臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著社會的變遷與交通事故所造成的頭部疾病與損傷有增加的趨勢，因此提高腦部病狀診治的水準有極迫切的必要。提供一個有效的影像視覺系統將腦血管醫學影像偵測出來並以立體成像的方式呈現出來，將能方便有效地協助醫師的診斷。
本論文的重點是在MRA影像中，以腦血管追溯（Tracking）的演算法來將腦血管偵測出來，並且利用多種的立體成像的技術，將追溯出來的腦血管體積資料，依據不同的需求，作三維的立體成像，藉此瞭解腦部血液的流動是否順暢正常，腦血管是否有發生病變現象的產生。
在三維腦血管的重構中我們利用一個模擬Urchin（海膽）的腦血管追溯模型，以可調節的模型為基礎的演算法(Adaptive Model-based Tracking Algorithm)， 來Tracking出腦血管的區域，並提出一些法則及技巧將部份原先該連續卻因為雜訊的存在而分斷的腦血管給連接起來。
在腦血管三維立體成像方面，我們採用了多種立體顯示的方法，包括最大亮度顯示（MIP），滑動盒子MIP，投射投影顯示及表面描繪法（Surface Rendering）等，藉以多種的顯像方式，來協助醫生以方便的方式，觀察病患的三維診斷影像。
最後，本系統以實際的病例資料進行實驗及顯示，以模擬整個處理過程，同時展現優良的人機介面與操作技巧。

In recent years, the population increase in aging society, traffic and factory accidents increases the numbers of cases in brain diseases and damages. Therefore, the quality for brain diagnosis is emphasized urgently. A system providing effective vessel tracking and visualization is essential for physicians to diagnose brain diseases.
This thesis covers two main subjects . The first one is to track the brain vessels in MRA images. The second one is to visualize the 3D vessel data by use of various display techniques. The results of tracking and visualization are helpful to analyze and observe whether the blood vessel is morphologically normal or not.
In the method to reconstruct the three-dimensional vessels, we simulate the urchin model and used an adaptive tracking algorithm to track the vessel region. Some rules and techniques are also provided to remove the noises to connect the broken vessels.
In the three-dimensional display method, we apply various display techniques, including Maximum intensity projection (MIP), Sliding-box MIP, Ray-casting display and Surface rendering, for visualization. These display results help the physicians to observe the patient’s 3D image data in an efficient manner.
Finally, some real cases with patients’ data are used to test in our experiments and demonstration. Experiments show that our system provides a nice tool with good man-machine interface for vessel tracking and visualization.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………iii
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………vii
表目錄…………………………………………………………………ix
第一章 簡介……………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機與目的………………………………………………1
1.2 系統簡述與論文架構…………………………………………2
第二章 三維腦血管的偵測……………………………………………4
2.1 影像的取得……………………………………………………8
2.2 整體架構………………………………………………………9
2.3 Seed 的給定方式……………………………………………11
2.4 追溯腦血管的流程與原理……………………………………13
2.4.1 海膽模型的結構……………………………………………17
2.4.2 刺針的定義…………………………………………………17
2.4.3 繁衍刺針偵測停止的條件…………………………………19
2.4.4 腦血管管壁的偵測…………………………………………20
2.4.5 中心點的衍生………………………………………………24
2.4.6 中心點的移位………………………………………………27
2.4.7 分支的判斷…………………………………………………30
2.5 兩中心點的內插………………………………………………34
2.6 腦血管的連接…………………………………………………37
第三章 腦血管的立體顯示……………………………………………40
3.1 幾何轉換 — 三維空間………………………………………43
3.1.1 平移（Translation）……………………………………44
3.1.2 比例調整（Scaling）……………………………………45
3.1.3 旋轉（Rotation）…………………………………………47
3.2 影像的內插……………………………………………………48
3.3 Phong;s Shading Model………………………………………49
3.4 體積描繪模式…………………………………………………50
3.4.1 最大亮度投影法（MIP）……………………………………51
3.4.2 滑動盒子MIP（Sliding Box MIP）…………………………52
3.4.3 透射投影顯示（Ray Casting）……………………………56
3.5 表面描繪模式（Surface Rendering）………………………58
第四章 實驗結果與討論…………………………………………………65
4.1 MRA腦血管重構的分析實驗……………………………………66
4.1.1 腦血管連接的結果…………………………………………67
4.1.2 腦血管管壁偵測的結果……………………………………69
4.1.3 中心點的內插結果…………………………………………71
4.1.4 腦血管追溯後的結果………………………………………71
4.1.5 腦血管追溯的討論…………………………………………75
4.2 MIP 與立體影像顯示之結果與討論…………………………79
4.3 系統的介面……………………………………………………82
第五章 結論與未來發展………………………………………………85
參考文獻………………………………………………………………88
附錄一 系統操作簡介 ………………………………………………92

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