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There are two main parts in this thesis. In the first part, which includes Chapter one and two, I focus on the issues of three main units-of-selection theories, which are individual selection, group selection, and gene selection. The main ideas for and against these theories will be specified here. In the second part, which includes Chapter three and four, I propose a hierarchical-selection thesis to solve the units-of-selection problem, since the three main theories that is introduced in the first part do not solve this problem thoroughly. Although the hierarchical-selection thesis has been suggested before, I think that it was not specified systematically. Therefore, I try to give a clearer explication for the hierarchical approach here.
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