臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

倒錐狀上流式厭氣污泥床之特性
摘 要
本研究除了推導涵蓋有污泥顆粒特性參數之上流式厭氣污泥床 (UASB) 反應器動力模式外，另以一組傳統 (angle = 0度) 與三組倒錐狀 (angle = 2.5度、5度及10度) UASB反應器採處理水迴流方式處理抑制性基質 (酚) 合成廢水，俟每一組反應器達穩定狀態時，分別自反應器內取出不同斷面處之污泥顆粒，量測其粒徑分佈以及使用批次反應器測定甲烷菌活性係數，亦藉實驗證實UASB反應器處理抑制性基質 (酚) 時，確實會存在著多重穩定狀態，最後再以穩定狀態之污泥顆粒動力分析傳統及倒錐狀UASB反應器處理抑制性基質 (酚) 之動力行為並與實驗值比較，以及藉四組UASB反應器實際操作所得之十二組實驗數據驗證動力模式。
四組UASB反應器在體積負荷範圍2.03∼20.5 kg COD/m3-d (以污泥床體積計算)、食微比範圍0.11∼0.42 kg COD/kg VSS-d之操作條件下，COD之去除率 (94.6%∼98.9%) 皆大致相近；四組UASB反應器污泥床之顆粒平均粒徑皆隨體積負荷之提高而有增大之趨勢，且污泥床下、中、上層之污泥顆粒粒徑皆隨體積負荷之提高，而有愈來愈相近之現象。此外，經由追蹤劑 (Li+) 試驗之測定及延散係數之計算結果發現，迴流比分別為12、16.3及25之傳統 (angle = 0度) 及三組倒錐狀 (angle = 2.5度、5度及10度) UASB反應器皆為趨近於CSTR之流況。
傳統UASB反應器污泥床下、中層甲烷菌活性係數 (0.18∼0.63) 大致有比污泥床上層者 (0.14∼0.50) 大之趨勢；倒錐角度2.5度及5度 UASB反應器之甲烷菌活性係數，似由低體積負荷之污泥床下、中層有較大之甲烷菌活性係數轉變為高體積負荷之污泥床上層有較大之甲烷菌活性係數之趨勢 ；倒錐角度10度 UASB反應器之甲烷菌活性係數，在高體積負荷之污泥床下、中、上層甲烷菌活性係數之差異性較不明顯。
經由懸浮生長批次反應器 (35C；打碎污泥顆粒) 之厭氣培養測定後，再經Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm非線性迴歸求得酚厭氣降解反應之Haldane型生物動力常數k、Ks及Ki值分別為0.69 mg phenol/mg VSS-d、46.2 mg phenol/L及66.4 mg phenol/L；另經Halwachs方法之線性迴歸求得強化培養乙酸甲烷化之Monod型生物動力常數k及Ks值分別為4.68 mg acetate/mg VSS-d及117 mg acetate/L。
經由UASB反應器實際操作及模式計算所得之比酚利用速率與液相酚濃度之關係得知，UASB反應器處理抑制性基質 (酚) 之動力行為乃典型之基質抑制型動力。此外，經由涵蓋有污泥顆粒特性參數之UASB反應器動力模式模擬結果，液相酚去除率模擬值與四組UASB反應器實際操作所得之全部實驗測定值之誤差在正負5%範圍內，且以污泥顆粒粒徑分佈函數計算之模擬值和面積分率平均粒徑計算者幾乎相同。
最後，值得一提者有三：(1) 四組UASB反應器處理酚基質廢水之YT值皆非常接近 (0.043∼0.050 g VSS/g CODu)；(2) UASB反應器處理抑制性基質 (酚) 廢水時，確實會發生多重穩定狀態；及 (3) 於含打碎污泥顆粒之批次反應器內，強化培養甲烷菌之酚吸附量為8.47∼8.90 mg phenol/g VSS時，甲烷菌似有受到酚之刺激 (與不添加酚之控制組者比較) 而加速利用乙酸之現象，惟強化培養甲烷菌之酚吸附量大於10.64 mg phenol/g VSS時，甲烷菌似有受到酚之明顯抑制作用。

Characteristics of Tapered Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactors
ABSTRACT
A kinetic model of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors, which involves characteristic parameters of sludge granules, is proposed. Also, one conventional and three tapered UASB reactors (angle = 0o, 2.5o, 5o, and 10o) were used to treat synthetic wastewater containing the inhibitory substrate phenol. Once each of the four UASB reactors reached steady state, sludge granules removed from the UASB reactor were used to measure granule sizes and to determine activity coefficients of methanogens (by independent experiments). The existence of multiple steady states in UASB reactors treating the inhibitory substrate phenol was also verified by experiments. Finally, the steady-state-granule kinetics was used to analyze the kinetic behavior of UASB reactors treating the inhibitory substrate phenol and thereby the analyzed results were compared to experimental results. Also, the proposed kinetic model of upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors was verified by twelve sets of experimental data.
At the volumetric loadings ranging from 2.03 to 20.5 kg COD/m3-d (based on sludge bed volume) or F/M ratios ranging from 0.11 to 0.42 kg COD/kg VSS-d, the COD removal efficiencies of the four UASB reactors do not vary significantly. With an increase in volumetric loading, the average equivalent diameter of granules (dp, avg) increases but the equivalent diameter of granules (dpi) in the lower-, middle-, and upper-part of sludge bed are nearly the same. In addition, from tracer tests the flow regimes of the four UASB reactors with recycle ratios of 12, 16.3 and 25 are close to complete-mix.
In the conventional UASB reactor, the activity coefficients of methanogens in the lower-, middle-part of sludge bed (0.18 — 0.63) are larger than those in the upper-part of sludge bed (0.14 — 0.50). In the tapered UASB reactors (angle = 2.5o and 5o), larger activity coefficients appear to shift from the lower- and middle-part of sludge bed at lower volumetric loadings to the upper-part of sludge bed at higher volumetric loadings. However in the tapered UASB reactor (angle = 10o), the activity coefficients of methanogens do not vary significantly with different parts of sludge bed at the high volumetric loading.
By using suspended-growth batch reactors (35 C; disrupted granules), the Haldane-type intrinsic biokinetic constants k, Ks and Ki (of anaerobic degradation of phenol) determined by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (nonlinear regression) are 0.69 mg phenol/mg VSS-d, 46.2 mg phenol/L, and 66.4 mg phenol/L, respectively. The Monod-type intrinsic biokinetic constants k and Ks (of acetate methanogenesis with enriched culture) determined by the Halwachs method (linear regression) are 4.68 mg acetate/mg VSS-d and 117 mg acetate/L, respectively.
From the relationship between the specific phenol utilization rates (obtained from either the kinetic model or treatment performance of UASB reactors) and the phenol concentration in bulk liquid, the kinetic behavior of UASB reactors treating the inhibitory substrate phenol is typical substrate-inhibited kinetics. In addition, the simulated results obtained from the kinetic model of UASB reactors, which involves the characteristic parameters of sludge granules, show that the calculated phenol removal efficiencies are only  5% deviation from all actual experimental data of the four UASB reactors. Also, the simulated results obtained from the kinetic model based on uniform granule size are closed to those based on granule size distribution.
Finally, three other findings are briefly described as follows: (1) The true growth yield YT determined from the four UASB reactors are nearly the same (0.043 — 0.050 g VSS/g CODu); (2) Multiple steady states do occur in the UASB reactor treating the inhibitory substrate phenol; and (3) In batch reactors containing distrupted granules, the enriched methanogens appear to be stimulated by phenol if (i.e. compared to that of the control) the adsorbed phenol onto disrupted granules reaches to 8.47 — 8.90 mg phenol/g VSS; however, the enriched methanogens appear to be remarkably inhibited by phenol if the adsorbed phenol onto disrupted granules reaches to 10.64 mg phenol/g VSS.

目 錄
授 權書………………………………………………………………………..1
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………….I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………...III
目 錄……………………………………………………………………….VI
表 目 錄………………………………………………………………………IV
圖 目錄……………………………………………………………………….XI
符號說明……………………………………………………………………XIII
第一章緒論……………………………………………………………….1
1-1 研究動機……………………………………………………………….1
1-2 研究目的……………………………………………………………….4
第二章文獻回顧………………………………………………………….6
2-1 UASB反應器之發展應用………………………………………........6
2-2 倒錐狀反應器之發展與應用………………………………………...14
2-3 厭氣代謝反應機制…………………………………………………...17
2-4 酚/酚類化合物之厭氣代謝路徑..……………………………………22
2-5 生物動力……………………………………………………………...26
2-5-1Michaelis-Menten Kinetics…………………………………26
2-5-2Monod Kinetics…………………………………………… …28
2-5-3Lawrence and McCarty Kinetics…………………………..29
2-5-4Haldane Kinetics………………………………………………31
2-6 UASB反應器之污泥顆粒特性………………………………………34
2-6-1 顆粒化之機制………………………………………………………..34
2-6-2 顆粒之結構及組成………………………………………………...37
2-6-3 顆粒粒徑之分析……………………………………………………..37
2-7 倒錐狀反應器之水力特性………………..…………………………38
2-8 混合菌種之分率….………………………………………………..39
2-9 觸媒顆粒對反應動力之影響……………………………………….40
2-9-1 顆粒孔隙度…………………………………………………………40
2-9-2 顆粒粒徑對反應動力之影響………………………………………40
第三章UASB反應器動力模式……………………………………………42
3-1 動力模式之推導……………………………………………………...42
3-2 數值分析……………………………………………………….......46
第四章 實驗設備與方法…………………………………………………...49
4-1 實驗設備……………………………………………………………...49
4-1-1 UASB反應器…………………………………………………………49
4-1-2 批次反應器………………………………………………………...52
4-1-3 血清瓶反應器………………………………………………………..52
4-1-4 儀器設備…………………………………………………………...53
4-2 實驗方法…………………………………………………………….…53
4-2-1 合成廢水…………………………………………………………...53
4-2-2 UASB反應器之植種、馴化及起動…………………………………54
4-2-3 UASB反應器試程之操作……………………………………………55
4-2-4 UASB反應器之追蹤劑試驗…………………………………………57
4-2-5 酚厭氣降解及強化培養乙酸甲烷化動力常數之測定…………...57
4-2-6 甲烷菌活性係數…………………………………………………...58
4-2-7 無氧水之配製……………………………………………………...59
4-2-8 酚對甲烷化反應之影響實驗……………………………………….60
4-3實驗分析方法………………………………………………...61
4-3-1 生物動力常數之迴歸分析………………………………………...61
4-3-2 UASB反應器之流況分析……………………………………………63
4-3-3 水質與生物產氣分析……………………………………………...65
4-3-4 生物特性分析……………………………………………………...66
第五章 結果與討論………………………………………………………...77
5-1 酚厭氣降解及強化培養乙酸甲烷化之動力常數………………….77
5-2 傳統及倒錐狀UASB反應器處理酚基質合成廢水…………………81
5-2-1 有機物去除率………………..…………………………………….81
5-2-2 甲烷菌活性係數……………………………………………...83
5-2-3 污泥增殖係數…………………………………………………….84
5-2-4 酚對甲烷化之影響…………………………………………………..86
5-2-5 抑制性基質之多重穩定狀態………………………………………..87
5-3 傳統及倒錐狀UASB反應器之流況…………………………………90
5-4 傳統及倒錐狀UASB反應器之污泥顆粒特性………………………91
5-4-1 倒錐角度對污泥顆粒特性之影響…………………………………..96
5-4-2 污泥顆粒粒徑分佈…………………………………………………..99
5-4-3 生物顆粒菌相觀察………………………………………………….103
5-5 傳統及倒錐狀UASB反應器動力模式之模擬及實驗驗證………105
5-5-1 酚基質抑制型動力行為…………………………………………….106
5-5-2 UASB反應器實際操作結果與模式模擬結果之比較……………..108
第六章結 論……………………………………………………….110
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………...112
附 錄…………………………………………………………………….123
誌 謝…………………………………………………………………….128
自 述…………………………………………………………………...129

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