CH4 and H2.



Keywords: Biomass, palm kernel shell, fast pyrolysis, bio-oil

TABLE OF CONTENTS


CHINESE ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 14
2.1 Experimental Method .................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Material Preparation ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Material Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.4 TG and DTG Analysis .................................................................................................................. 24
2.5 Experimental Set Up ..................................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Experimental Condition ................................................................................................................ 34
2.7 Fast Pyrolysis System ................................................................................................................... 35 vi

2.8 Product Collection ........................................................................................................................ 36
2.9 Product Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 39
2.10 Experimental Procedure .............................................................................................................. 47

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................. 49
3.1 Proximate, Ultimate and Lignocellulosic Composition Analysis of PKS Biomass ..................... 49
3.2 Physical properties measurement of PKS Biomass ...................................................................... 60
3.3 Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermogravimetry Analysis ............................................... 62
3.4. Oily and Aqueous Phase .............................................................................................................. 69
3.5 Product Yields of Biomass Pyrolysis ............................................................................................ 70
3.5.1 Effect of Reactor Temperature on Product Distribution of PKS Biomass ............................. 70
3.5.2 Effect of Fluidization Gas Flow Rate on Product Distribution of PKS Biomass .................. 76
3.6 Energy Consumptions ................................................................................................................... 79
3.6.1 Energy Consumption in Grinding Process ............................................................................. 79
3.6.2 Energy Consumption in Pyrolysis Process ............................................................................. 84
3.6.3 Power Consumption in Condensation Process ....................................................................... 86
3.6.4 Total Energy Requirement .................................................................................................... 89
3.7 Product Analysis of PKS Biomass Pyrolysis ................................................................................ 91
3.7.1 Bio-oils Products .................................................................................................................... 91
3.7.1.1 Elemental Analysis, Water, Solid, and Ash Content Measurement of PKS Bio-oils ...... 98
3.7.1.2 Physical Properties Measurement of PKS Bio-oil ......................................................... 100
3.7.2 Gas Product .......................................................................................................................... 101
3.7.2.1 Effect of Reactor Temperature on Gas Product Compositions of PKS Biomass. ........ 102
3.7.2.2 Effect of Fluidization Gas Flow Rate on Gas Product Compositions of PKS Biomass 103
3.7.3 Char Product ......................................................................................................................... 104 vii

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................................................. 108
4.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 108
4.2 Suggestions ................................................................................................................................. 109

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 110

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