臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目前在人機視覺互動的娛樂系統或者是安全監視系統中移動物件追蹤系統都是其核心的部分。而在近幾年來隨著電腦運算能力的提升，移動物件追蹤系統逐漸受到重視。且基於物件模型的追蹤演算法中，粒子濾波器以及平均值位移演算法因為容易實作，因此許多物件追蹤應用上都使用這兩種追蹤方法。然而平均值位移演算法的誤差累積情況較為顯著，而粒子濾波器則受樣本數多寡影響有容易導致物件晃動的問題存在。因此本篇論文針對粒子濾波器的物件晃動問題進行改良，提出粒子濾波器結合三步搜尋追蹤演算法，並考慮物件中各色彩的權重使得整個追蹤演算法更為強健。我們利用色彩特徵並排除重心位移量過大的色彩來建立目標物件模型。並利用物件樣板及其近鄰近像素色彩分佈的多寡以及色彩重心的位移量來決定色彩權重，且在計算相似度時考慮色彩對目標物件的重要性，經過粒子濾波器追蹤到物體位置後，再透過三步搜尋演算法解決物件晃動的問題。經實驗後發現我們的方法的確可以減少粒子濾波器的晃動問題，並且只需要用少數的樣本數即可準確的追蹤物件。而色彩權重的概念更提高了演算法對於雜亂背景下追蹤的成功率。我們的粒子濾波器使用30個樣本數並結合三步搜尋追蹤演算法進行追蹤，實驗100次後仍可百分之百的追蹤到移動物件，而粒子濾波器在相同的條件下僅有73%的成功機率。在運算時間的部分，30個樣本數的粒子濾波器結合三步搜尋追蹤演算法比全域搜尋演算法快了29.621倍，而粒子濾波器則比全域搜尋演算法快31.416倍，因此兩者的運算時間上並無顯著的差距。

Currently, object tracking system is the core of the application of the hu-man-machine vision system for entertainment as well as surveillance system. Object tracking system is an important topic, but it wastes a lot of computing resource; how-ever, it has been used widely when computing has been speeding up in the past a few years. Many object tracking systems adopt Particle Filter and Mean Shift since they are easy to be implemented. However, Mean Shift results in conspicuous cumulative errors; and Particle Filter has serious drifting problem when the sample numbers are small. Accordingly, we propose a new algorithm－ Particle Filter Embedded Three-Step Search (PFETSS) to solve the drifting problem. Also by considering the color weights, our algorithm is able to acquire a robust result. The color features are needed to generate the target object model. However, the colors with large center gravity movement are excluded from our model. Our algorithm generates the color weights using object template, its color distribution of adjacent pixels, as well as the center gravity of colors. In the process of calculating their similarity, we take the major color of the target object into consideration. After Particle Filter, an approximate object position is obtained. Then a Three-Step Search algorithm is applied to solve drifting problem. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can not only solve the drifting problem of Particle Filter, but also require fewer samples. In our method, the probability of successful tracking is greatly improved by considering color weights in clutter background. We use 30 samples in our PFETSS. After 100 expe-riments, our experimental results show that out method can 100% track the object successfully. Particle Filter, on the other hand, has 73% of probability of success, other conditions remaining the same; As for computation time, Particle Filter Embedded Three-Step Search algorithm, with 30 samples, is 29.621 times faster than Full Search algorithm according to my experiment result. With the sample number, Particle Filter is 31.416 times faster than Full Search algorithm. Hence, the computation time between Particle Filter Embedded Three-Step Search algorithm and Particle Filter algorithm is not significantly different.

目錄 i
中文摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
誌謝 ivi
圖表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究背景與方法 3
1.3 論文組織 6
第二章 物件追蹤系統架構與模型建立及量測 7
2.1 移動物件追蹤系統架構 7
2.2 移動物件描述 9
2.2.1 核心函數 9
2.2.2 物體目標影像之色彩分佈密度函數 13
2.2.3 移動物體候選影像之色彩分佈密度函數 16
2.2.4 相似度計算Bhattacharyya Coefficient 18
第三章 移動物體的追蹤 23
3.1 平均值位移演算法 23
3.2 粒子濾波器 28
3.3 粒子濾波器結合三步搜尋追蹤演算法 32
3.3.1 移動物體模型建立 32
3.3.2 相似度計算 34
3.3.3 三步搜尋演算法 37
3.3.4 PFETSS追蹤流程與步驟 39
第四章 實驗結果與效能分析 42
4.1 實驗結果展示 43
4.2 實驗數據統計 58
第五章 結論與未來展望 61
5.1 結論 61
5.2 未來展望 61
參考文獻 62
作者簡介 65

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