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Some Chinese people believe that eating the animal gallbladders, such as the bile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), snake and chicken, may improve their visual acuity. However, poisonig cases have been occasionally occurred when people ingested animal biles, especially grass carp bile. Among those cases, the major symptom of victims was acute renal failure. Impairments of liver, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system were also noted. But the major toxic material is not clear so far. On the other hand, the toxicity of snake and chicken bile juices is also not clear. So the experiments were aimed to investigate the toxicity of grass carp, snake and chicken bile juices in male rats (Long-Evans, 150-200g), and to elcidate the responsible toxic components of grass carp in its bile juice.
Experiment I-A: Rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), 0.3ml grass carp bile juice and 0.3ml saline solution, grass carp bile juice (0.6ml), snake bile juice (0.6ml) and chicken bile juice (0.6ml) by gastric intubation. At 6 and 24 hr after administration, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. The activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were the highest in the plasma of rats treated with grass carp bile juice, and were clearly observed to increase with increasing bile dose. But the toxicity of snake bile juice and chicken bile juice is weak.
Experiment I-B: The rats were administered with saline (0.6ml), garss carp bile juice (0.03ml and 0.3ml), snake bile juice and chicken bile juice (0.03ml, 0.3ml and 0.6ml) for 3-day periodically. On 1st, 10th, 19th and 28th day, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. Among nine groups, the values of AST, ALT, BUN and reatinine in the plasma of rats treated with 0.6ml grass carp bile juice were the highest. THe grass carp bile juice is the most toxic than snake and chicken bile juices. The rats administered with grass carp bile juice could induce the acute renal failure and the impairment of liver, but the rats administered with the snake and chicken bile juices induced the impairment of liver only.
Experiment II: Attempts were made to purify and identify the 5α-cyprinolfrom grass carp bile juice. The toxicity of bile salts was also discussed. By IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR and MS spectrometry analyses, a compound with molecular formula of C27H48O5 and molecular weight of 452 was obtained from grass carp bile juice and identified as 5α-cyprinol. Then, the rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), gras carp bile juice (97.44mg/0.6ml), sodium cholate (100mg/0.6ml) and sodium chenodeoxycholate (100mg/0.6ml). After 6 hr, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions. The activities of AST and ALT in plasma of rats theated with grass carp bile juice, sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate were siginificantly higher than that of saline group. The subacute toxicity of bile salts was also discussed. The rats were administered with saline (0.6ml), sodium cholate (100mg/0.6ml) and sodium chenodeoxycholate (100mg/0.6ml) for 3-day periodically. On 1st, 10th, 19th and 28th day, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. The values of AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine in the plasma of rats treated with sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate were significantly higher than that of saline group. Moreover, the rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), grass carp bile juice (97.44mg/0.6ml) and 5α-cyprinol(97.44mg/0.6ml). After 6 hr, the plasma of rats were examined. The values of BUN and creatinine in the plasma of rats treated with grass carp bile juice and 5α-cyprinol were siginificantly higher than that of saline group. In conclusion, the toxins of grass carp bile juice included 5α-cyprinoland bile salts such as (sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate). In the way of acute toxicity of grass carp bile juice the function of liver is mainly effected by bile salts and the function of kidney is mainly effected by 5a-cyprinol.
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