臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本論文的研究主旨在探討美國如何運用與以色列的關係來保護、提升美國在中東地區的國家利益。以色列牌是美國由美－以關係為主軸在一九七一年底所發展出來的策略，作為對蘇聯與阿拉伯激進派國家施力的支點，目的在於驅逐蘇聯在中東的勢力，並透過「以土地換取和平」的模式使以色列逐步與鄰國建立和平關係。
　　一九七三年後，美國發現要避免像一九七三年以阿贖罪日戰爭所引發的各種危機，又要促進美國在中東的國家利益，唯一可行的政策就是儘速在以阿和平上取得進展與突破。換言之，美國要以色列讓出一九六七年所佔領的阿拉伯土地，以促成以阿和平。因此，以色列牌對美國在中東的國家利益之促進，實居於關鍵地位。事實上，美－以特殊關係及阿拉伯世界缺乏像以色列那樣民主又可靠的盟友，使美國必須選擇運用以色列牌來促進其在中東地區的國家利益。
　　在一九七三年到七九年美國運用以色列牌的過程中，隨著以阿和談漸漸觸及三項敏感議題如以阿最終邊界、以阿和平的性質、及巴勒斯坦人問題，使得以色列牌的實用性遞減，而美國對以色列施壓的外交工具也由軍事、經濟援助和政治壓力，逐漸增強到一九七五年的美－以雙邊備忘錄、卡特總統親自介入，甚至在策略上與埃及合作對付以色列。在這七年之間美國靠著運用以色列牌達成五項以阿協定，不但消除以阿另一次全面戰爭的可能性，建立「以土地換取和平」的成功模式，也建立了美國自一九五○年代就追求的美－埃戰略伙伴關係，美國打以色列牌的成果可謂豐碩。

　　The purpose of this study is to investigate how the U.S. used her relationship with Israel to promote U.S. national interests in the Middle East during 1973 to 1979. The Israel Card was derived from the U.S.-Israeli relationship by the U.S. in late 1971. The U.S. planned to use the Israel Card as her leverage to weaken the influences that the U.S.S.R. had in the Middle East, and to help Israel build up peaceful diplomatic relationships with her neighboring nations.
　　After 1973, the U.S. discovered that the achievement of Israel - Arabian peace was the only workable solution that would avoid the repetition of the 1973 Yom Kippur War global crisis and promote the U.S. national interests in the Middle East. In other words, the U.S. wanted Israel to withdraw from the Arabian territories occupied in 1967 in order to achieve the "land for peace" deal. Therefore, the Israel Card was crucial to the promotion of the American national interests in the Middle East. In practical terms, this special U.S. - Israel relationship, coupled with the fact that Israel was considered to be more democratic and reliable than the Arab nations, heavily influenced America''s choice of the Israel Card to promote the U.S. national interests in the Middle East.
　　In the years of implementing the Israel Card during 1973 to 1979, the effectiveness of the Israel Card gradually waned as the Arab-Israeli peace talks approached three sensitive issues: the final borders between Israel and her neighbors, the nature of Arab-Israeli peace, and the Palestinian problem. And the diplomatic tools which the U.S. explored to put pressure on Israel ranged from military-economic assistance and political maneuvering on the one hand, to a 1975 bilateral U.S. ─ Israeli memorandum, direct presidential involvement, and even cooperation with Egypt in its political strategy against Israel on the other hand. The achievements of exercising the Israel Card to promote U.S. national interests in the Middle East were very fruitful, resulting in five Israel-Arab agreements. These five agreements, especially the Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty, not only reduced the possibility of another all-out Arab-Israeli war and established a successful approach to the "land for peace" deal, but also built up the long sought-after U.S. - Egyptian strategic partnership as well.