臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人類生活結構轉變，寵物在人們心中的地位日趨提升，許多人對寵物的情感甚至超越人類，然而在平均壽命為13年的犬貓離世，所帶來的痛苦與失去人類時相似，包含離世後的悲傷、沮喪和創傷，儼然成為許多人生命中的度量衡，劃分不同的人生階段。而心理治療的興起，帶動越來越多學者探究人與寵物分離的議題，人們看待寵物離世、處理後事的方式，甚至是心理層面也開始被重視。因此寵物殯葬即成為了一種需求：它既是一種儀式，也是解決負面影響的其中一個方式。臺灣「寵物殯葬」服務逐年增加，可看出人們對來世的看法、生與死間的關係、及對寵物遺體的態度。身處21世紀，儀式也必須是城市化、個性化和家庭新結構的服務。
本創作透過四個階段：首先在問題洞察階段，以前期文獻探討人類失去寵物的悲傷與調節；並在聚焦核心階段，找到關鍵的符號及調適悲傷的媒介應用；於設計概念階段，應用藝術治療與文化探針的概念，設計出三件創作作品及體驗規劃；最後實際驗證階段，透過體驗及訪談的回饋做結論與建議。
本創作的三件設計作品分別為：(1)回憶肖像（Memories Portrait Frame）為與飼主共創回憶的寵物繪製肖像座，正面為寵物畫像，背面為飼主繪製與寵物的回憶，有插花座提升互動性及裝飾性。(2)依戀盆栽（Attachment Plant Pot）為專屬寵物骨灰的造形盆栽，模組化物件及多樣植物，讓飼主親手打造家園，照顧盆栽來延續愛與連結方式。(3)性格萬花筒（Personality Kaleidoscope）為分析寵物性格，並萃取性格符號製成萬花筒飾品。

The structure of human life has changed, and the status of pets in people’s hearts is increasing. Many people’s feelings for pets even surpass that of humans. However, the pain caused by the death of dogs and cats with an average life span of 13 years is similar to that of the loss of humans, including sadness over death, depression, and trauma. It has become the turning point and divides different stages in many people’s lives. The rise of psychotherapy has led more and more scholars to explore the separation between humans and pets. The way people view the death of pets, the way they deal with funerals, and even the psychological aspect has been valued. Therefore, pet funeral has become a demand: it is both a ritual and a way to solve the negative impact. Taiwan’s “pet funeral” services are increased year by year, which shows people’s views on the afterlife, the relationship between life and death, and their attitudes toward pet remains. In the 21st century, a ritual must also be a service of urbanization, personalization, and a new family structure.
This design went through four stages. First, in the problem insight stage, the literature review explored humans’ grief and adjustment of losing their pets. The core focusing stage found key symbols and media application of adjusting grief. The design concept stage applied the concepts of art therapy and cultural probes to design three creative works and an experience activity. The last stage of actual verification provided conclusions and suggestions through feedback from the experiences and interviews.
Three design works created in this project were. (1) Memories Portrait Frame was a portrait seat for pets, which created memories with its owner. The front was a pet portrait, and the back was a piece of memory drawn by the owner. There was a flower receptacle to enhance interactivity and decoration. (2) Attachment Plant Pot was a pot for the ashes of a pet. Modular objects and multiple plants allowed owners to create their own homes and took care of the potted plants to continue the way of love and connection. (3) Personality Kaleidoscope was a kaleidoscopic ornament made by analyzing the characters of pets and extracting character symbols.

論文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
誌謝
圖表索引
第一章 緒論
1.1 創作背景
1.2 創作動機
1.3 創作目的
1.4 創作範圍與限制
1.5 創作架構
第二章 文獻探討
2.1 人類失去寵物的心理與行為
2.1.1 依戀理論
2.1.2 喪親的壓力與悲傷情緒的調節
2.1.3 持續連結理論
2.1.4 寵物殯葬儀式與治療
2.2 藝術治療
2.2.1 藝術治療的起源
2.2.2 藝術治療概論
2.2.3 藝術治療內容
2.3 符號學
2.3.1 符號學概論
2.3.2 符號視覺化與記憶
2.3.3 藝術符號學
第三章 創作方法
3.1 應用心靈媒介
3.1.1 表現主義藝術家Jean-Michel Basquiat
3.1.2 Ask Tia Poster Generator
3.1.3 寵物心理學家Sonya Fitzpatrick
3.1.4 寵物肖像藝術家Chris Beetow
3.2 應用呈現性媒介
3.2.1 Sing for Hope
3.2.2 藝術家Eser Gündüz
3.2.3 原研哉策劃展覽Architecture for Dogs
3.2.4 Brooklyn Symphony Orchestra Identity
3.2.5 Arche Collection
3.3 應用記錄性媒介
3.3.1 馴國—吳權倫個展
3.3.2 The Dog Show
3.3.3 Dogs Alike
3.3.4 黑青：日目圖像創作展
3.4 設計案例分析歸納
3.5 創作方法
3.5.1 設計概念手法
3.5.2 體驗流程設計
3.5.3 設計驗證方式
第四章 創作成果
4.1 回憶肖像（Memories Portrait Frame）
4.1.1 設計概念發展
4.1.2 實體產品製作
4.1.3 設計成品展示
4.2 依戀盆栽（Attachment Plant Pot）
4.2.1 設計概念發展
4.2.2 實體產品製作
4.2.3 設計成品展示
4.3 性格萬花筒（Personality Kaleidoscope）
4.3.1 設計概念發展
4.3.2 實體產品製作
4.3.3 設計成品展示
4.4 緬懷寵物體驗（Continuing Bonds experience）
4.5 受測體驗
4.5.1 參與體驗的受測者
4.5.2 電話訪談的受訪者
4.6 體驗結果分析與討論
第五章 結論與建議
5.1 回憶肖像（Memories Portrait Frame）
5.2 依戀盆栽（Attachment Plant Pot）
5.3 性格萬花筒（Personality Kaleidoscope）
5.4 緬懷寵物體驗
5.5 後續創作與建議
參考文獻

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. (2003). The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: Evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 887-913.
Alvarado, K. A., Templer, D. I., Bresler, C., & Thomas‐Dobson, S. (1995). The relationship of religious variables to death depression and death anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 202-204.
Anand, S., & Anand, V. (1999). Art therapy with laryngectomy patients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(2), 109-117.
Anderson, R. (1974). Notes of a survivor. In S. B. Troop, & W. A. Green (Eds.), The patient, death and the family (pp. 73-82). New York, NY: Scribner.
Archer, J. (1997). Why do people love their pets. Evolution and Human Behavior, 18(4), 237-259.
Archer, J., & Winchester, G. (1994). Bereavement following death of a pet. British Journal of Psychology, 85(2), 259-271.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 417-436.
Baas, M., de Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779-806.
BAAT (2020). What is art therapy? Retrieved from https://www.baat.org/About-Art- Therapy
Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389-1391.
Barthes, R. (1964). Elements of semiology. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Beck, L., & Madresh, E. A. (2008). Romantic partners and four-legged friends: An extension of attachment theory to relationships with pets. Anthrozoös, 21(1), 43-56.
Bedford, E. (2020, Mar 10). Global dog and cat pet population 2018. Hamburg, DE: Statista.
Bense, M. (1998). Kybernetik oder Die Metatechnik einer Maschine. In E. Walther (Ed.), Ausgewiihlte Schriften (Vol. 2): Philosophie der Mathematik, Naturwissenschaft und Technik (pp. 429-446). Stuttgart, DE: J. B. Metzler.
Benson, H., & Klipper, M. Z. (1975). The relaxation response. New York, NY: Morrow.
Birren, F. (1973). Color preference as a clue to personality. Art Psychotherapy.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Loss sadness and depression (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664-678.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46-76). New York, NY: Guilford.
Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1893). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: Preliminary communication from studies on hysteria. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2, pp. 1-17). London, UK: Hogarth.
Bruner, J. S. (2006). In search of pedagogy (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Routledge.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun, & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (p. 3-23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Carmack, B. J. (1985). The effects on family members and functioning after the death of a pet. In M. B. Sussman (Ed.), Pets and family (pp. 149-162). New York, NY: Haworth.
Carmack, B. J. (2003). Grieving the death of a pet. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg.
Cassidy, J. (2008). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (2nd ed.) (pp. 102-127). New York, NY: Guilford.
Cassirer, E. (1923). The philosophy of symbolic forms. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cousins, N. (1979). Anatomy of an illness (as perceived by the patient). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Cowles, K. V. (1985). The death of a pet: Human responses to the breaking of the bond. Marriage & Family Review, 8(3-4), 135-148.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, UK: John Murray.
Davis, H., Irwin, P., Richardson, M., & O’Brien-Malone, A. (2003). When a pet dies: Religious issues, euthanasia and strategies for coping with bereavement. Anthrozoös, 16(1), 57-74.
DeGroot, A. (1984). Preparing the veterinarian for dealing with the emotions of pet loss. In R. K. Anderson, B. L. Hart, & L. A. Hart (Eds.), The pet connection: Its influence on our health and quality of life (pp. 283-291). Minneapolis, MN: Center to Study Human-Animal Relationships and Environments, University of Minnesota.
Design Council (2005). A study of the design process. London, UK: Design Council.
Dillon, K. M., Minchoff, B., & Baker, K. (1985). Positive emotional state enhancement of the immune system. International Journal of Psychiatric Medicine, 15(1), 13-18.
Doka, K. J. (1985). Loss and anticipatory grief. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Doka, K. J. (2008). Disenfranchised grief in historical and cultural perspective. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (p. 223-240). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ekman, P. (1994). Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell’s mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 268-287.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864-886.
Field, N. P. (2008). Whether to relinquish or maintain a bond with the deceased. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 113-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67(2), 212.
Field, N. P., Orsini, L., Gavish, R., & Packman, W. (2009). Role of attachment in response to pet loss. Death Studies, 33(4), 334-355.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Attachment theory and its place in contemporary personality theory and research. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed.) (pp. 518-541). New York, NY: Guilford.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1378.
Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 130-243). London, UK: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1915). The unconscious. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 159-204). London, UK: Hogarth.
Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349-358.
Gable, P. A., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The effect of low versus high approach-motivated positive affect on memory for peripherally versus centrally presented information. Emotion, 10(4), 599-603.
Gabriels, R. (1999). Treating children who have asthma: A creative approach. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Medical art therapy with children (pp. 95-112). Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.
Gaver, B., Dunne, T., & Pacenti, E. (1999). Design: Cultural probes. Interactions, 6(1), 21-29.
Gerwolls, M. K., & Labott, S. M. (1994). Adjustment to the death of a companion animal. Anthrozoös, 7(3), 172-187.
Getz, I., & Lubart, T. I. (2000). An emotional-experiential perspective on creative symbolic-metaphorical processes. Consciousness & Emotion, 1(2), 283-312.
Gosling, S. D., & Bonnenburg, A. V. (1998). An integrative approach to personality research in anthrozoology: Ratings of six species of pets and their owners. Anthrozoös, 11(3), 148-156.
Gosse, G. H., & Barnes, M. J. (1994). Human grief resulting from the death of a pet. Anthrozoös, 7(2), 103-112.
Greenberg, C. (1982). Modernist painting. In F. Frascina, & C. Harrison (Eds.), Modern art and modernism: A critical anthology (pp. 5-10). New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and decoding in the television discourse. Birmingham, UK: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham.
Harris, A. (1996), The conceptual power of multiplicity. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 32(4), 537-552.
Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 412-428.
Hiltebrand, E. U. (1999). Coping with cancer through image manipulation. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Medical art therapy with adults (pp. 113-135). Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213-218。
Homans, J. (2013). What’s a dog for: The surprising history, science, philosophy, and politics of man’s best friend. New York, NY: Penguin.
Huang, M. H. (2019, April 27)。創作的軌跡：淺談藝術治療的力量。取自https:// medium.com/@apple2007tch/創作的軌跡-淺談藝術治療的力量-1cb817c5816
Hull, C. L. (1952). A behavior system: An introduction to behavior theory concerning the individual organism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hunt, M., & Padilla, Y. (2006). Development of the pet bereavement questionnaire. Anthrozoös, 19(4), 308-324.
Jewel, D. (1998, May 4). Natalies’ girl. People Weekly, 49(17). Retrieved from https:// people.com/archive/natalies-girl-vol-49-no-17/
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed.) (pp. 114-158). New York NY: Guilford.
Jones, A. C., & Gosling, S. D. (2005). Temperament and personality in dogs (Canis familiaris): A review and evaluation of past research. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 95(1-2), 1-53.
Kalat, J. W., & Shiota, M. N. (2011). Emotion (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Kaplan, F. (2000). Art, science and art therapy: Repainting the picture. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.
Kaufman, K. R., & Kaufman, N. D. (2006). And then the dog died. Death Study, 30(1), 61-76.
Kenney, E. (2004). Pet funerals and animal graves in Japan. Mortality, 9(1), 42-60.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. (Eds.) (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Koch, R. (2016). The book of signs (Reprint). Eastford, CT: Martino.
Kramer, E. (2001). Art as therapy: Collected papers. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.
Kübler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. (2005). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York, NY: Scribner.
Langer, S. K. (1953). Feeling and form: A theory of art. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaption. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Lerner, J. S., Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological Science, 15(5), 337-341.
Ley, J., Bennett, P., & Coleman, G. (2008). Personality dimensions that emerge in companion canines. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 110(3-4), 305-317.
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology, 22(140), 5-54.
Lubart, T. I., & Getz, I. (1997). Emotion, metaphor, and the creative process. Creative Research Journal, 10(4), 285-301.
Lusebrink, V. B. (1990). Imagery and visual expression in therapy. New York, NY: Plenum.
Lutz, C. A., & Abu-Lughod, L. E. (1990). Language and the politics of emotion. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Maes, S., & Karoly, P. (2005). Self‐regulation assessment and intervention in physical health and illness: A review. Applied Psychology, 54(2), 267-299.
Malchiodi, C. A. (1998). Understanding children’s drawings. New York, NY: Guilford.
Malchiodi, C. A. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of art therapy (2nd. ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 33-52.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 159-181). New York, NY: Guilford.
McCutcheon, K. A., & Fleming, S. J. (2001). Grief resulting from euthanasia and natural death of companion animals. Journal of Death and Dying, 44(2), 169-188.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). The analysis of interview-narratives. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (p. 233-255). New York, NY: Praeger.
Morris, C. W. (1938). Foundations of the theory of signs. In O. Neurath, R. Carnap, & C. Morris (Eds.), International encyclopedia of unified science (pp. 1-59). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Morris, W. N. (1989). Mood: The frame of mind. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Nadeau, J. W. (1998). Understanding families (Vol. 10): Families making sense of death. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nagasawa, M., & Mogi, K. (2009). Attachment between humans and dogs. Japanese Psychological Research, 51(3), 209-221.
Noonan, E. (2008). People and pets. Psychodynamic Practice, 4(14), 395-407.
Nuremberg, M. (1966). Dynamically oriented art therapy. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
Oliva, J. L., Rault, J. L., Appleton, B., & Lill, A. (2015). Oxytocin enhances the appropriate use of human social cues by the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) in an object choice task. Animal Cognition, 18(3), 767-775.
Packman, W., Carmack, B. J., & Ronen, R. (2012). Therapeutic implications of continuing bonds expressions following the death of a pet. Journal of Death and Dying, 64(4), 335-356.
Peirce, C. S. (1883). Studies in logic, by members of the Johns Hopkins University. Boston, MA: Little Brown.
Podrazik, D., Shackford, S., Becker, L., & Heckert, T. (2000). The death of a pet: Implications for loss and bereavement across the lifespan. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 5(4), 361-395.
Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Quackenbush, J., & Glickman, L. (1983). Social work services for bereaved pet owners: A retrospective case study in a veterinary teaching hospital. In A. H. Katcher, & A. M. Beck (Eds.), New perspectives on our lives with companion animals (pp. 377-389). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Hirstein, W. (1999). The science of art: A neurological theory of aesthetic experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(6-7), 15-51.
Rando, T. A. (1986) A comprehensive analysis of anticipatory grief: Perspectives, processes, promises, and problems. In T. A. Rando (Ed.), Loss and anticipatory grief (pp. 3-37). Lexington, MA: Heath.
Rando, T. A. (2000). The six dimensions of anticipatory mourning. In T. A. Rando (Ed.), Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: Theory and practice in working with the dying, their loved ones, and their caregivers (pp. 51-101). Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Rappaport, L. (2008). Focusing-oriented art therapy: Accessing the body’s wisdom and creative intelligence. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.
Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2009). Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 423-433.
Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(1), 383-388.
Rujoiu, O., & Rujoiu, V. (2014). Pet loss and human emotion: Romanian students’ reflections on pet loss. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(5), 474-483.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.
Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-Markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-516.
Saussure, F. de (1916). Course in general linguistics. London, UK: Fontana.
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 601-630.
Serpell, J. (1991). Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behavior. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84(12), 717-720.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human Development, 4(2), 133-161.
Shaver, P., & Hazan, C. (1987). Being lonely, falling in love. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2(2), 105-124.
Shuchter, S. R., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (p. 23-43). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York, NY: Guilford.
Sinek, S. (2009). Start with why: How great leaders inspire everyone to take action. New York, NY: Penguin.
Soares, C. J. (1985). The companion animal in the context of the family system. In M. B. Sussman (Ed.), Pets and the family (pp. 49-62). New York, NY: Haworth.
Steele, W. (1997). Trauma intervention program for children and adolescents. Grosse Pointe Woods, MI: The Institute for Trauma and Loss in Children.
Steele, W., & Raider, M. (2001). Structured sensory intervention for traumatized children, adolescents, and parents: Strategies to alleviate trauma (Vol. 1). Lewiston, ID: Edwin Mellen.
Stewart, C. S., Thrush, J. C., & Paulus, G. (1989). Disenfranchised bereavement and loss of a companion animal: Implications for a caring communities. In J. K. Doka (Ed.), Disenfranchised grief: New directions, challenges, and strategies for practice (pp. 251-264). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Teasdale, J. D., & Russell, M. L. (1983). Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(3), 163-171.
Tulving, E. (1985). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., & Weisaeth, L. (Eds.) (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York, NY: Guilford.
Virshup, E. (1978). A compilation of feelings by right brain people in a left brain world: As expressed to Evelyn Virshup through art as therapy. Los Angeles, CA: Guild of Tutors Press.
Voith, V. L. (1985). Attachment of people to companion animals. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 15(2), 289-295.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14.
Watson, P. J., & Andrews, P. W. (2002). Toward a revised evolutionary adaptationist analysis of depression: The social navigation hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72(1), 1-14.
Wehr, T. A., Turner, E. H., Shimada, J. M., Lowe, C. H., Barker, C., Leibenluft, E. (1998). Treatment of rapidly cycling bipolar patient by using extended bed rest and darkness to stabilize the timing and duration of sleep. Biological Psychiatry, 43(11), 822-828.
Weisman, A. D. (1991). Bereavement and companion animals. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 22(4), 241-248.
Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (5th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
Wyer, R. S., Jr., & Srull, T. K. (1989). Memory and cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). An attachment perspective on human-pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(4), 345-357.
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Pets as safe havens and secure bases: The moderating role of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(5), 571-580.
日本能率協會（編）（1986）。KJ法應用實務（経営のためのKJ法入門）（沈士涼譯）。臺北市：清華管理圖書中心。（原作1978年出版）
古添洪（1984）。記號詩學。臺北市：東大。
梁庚辰（主編）（2018）。心理學：身體心靈與文化的整合。臺北市：國立臺灣大學出版中心。
陳紀君（2018，12月13日）。2020黃金交叉，臺灣毛小孩首次超過兒童數。時勢洞察。取自http://www.trendsightinc.com/insight/2020黃金交叉，臺灣貓狗數首次超過兒童/
陳紀君（2019，4月12日）。毛小孩服務業雙位數成長，寵物經濟再進化。時勢洞察。取自http://www.trendsightinc.com/insight/毛小孩服務業雙位數成長，寵物經濟再進化
楊裕隆（2012）。符號理論與應用。科學發展，478，19-22。
趙毅衡（2012）。符號學。臺北市：新銳文創。
鄭仲強（2011）。文化探針在新服務發展的應用（未出版碩士論文）。國立清華大學，新竹市。