臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文介紹所研發之能量收集接口積體電路，該接口電路架構為雙輸入、單 電感器和多輸出之降壓-升壓轉換器。該電路能從太陽能、熱電或微生物燃料電池 等各種能量來源中提取最大能量。電路輸入可由能量傳感器或儲存搜集到能量之 超級電容器，同時提供1.2V、1.8V 和3.3V 之多輸出電壓。能量收集接口電路包 括三種工作模式，即冷啟動模式、能量收集模式和能量再利用模式。
在冷啟動模式下，環境能量被轉換成更高的電壓並存儲在電容器中以做為能 量收集模式下之電源。能量收集模式採用部份開路電壓最大功率點跟踪演算法來 調整電感器電流以達到最大功率點追蹤。能量收集電路以異步控制方式操作於邊 界導通模式。利用校準比較器失調電壓方式設計雙向零電流切換方法可最大限度 地減少反向電流耗損。當傳感器無法接收到足夠之輸入能量時，能量再利用模式 將輸入切換到預存儲能量之超級電容器以提供能量來源。該模式使用動態感應脈 衝跳躍技術來降低轉換器的開關損耗。
所研發之能量收集接口電路晶片採用0.18 μm 1P6M 混合信號CMOS 工藝製 造，所耗面積為6.72mm2。由模擬結果可知，在1mW 輸入能量電路之峰值效率 可達90%。由於功率電晶體之寄生效應，在輸入能量為4mW 時晶片量測峰值效 率降為64%。

This thesis presents an energy harvesting interface that utilizes a buck-boost converter in a dual-input, single-inductor, and multiple-output configuration. The developed interface circuit is designed to extract the maximum power from various DC energy sources through the photovoltaic transducers, thermoelectric generators, or microbial fuel cells. The input energy of the interface circuit can come from an energy transducer or a supercapacitor. The energy harvesting interface circuit simultaneously provides multiple output voltages, namely 1.2V, 1.8V, and 3.3V, for digital circuits, analog circuits, and the super-capacitor, respectively. Three operating modes, cold-startup, energy-harvesting, and energy-reuse, are designed in the harvesting interface circuit. In the cold-startup mode, the energy transducer voltage is boosted and stored in a capacitor, which provides the required power in the energy-harvesting mode. The energy-harvesting mode employs a fractional open-circuit voltage with a maximum power point tracking (FOCV-MPPT) algorithm so as to adjust the inductor current, achieving the maximum power point tracking. The harvesting circuit operates in the boundary conduction mode (BCM), along with the asynchronous control. A comparator-based bidirectional zero-current switching (ZCS) scheme adjusts the offset voltage to minimize the reverse current loss. The input source is switched to a super-capacitor energy-reuse mode with pre-stored energy to supply the output energy when the transducer fails to scavenge sufficient power. A dynamic sensing pulse-skipping technique is adopted to reduce the switching loss of the converter. A prototype chip, including the proposed energy harvesting interface circuit, is designed and fabricated in a 0.18 μm 1P6M mixed-signal CMOS process, occupying an area of 6.72mm2. The energy harvesting interface circuit achieves 90% peak efficiency at an energy of 1 mW in simulation. The measured peak efficiency drops to 64% when the energy of 4mW due to the power MOS parasitic conduction loss.
Keywords- Buck-Boost Converters, Energy Harvesting Interface(EHI), Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT), Zero Current Switching(ZCS) Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM), Energy Reuse

Abstract in Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Cold Start Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Multiple Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Energy Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Background Knowledge of DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 DC-DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Linear Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Inductive Switching DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Buck-Boost Converter Operation Principle Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.4 Inductor Volt-second Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.5 Buck-Boost Converter Output Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Closed-Loop Control Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2 Pulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Analysis of Power Loss and Conversion Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Proposed on DISIMO Buck-Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 Architecture and Operation of Energy Harvesting System . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Energy Harvesting System Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1 Cold Start-Up Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.2 Harvester Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.3 Reuse Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Circuit Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.1 Power Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.2 Reference Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.3 MPPT Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.4 Peak Inductor Current Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.5 Zero Current Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.6 Voltage Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.7 Dual Output Pulse Skip Mode Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.8 Hysteresis Voltage Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.9 High Voltage Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Simulation and Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1 Sub-Block Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1.1 Reference Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1.2 MPPT Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1.3 Peak Inductor Current Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.1.4 Zero Current Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.5 Dual Output Pulse Skip Mode Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.1.6 Hysteresis Voltage Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.7 High Voltage Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.8 System Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.1 Test Bench Set Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.2 Cold Start Mode Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.3 Harvester Mode Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.4 Harvester Mode Converts to Reuse Mode Measurement . . . . . 77
4.2.5 Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.6 Cross Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.7 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.8 Power Loss Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1 Comparison and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3 Fix Issue and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

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