臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

吸收性產品是老年人在各種情況下的主要需求，例如運動障礙，失禁或癡呆。由六種產品樣式組成：一體式內褲，套穿褲，腰帶產品，內衣護墊，襯裡/護墊和護墊。產品選擇不當的可能性很高，並且會對用戶的心理和身體狀況造成負面影響。這項研究旨在開髮用於失禁產品選擇的決策工具，並分析該產品的人體工程學考慮因素。總共還將分析18個案例報告，以創建用於系統試用的輸入信息。選擇用於失禁的吸收性產品時需要考慮的主要變量是失禁的類型，嚴重程度，性別，產品使用時間，使用者的活動狀況以及完成上廁所活動的能力。附著在吸收性產品上的人體工程學方面是人體設計學，用於設計，產品的可用性以及穿著吸收性產品的心理影響。

Absorbent product is a primary need for older adults under various conditions such as moving impairment, incontinences, or dementia. Consist of six types of product style: All in One Brief, Pull-on pants, Belted product, Pad for underwear, Liner/ Pads, and underpads. There is a high probability of unfit decision of product selection and resulting negative impact in user psychological and physical condition. This study aims to develop the decision tools for incontinence product selection and analyze the ergonomics consideration for this product. In total, 18 case reports also be analyzed to create the input information for the system trial. The primary variable that needs to be considered when selecting an absorbent product for incontinence is the incontinence type, severity level, gender, the period of using a product, mobility condition of user, and the ability to finish the toileting activity. The ergonomics aspect that attaches to the absorbent product is Anthroprometrics for design, Usability of products, and Psychological effects of wearing absorbent products.

COVER PAGE i
RECOMMENDATION FORM II
QUALIFICATION FORM III
ABSTRACT IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENT V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF TABLE IX
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objective 5
1.3 Research Scope and Limitation 5
1.4 Research Framework 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Body-Worn Absorbent Product 9
2.1.1 All in one Brief 9
2.1.2 Belted Product 10
2.1.3 Pad/ Insert/ Liners/ shield 11
2.1.4 Pad for underwear 11
2.1.5 Pull-on pant 13
2.1.6 Underpads 13
2.2 Users’ Factor of Body Worn Absorbent Product Selection 14
2.2.1 Incontinence Type 14
2.2.2 Dementia 16
2.2.3 Immobility (Dependent on Activities of Daily Living) 17
2.2.4 Gender 18
2.2.5 Waist or Hip Circumference 19
2.2.6 Timing of Incontinence 19
2.2.7 Dexterity 19
2.2.8 Patient Preference and acceptability, and goals of care 20
2.2.9 Caregiver time, availability and functional status 20
2.3 Standard Characteristics of Body Worn Absorbent Products 21
2.3.1 Rewet Rate 21
2.3.2 Rate of Acquisition (ROA) 21
2.3.3 Retention Capacity 22
2.3.4 Sizing and Sizing Option 22
2.3.5 Absorbency Level 23
2.3.6 Safety 24
2.3.7 Presence of Closure System 24
2.3.8 Breathable Zone 24
2.3.9 Elasticity 25
2.4 Anthropometric Measurement For Lower Body Part 26
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 Research Data Collection 30
3.2 Scoping Review of Studies 31
3.3 Study Case Analysis 31
3.4 Interface Development 33
CHAPTER 4 RESULT 34
4.1 The Result of Scoping Review Studies for Wearing Absorbent Product 34
4.2 Variables of Wearing Absorbent Product 39
4.3 Study Cases Analysis 46
4.4 User Interface for Product Selection 49
4.5.1 Process Flow 49
4.5.2 Interface Development 53
4.5.3 System Trial 54
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 57
5.1 Ergonomic Consideration on Absorbent Product 57
5.1.1 Anthropometric for Design of Body Worn Absorbent Product 57
5.1.2 Usability of Absorbent Product for Incontinence 59
5.1.3 Psychological Aspect of Wear Absorbent Product for Incontinence. 61
5.2 Implementation of Absorbent Product Selection 62
5.3 Conclusion 67
5.4 Future Research 68
REFERENCES 70
APPENDIX 80

3DLOOK. (2019). Mesurement and Landmark Points Guide. Retrieved from 3DLOOK API Documentation: https://saia.3dlook.me/docs/guide-measurments.html#male-volumetric
Abrams, P., Andersson, K. E., Birder, L., Brubaker, L., Cardozo, L., Chapple, C., … Wyndaele, J. J. (2010). Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, and Fecal Incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn., 29, 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau
Abrams, Paul, Cardozo, L., Wagg, A., & Wein, A. (2016). Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence (UI) and Other Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) and Anal Incontinence (AI). In Incontinence. 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo, September 2016.
Association for Continence Advice. (2020). Case study: Susan who has stress incontinence. Retrieved from Future Learn: https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/understanding-continence-promotion/0/steps/46081
Beeckman, D., Van den Bussche, K., Alves, P., Beele, H., Ciprandi, G., Coyer, F., … Kottner, J. (2017). The Ghent Global IAD Categorisation Tool (GLOBIAD). Skin Integrity Research Group - Ghent University 2017, (June), 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.skintghent.be/en/onderzoek/Tools/2/incontinence-associated-dermatitis-iad
Blake, M. R., Raker, J. M., & Whelan, K. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44(7), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13746
Blaivas, J. G. (2020). Interactive Case: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Urinary Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia, and Urge Incontinence. Retrieved from Medscape: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/530817
Bliss, D.Z., Bland, P., Wiltzen, K., Gannon, A., Wilhems, A., Mathiason, M. A., & Turnbaugh, R. (2017). Incontinence Briefs Containing Spiral-Shaped Fiber Acidify Skin pH of Older Nursing Home Residents at Risk for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 44(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000362
Bliss, Donna Z. (2018). Management of fecal incontinence for the advanced practice nurse: Under the auspices of the international continence society. In Management of Fecal Incontinence for the Advanced Practice Nurse: Under the Auspices of the International Continence Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90704-8
Bliss, Donna Z., Lewis, J., Hasselman, K., Savik, K., Lowry, A., & Whitebird, R. (2011). Use and Evaluation of Disposable Absorbent Product for Managing Fecal Incontinence by Community Living people. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs, 38(3), 289–297. https://doi.org/:10.1097/WON.0b013e31821530ca
Bliss, Donna Z., & Savik, K. (2008). Use of an absorbent dressing specifically for fecal incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 35(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WON.0000313647.44870.9a
Buckley, B. S. (2019). User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 233(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954411917750193
Bulut, E. A., Soysal, P., & Isik, A. T. (2018). Frequency and coincidence of geriatric syndromes according to age groups: single-center experience in Turkey between 2013 and 2017. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 13, 1899–1905. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S180281
Cancaster, B. (2020, January 15). Incontinence Product Guide. Retrieved from Vitality Medical: https://www.vitalitymedical.com/guides/incontinence/incontinence-product-guide
Carr, L., & Corcos, J. (2012). Stress urinary incontinence : A case-based discussion. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 6(October), 125–126.
Chartier-Kastler, E., Ballanger, P., Petit, J., Fourmarier, M., Bart, S., Ragni-Ghazarossian, E., … Costa, P. (2011). Randomized, crossover study evaluating patient preference and the impact on quality of life of urisheaths vs absorbent products in incontinent men. BJU International, 108(2), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09736.x
Chen, W. L., Shih, Y. C., & Chi, C. F. (2010). Hand and finger dexterity as a function of skin temperature, EMG, and ambient condition. Human Factors, 52(3), 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376514
Clarke-O’Neill, S., Farbrot, A., Lagerstedt, M. L., Cottenden, A., & Fader, M. (2015). An exploratory study of skin problems experienced by UK nursing home residents using different pad designs. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 42(6), 621–631. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000177
Cottenden, A., D.Z.Bliss, Buckley, B., Fader, M., Getliffe, K., Paterson, J., … Wilde, M. (2009). Management using continence products. Incontinence, 1519–1642.
deMaagd, G. A., & Davenport, T. C. (2012). Management of urinary incontinence. P and T, 37(6), 345–361.
DeMarinis, M., Kaschak, T. R., & Newman, D. K. (2017). Absorbent products for incontinence. In Clinical Application of Urologic Catheters, Devices and Products. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14821-2_6
Denat, Y., & Khorshid, L. (2011). The effect of 2 different care products on incontinence-associated dermatitis in patients with fecal incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 38(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0b013e31820af24e
Dirim, A., & Hasirci, E. (2011). Labial fusion causing urinary incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infection in a postmenopausal female: A case report. International Urogynecology Journal, 22(1), 119–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-010-1205-2
DuBeau, C. E., Kuchel, G. A., Johnson, T., Palmer, M. H., & Wagg, A. (2010). Incontinence in the Frail Elderly: Report From the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence Catherine. Neurourol Urodyn., 29(April), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau
Edwards, N. I., & Jones, D. (2001). The prevalence of faecal incontinence in older people living at home. Age and Ageing, 30(6), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.6.503
European Commision. (2020). Treatment of absorbent hygiene products for improved recycling of materials. Retrieved from Green Best Practice Community- European Commission: https://greenbestpractice.jrc.ec.europa.eu/node/131#block-views-block-bemp-case_study-block-1
Fader, M., Cottenden, A., Getliffe, K., Gage, H., Clarke-O’Neill, S., Jamieson, K., … Malone-Lee, J. (2008). Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: A comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technology Assessment, 12(29). https://doi.org/10.3310/hta12290
Fader, Mandy, Bliss, D., Cottenden, A., Moore, K., & Norton, C. (2010). Continence Products: Research Priorities to Improve the Lives of PeopleWith Urinary and/or Fecal Leakage. Neurourol Urodyn., 29(April), 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau
Fader, Mandy, Cottenden, A., & Brooks, R. (2001). The CPE network: Creating an evidence base for continence product selection. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 28(2), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjw.2001.113246
Fader, Mandy, Cottenden, A. M., & Getliffe, K. (2007). Absorbent products for light urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001406.pub2
Fader, Mandy, Cottenden, A. M., & Getliffe, K. (2008). Absorbent products for moderate-heavy urinary and/or faecal incontinence in women and men. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007408
Falloon, S. S., Abbas, S., Stridfeldt, C., & Cottenden, A. (2018). The impact of microclimate on skin health with absorbent incontinence product use: An integrative review. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 45(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000449
Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Berardesca, E., & Maibach, H. I. (2008). Psychosocial and societal burden of incontinence in the aged population: A review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 277, pp. 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0505-3
Fortune Business Insights. (2020, February). Adult Diaper Markeet size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Product Type, by Gender, By Distribution Channel and Regional Forecast, 2019-2026. Retrieved March 24, 2020, from Fortune Business Insight: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/adult-diapers-market-102077
GFI. (2019). About Incontinece. Retrieved March 9, 2020, from https://www.gfiforum.com/incontinence
Getliffe, K., Fader, M., Cottenden, A., Jamieson, K., & Green, N. (2007). Absorbent products for incontinence: “Treatment effects” and impact on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(10), 1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01812.x
Gibson, P., Schreuder-Gibson, H., & Pentheny, C. (1998). Electrospinning Technology: Direct Application of Tailorable Ultrathin Membranes. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 28(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/152808379802800106
Goelman, S. (2017, August 10). 6 Most Popular Types of Diaper for Adult & Their Uses. Retrieved from Unique Wellness: https://wellnessbriefs.com/blog/2017/08/10/6-popular-types-diaper-adult-uses/
Gray, M., Kent, D., Ermer-Seltun, J., & McNichol, L. (2018). Assessment, selection, use, and evaluation of body-worn absorbent products for adults with incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 45(3), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000431
Gray, Mikel, Kent, D., Ermer-Seltun, J. A., & McNichol, L. (2018). Assessment, selection, use, and evaluation of body-worn absorbent products for adults with incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 45(3), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000431
Griebling, T. L. (2009). Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 25(3), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.06.004
Hendriks, E. J. M., Bernards, A. T. M., Berghmans, B. C. M., & Bie, R. A. de. (2013). The Psychometric Properties of the PRAFAB-Questionnaire: A Brief Assessment Questionnaire to Evaluate Severity of Urinary Incontinence in Women. Neurourol Urodyn., 32(April), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau
Hillary, C. J., Slovak, M., McCarthy, A., Hashim, H., & Chapple, C. R. (2015). Recent developments in technology for the assessment and management of incontinence. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, 39(7), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2015.1088088
Human System Information Analysis Centers, Systems, H., & Analysis, I. (1994). Anthropometric Data Analysis Sets Manual. Anthropometry Stuff, 50.
Ichikawa-Shigeta, Y., Sugama, J., Sanada, H., Nakatani, T., Konya, C., Nakagami, G., … Mugita, Y. (2014). Physiological and appearance characteristics of skin maceration in elderly women with incontinence. Journal of Wound Care, 23(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2014.23.1.18
Irwin, G. M. (2019). Urinary Incontinence. Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice, 46(2), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.02.004
ISO. (2017). Absorbent incontinence aids for urine and/or faeces-General Guidelines on evaluation (No. 15621:2017). Retrieved from ISO website: www.iso.org
Kanerva Rice, S., Pendrill, L., Petersson, N., Nordlinder, J., & Farbrot, A. (2018). Rationale and design of a novel method to assess the usability of body-worn absorbent incontinence care products by caregivers. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 45(5), 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000462
Kelleher, C. J., Cardozo, L. D., Khullar, V., & Salvatore, S. (1997). A new questionnaire to assess the quality of life of urinary incontinent women. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104(12), 1374–1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11006.x
Khandelwal, C., & Kistler, C. (2013). Diagnosis of urinary incontinence. American Family Physician, 87(8), 543–550.
Kimberly-Clark. (2020). Adult Care. Retrieved from Kimberly-Clark company Website: https://www.poise.com/en-ca/
Klovning, A., Avery, K., Sandvik, H., & Hunskaar, S. (2009). Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Assessing the Severity of Urinary Incontinence: The ICIQ-UI SF Versus the Incontinence Severity Index. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 28, 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau
Kon, Y., Ichikawa-Shigeta, Y., Iuchi, T., Nakajima, Y., Nakagami, G., Tabata, K., … Sugama, J. (2017). Effects of a Skin Barrier Cream on Management of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis in Older Women: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 44(5), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000353
Kreutzer, J. S., DeLuca, J., & Caplan, B. (2011). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3
Leung, F. W., & Schnelle, J. F. (2008). Urinary and Fecal Incontinence in Nursing Home Residents. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 37(3), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.005
Limpawattana, P., Phimson, K., Sookprasert, A., Sirithanaphol, W., & Chindaprasirt, J. (2020). Prevalence of Geriatric Syndromes in Elderly Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9347804
Liu, K., Wang, J., Tao, X., Zeng, X., Bruniaux, P., & Kamalha, E. (2016). Fuzzy classification of young women’s lower body based on anthropometric measurement. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2016.07.008
Miget, G., Moutounaick, M., Kervinio, F., Teng, M., Chesnel, C., Charlanes, A., … Amarenco, G. (2018). Absorbent products for urinary incontinence management | Place des protections dans la prise en charge de l’incontinence urinaire. Progres En Urologie, 28(17), 953–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2018.08.017
Milsom, I. (2018). How big is the problem ? Incontinence in numbers country , it would be the third largest.
Muller, N., & Mcinnis, E. (2013). The development of national quality performance standards for disposable absorbent products for adult incontinence. Ostomy Wound Management, 59(9), 40–55.
Ostaszkiewicz, J., Eustice, S., Roe, B., Thomas, L. H., French, B., Islam, T., … Cody, J. D. (2013). Toileting assistance programmes for the management of urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010589
Peyrat, L., Boutin, J. M., Bruyere, F., Haillot, O., Fakfak, H., & Lanson, Y. (2001). Intestinal perforation as a complication of tension-free vaginal tape procedure for urinary incontinence. European Urology, 39(5), 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052511
Reddy, P. (2015). The management of stress urinary incontinence: A case report. South African Journal of Physiotherapy, 71(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v71i1.229
Simavita. (2019). Global Diaper Industry. Retrieved from Simavita: http://www.simavita.com/irm/content/global-diaper-industry.aspx
Smith, N., Hunter, K. F., Rajabali, S., Milsom, I., & Wagg, A. (2019). Where Do Women with Urinary Incontinence Find Information about Absorbent Products and How Useful Do They Find It. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 46(1), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000494
Statistics Canada. (2015, 07 17). Figure 1. Retrieved 03 02, 2020, from Statistic Canada: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2012003/article/11707/c-g/fig1-eng.htm
Sultan, A. H., Monga, A., Lee, J., Emmanuel, A., Norton, C., Santoro, G., … Haylen, B. (2016). An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/ International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for Female Anorectal Dysfunction. Neurourology and Urodynamics, (May), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23055
TENA. (2017, June). Guards for Men. Retrieved from TENA: https://effectivedesign.org.uk/sites/default/files/TENA%20MEN_DesignEffectivenessAward_FOR_PUBLICATION.pdf
TENA. (2015). Product Catalog. SCA Care of Life, 1–28.
Tubaro, A., Heesakkers, J., Cornu, J. N., & Robinson, D. (2018). Expert Opinion on Three Clinical Cases with a Common Urgent Problem: Urge Urinary Incontinence. Case Reports in Urology, 2018, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8567436
United, N. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on older persons M AY 2 0 2 0. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463
UNITED NATIONS. (2020a). World population ageing, 1950-2050. In Choice Reviews Online. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-1307
UNITED NATIONS. (2020b). WPP2019_INT_F03_1_POPULATION_BY_AGE_ANNUAL_BOTH_SEXES.
Van Houten, P., Newman, D., Wijk, H., Koehler, B., Costa, A., & Hutt, E. (2020). Development of a Toileting and Containment Decision Support Tool. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 47(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000609
Wheler, K. C., Fell, D. A., Richlen, S. A., Simon, A. J., & Thomas, B. L. (2008). Patent No. 11/800,343. Retrieved from https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/06/61/95/3c628f01f47caf/US20080275415A1.pdf
WHO. (2019, September 19). Dementia. Retrieved April 6, 2020, from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
WOCN. (2020). Body Worn Absorbent Product Guide. Retrieved from Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society official Website: https://bwap.wocn.org/#home
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2008). WHO | Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. (December), 8–11. Retrieved from http://www.who.int
Wyman, J. F., Bliss, D. Z., Dougherty, M. C., Gray, M., Kaas, M., Newman, D. K., … Wells, T. J. (2004). Shaping future directions for incontinence research in aging adults. Nursing Research, 53(6 SUPPL.), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200411006-00001
Yap, P., & Tan, D. (2006). Urinary incontinence in dementia - a practical approach. Australian Family Physician., 35(4), 237–241.
Zeeh, J. (2019). Stool incontinence : No need to despair ! 41–44.