臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
本研究主要可分成兩部份，一部份是介紹機場剛性鋪面厚度設計方法及相關的理論背景，另一部份是探討Boeing 777造成鋪面破壞的程度。設計方法主要介紹FAA頒訂的新、舊機場鋪面設計法(AC 150/5320-6D、AC 150/5320-16)的使用及其發展的概念。機場剛性鋪面相關的理論介紹包括，應力分析模式、交通量計算和疲勞模式發展。Pass-to-coverage ratio (p/c值)是計算交通量的重要因子，本研究除了介紹其基本理論和多輪p/c值計算之外，並探討軸距對於p/c值決定的影響。疲勞模式包括疲勞關係式及結構損壞模式(structural deterioration model)，本研究特別介紹兩者的的關係，並特別推導LEDFAA的結構損壞模式由來，以使設計者瞭解LEDFAA如何使底層強、弱的特性表現在結構損壞模式之中。機場鋪面除了需要一套設計鋪面厚度的方法之外，經常遇見的間題是鋪面可否承受設計之初未考慮的飛機起降，解決的方法是採用ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization)的ACN-PCN方法。Boeing 777為新一代的飛機，其對鋪面的影響仍是未知。本研究除了介紹ACN-PCN的決定方法之外，根據各型飛機一次通行對鋪面造成之破壞程度比的概念發展相對破壞迴歸式，使得鋪面管理者可以依據鋪面厚度、路基強度，以現行飛機對鋪面破壞程度評估Boeing 777對鋪面造成的影響。相對破壞迴歸式發展的過程中，並對各型飛機間應力比與鋪面結構的關係、相對破壞比與鋪面結構關係做深入探討。

目錄
目 錄...............................................................................................................................................I
表 目 錄.........................................................................................................................................IV
圖 目 錄..........................................................................................................................................VI
第一章 緒論...................................................................................................................................1
1.1. 前言..........................................................................................................................................1
1.2. 研究動機及目的....................................................................................................................1
1.3. 研究範圍.................................................................................................................................2
第二章 機場鋪面特性.................................................................................................................4
2.1. 機型對鋪面的影響...............................................................................................................4
2.1.1. 飛機機輪型式介紹............................................................................................................4
2.2. 分析模式(Analytical Models).................................................................................................7
2.2.1. 剛性鋪面分析之路基型態...............................................................................................7
2.2.2. Westergaard分析模式...................................................................................................... ...8
2.2.3. 多層彈性分析理論...........................................................................................................11
2.3. 機場鋪面破壞評估指標................................................................................................... ..12
2.3.1. Pavement Condition Index, PCI............................................................................................12
2.3.2. Structural Condition Index, SCI............................................................................................13
2.3.3. 鋪面狀況因子(condition factor).........................................................................................14
2.4. 機場鋪面載重重複次數－Coverage...................................................................................15
2.4.1. Pass-to-Coverage Ratio基本觀念........................................................................................15
2.4.2. 單輪之pass-to-coverage ratio計算......................................................................................16
2.4.3. 多輪之pass-to-coverage ratio計算......................................................................................18
2.4.4. 結論......................................................................................................................................23
2.5. ACN-PCN................................................................................................................................24
2.5.1. ACN......................................................................................................................................24
2.5.2. PCN......................................................................................................................................29
2.5.3. Annex 14建議的準則.........................................................................................................32
第三章 機場剛性鋪面設計疲勞關係式的發展.....................................................................33
3.1. 疲勞關係式發展過程...........................................................................................................33
3.2. Concrete Beam Test疲勞關係式............................................................................................36
3.3. Parker疲勞關係式(or performance criteria)...........................................................................38
3.4. Rollings結構損壞模式(Structural Deterioration Model)........................................................41
3.4.1. 結構損壞模式(Structural Deterioration Model)介紹..........................................................42
3.4.2. 發展CO、CF疲勞關係式(fatigue relation)........................................................................43
3.4.3. 發展剛性鋪面結構損壞模式(structural deterioration model)..........................................49
3.4.4. 疲勞模式特性.....................................................................................................................50
3.5. Gucbilmez and Yuce結構損壞模式(Structural Deterioration Relationship)..........................51
3.5.1. 發展疲勞關係式(fatigue relation)......................................................................................51
3.5.2. 發展剛性鋪面結構損壞模式(structural deterioration model).........................................55
3.5.3. 利用鋪面結構損壞模式驗証CO、CI、CF...................................................................56
3.5.4. 結構損壞模式的功用.......................................................................................................57
3.5.5. 疲勞模式特性....................................................................................................................59
3.6. LEDFAA 疲勞關係式..........................................................................................................59
3.6.1. LEDFAA損壞模式-基本式..............................................................................................60
3.6.2. 修正結構損壞模式...........................................................................................................63
3.7. 綜合比較...............................................................................................................................65
3.7.1. 績效因子與SCI的關係....................................................................................................65
3.7.2. 疲勞關係式比較...............................................................................................................66
3.7.3. 各種疲勞關係總整...........................................................................................................68
第四章 FAA機場剛性鋪面設計方法......................................................................................70
4.1. 傳統FAA鋪面設計法之理論背景....................................................................................70
4.1.1. 設計方法............................................................................................................................70
4.1.2. 理論背景............................................................................................................................74
4.2. LEDFAA剛性鋪面設計方法.............................................................................................77
4.2.1. 設計方法...........................................................................................................................77
4.2.2. 理論背景.......................................................................................................................... 78
第五章 臨界軸距研究..............................................................................................................82
5.1. 臨界軸距流程.....................................................................................................................82
5.2. 臨界軸距計算與影響變數判斷.......................................................................................84
5.3. 實例.......................................................................................................................................88
第六章 相對破壞研究...............................................................................................................89
6.1. 相對破壞研究流程..............................................................................................................89
6.1.1. 求Boeing 777之p/c..............................................................................................................89
6.1.2. 疲勞模式與應力計算.......................................................................................................90
6.1.3. 考慮的鋪面結構組合.......................................................................................................91
6.1.4. 相對破壞的計算................................................................................................................91
6.2. B-777之p/c值..........................................................................................................................92
6.3. 相對破壞模式-層彈性模式................................................................................................93
6.3.1. 相對破壞比關係式迴歸結果(層彈性模式)..................................................................93
6.3.2. 鋪面相對破壞模式的驗証(層彈性模式)......................................................................97
6.4. 相對破壞模式-Westergaard邊載重模式...........................................................................100
6.4.1. 鋪面相對破壞模式(Westergaard邊載重模式)..............................................................100
6.4.2. 相對破壞模式的驗証(Westergaard邊載重模式)..........................................................103
6.5. 各型飛機之間相對破壞程度分析....................................................................................104
6.6. 實例........................................................................................................................................106
6.7. 討論........................................................................................................................................107
第七章 結論與建議....................................................................................................................109
7.1. 結論........................................................................................................................................109
7.2. 建議........................................................................................................................................110
參考文獻......................................................................................................................................111
附錄一...........................................................................................................................................113
表 目 錄
表 2.3-1 PCI分數值......................................................................................................................13
表 2.3-2　PCI鋪面破壞種類......................................................................................................13
表 2.3-3 SCI評估鋪面破壞種類................................................................................................14
表 2.4-1 各主要機型在剛性鋪面之pass-to-coverage ratios......................................................23
表 2.4-2 各主要機型在柔性鋪面之pass-to-coverage ratios......................................................23
表 2.5-1 ACN-PCN路基強度分類表..........................................................................................25
表 2.5-2 DC-10-10之ACN值.........................................................................................................26
表 2.5-3 兩種不同鋪面應力下，各種DSWL值對應之鋪面厚度........................................29
表 2.5-4 ACN-PCN胎壓分類表...................................................................................................30
表 3.3-1 Parker發展疲勞關係式之資料.....................................................................................40
表 3.4-1 CO及CF求解表...............................................................................................................44
表 3.4-2 Rollings發展疲勞關係式之資料..................................................................................46
表 3.4-3 資料等級Ⅰ、Ⅱ之SCI-coverage資料..........................................................................47
表 3.5-1 Gucbilmez and Yuce發展疲勞關係式之資料...............................................................52
表 3.5-2 資料等級A之SCI-coverage資料.....................................................................................54
表 3.5-3 給定設計因子下CO、CI、CF對應之SCI值...............................................................57
表 4.1-1 各種機輪換算值..............................................................................................................70
表 5.2-1 胎壓對臨界軸距之影響表(路基強度均為23415psi).................................................86
表 5.2-2 路基強度對臨界軸距之影響表....................................................................................87
表 5.2-3 臨界軸距值 (P=150 psi、E=234500 psi)........................................................................87
表 6.1-1 相對破壞發展使用之各型飛機資料表.......................................................................91
表 6.3-1 應力計算值 (BISAR).......................................................................................................94
表 6.3-2 相對破壞迴歸資料表(層彈性模式).............................................................................96
表 6.3-3 B-727相對破壞比驗証表................................................................................................99
表 6.3-4 B-747 400 相對破壞比驗証表.......................................................................................100
表 6.4-1 應力計算值 (H51)...........................................................................................................100
表 6.4-2 相對破壞迴歸資料表(Westergaard邊載重模式)........................................................102
表 6.4-3 B-727相對破壞比驗証表...............................................................................................104
表 6.4-4 B-747 400相對破壞比驗証表........................................................................................104
圖 目 錄
圖 2.1-1 民航機之鼻輪、主機輪之配置圖.................................................................................5
圖 2.1-2 民航機主機輪(gear)內輪之配置圖................................................................................6
圖 2.1-3 Single、Tridem載重之變形圖(中間載重)......................................................................6
圖 2.2-1 中間載重之彎矩影響圖..................................................................................................10
圖 2.4-1 75%起降的軌跡落於+35in ~ -35in之一般常態分佈圖...............................................17
圖 2.4-2 輪距較大之疊加分佈曲線圖 (輪距120 in，wander=70 in).........................................18
圖 2.4-3 輪距較小之疊加分佈曲線圖 (輪距75 in，wander= 70in)...........................................19
圖 2.4-4 不同輪距之Dual-Wheel的cxc值(for wander=70 or 140 in).............................................19
圖 2.4-5 B-723 200之一般常態分佈疊加圖 (wander = 70 in).......................................................20
圖 2.4-6 Single-Tandem 型式主機輪................................................................................................21
圖 2.4-7 柔性鋪面Single-Tandem主機輪之常態分佈疊加圖......................................................21
圖 2.4-8 Dual-Tandem圖解cxc...........................................................................................................22
圖 2.4-9 特殊主機輪圖解cxc............................................................................................................22
圖 2.5-1 ACN求解示意圖.................................................................................................................26
圖 2.5-2 PCA B-727剛性鋪面厚度設計曲線圖.............................................................................27
圖 2.5-3 標準應力下DSWL v.s. 厚度圖..........................................................................................28
圖 2.5-4 兩種不同鋪面應力下 DSWL v.s. 厚度圖.......................................................................28
圖 2.5-5 Dual-Tandem之飛機總重與PCN關係圖...........................................................................31
圖 3.1-1 鋪面設計之疲勞曲線.........................................................................................................35
圖 3.1-2 標準厚度百分比與coverages關係之疲勞曲線................................................................35
圖 3.1-3 疲勞關係式發展的過程.....................................................................................................36
圖 3.2-1 混凝土疲勞曲線..................................................................................................................37
圖 3.4-1 疲勞關係式的基本功能.....................................................................................................42
圖 3.4-2 現場試驗之SCI與 ㏒(coverages)關係圖...........................................................................43
圖 3.4-3 剛性鋪面績效模式.............................................................................................................43
圖 3.4-4 DF與CO之關係式...............................................................................................................44
圖 3.4-5 DF與CF之關係圖................................................................................................................45
圖 3.4-6 SCI與CN的關係圖..............................................................................................................50
圖 3.5-1 不同破壞定義下(CO、C80、CI及CF)各種疲勞準則比較圖.....................................58
圖 3.6-1 剛性鋪面績效模式內插法示意圖...................................................................................61
圖 3.6-2 CO、CF關係式直接內插法示意圖.................................................................................62
圖 3.6-3 底層強、弱不同之結構損壞模式...................................................................................63
圖 3.6-4 LDEFAA疲勞損壞模式修正示意圖...............................................................................64
圖 3.7-1 各種疲勞關係式比較........................................................................................................67
圖 3.7-2 LEDFAA疲勞關係式比較.................................................................................................67
圖 4.1-1 處理底層對路基的效用....................................................................................................73
圖 4.1-2 FAA B-747 SP剛性鋪面厚度設計曲線圖.......................................................................73
圖 4.1-3 傳統FAA剛性鋪面設計方法示意圖...............................................................................74
圖 4.1-4 FAA以Wesstergaard公式估計接縫邊緣應力................................................................75
圖 4.1-5 single wheel、dual wheels最大應力產生之載重位置....................................................75
圖 4.1-6 不同角度之邊載重............................................................................................................75
圖 4.1-7 基準厚度與coverages之關係圖........................................................................................76
圖 5.1-1 Single-Tandem臨界軸距影響研究流程圖.......................................................................83
圖 5.2-1 前後兩軸中點應力與輪正下方應力 v.s. 軸距之關係圖............................................84
圖 5.2-2 較弱的面層對應力疊加的影響......................................................................................86
圖 5.2-3 較強的面層對應力疊加影響..........................................................................................86
圖 6.1-1 黃金分割法示意圖............................................................................................................90
圖 6.1-2 各型飛機相較於Boeing 777破壞比研究之流程圖......................................................92
圖 6.2-1 B-777輪之軌跡分佈曲線疊加圖....................................................................................93
圖 6.5-1 各型飛機應力比 v.s. 相對勁度半徑關係圖................................................................105
圖 6.5-2 相對破壞比 v.s. 相對勁度半徑 (層彈性模式).............................................................106
圖 6.5-3 相對破壞比 v.s. 相對勁半徑 (Westergaard邊載重模式)..............................................106

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