臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鋼鐵廠煙道排放多環芳香烴化合物
及金屬元素之特徵
賴順安、李文智
國立成功大學環境工程學系
中 文 摘 要
本研究係針對南台灣十座鋼鐵廠煙道，進行多環芳香烴化合物 (PAHs) 及粒狀物相金屬元素之採樣及分析，以建立鋼鐵廠煙道PAHs及粒狀物相金屬元素之排放特徵，提供往後PAHs排放總量之推估、擴散模式之模擬、排放標準之擬定及未來排放量削減策略研擬之重要資訊。煙道廢氣PAHs採樣以一套等速抽引系統進行，經萃取、濃縮、淨化、定量，最後以GC/MS 定量分析。而粒狀物相金屬元素亦以等速抽引系統進行採樣，再經消化、趕酸及定量，最後以感應偶合電漿/原子發射光譜 (ICP/AES) 進行分析。另外本文亦探討台灣地區各污染源排放PAHs之分佈，整合個別燃料油使用量或生產量及其排放係數，以估算固定性污染源及移動性污染源之PAHs排放總量。再者，亦探討各縣市PAHs之單位面積排放量及其與人口密度之關係。本研究之主要成果如下：1. 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣以總質量分佈而言，氣相、粒狀物相、冷凝水及清洗管線殘留之總PAHs質量分別佔88.6%、6.79%、3.05%以及1.82%。2. 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中總PAHs平均濃度為2140 g/Nm3，其中以鋼鐵廠III（使用電弧爐）排放總PAHs濃度最高，平均值為3430 g/Nm3，分別為鋼鐵廠I（使用焦炭作為輔助燃料）之5.88倍及鋼鐵廠II（使用重油作為輔助燃料）之1.72倍。同時，煙道廢氣排放粒狀污染物濃度與總PAHs濃度呈良好關係 (R2＝0.882)。3. 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣以二環之Nap (86.5%) 為最高，而以七環之COR (0.013%) 最低，其中二環PAHs質量分佈百分比以鋼鐵廠II比例最高，三、四、五及六環PAHs以鋼鐵廠I比例較高，而鋼鐵廠III之七環PAHs質量分佈百分比略高於其他鋼鐵廠。高分子量PAHs質量分佈百分比以鋼鐵廠I及III較高。另外，袋式集塵器收集之飛灰中PAHs含量以四環（31.4%）及 五環（47.9%）為主，而旋風集塵器飛灰則以三環（20.8%）及四環（50.0%）所佔比例最高。4. 以燃料來表示排放係數，鋼鐵廠I、鋼鐵廠II、鋼鐵廠III之煙道廢氣 PAHs之總排放係數分別為4350 g/kg-Coal，6050 g/L-Oil及2670 g/kWh。5.以產量來表示排放係數，鋼鐵廠I、鋼鐵廠II、鋼鐵廠III之煙道廢氣PAHs之總排放係數大小依序為鋼鐵廠III (1190 g/kg-Product)＞鋼鐵廠I (593 g/kg-Product)＞鋼鐵廠II (456 g/kg-Product)。6. 袋式集塵器對總PAHs去除率為2.58% ，對於低分子量PAHs之去除效率低，但對於高分子量PAHs去除效果較好；旋風集塵器則對總PAHs去除率只有0.482%，個別PAHs之去除效率皆偏低。7. 高濃度之Al、Fe、Ca、As、Mn、Sb、Ti及V，可視為鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣主要排放之金屬元素。鋼鐵廠III排放最高濃度之Al (52400 g/Nm3)，鋼鐵廠I則排放最高濃度之Fe (21800 g/Nm3)。8. 三組鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中粒狀物相上皆含有高含量之Al，其中以鋼鐵廠III (308 mg/g) 最高。Fe之含量僅次於Al，其中以鋼鐵廠I (75.4 mg/g) 最高。9. 當煙道廢氣中粒狀物濃度愈低時，鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中Pb、Cd、Zn及Ni含量有增高之趨勢。10. 台灣地區總PAHs之排放總量約為615 ton/yr，固定性污染源排放量約為403 ton/yr，佔總排放量之65.5%左右，顯示固定性污染源係為台灣地區總PAHs主要排放源，而移動性污染源之排放量則約為212 ton/yr，佔總排放量之34.5%左右。固定性污染源在HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA具更高之貢獻比例，分別為84.8%及90.6%，顯示固定性污染源對環境具最大之衝擊潛能。11. 石化業 (23.5%) 為總PAHs最大之污染源，其次為柴油車 (19.8%)。而發電業及石化業則同為HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA最大貢獻源，其中發電業分別佔HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之34.6%及38.7%，而石化業則分別佔26.4%及29.4%。12. 基隆市及高雄市則於四環、五環、六環及七環PAHs中佔較大排放比例，介於15.1% ~ 24.3%之間，且四個環數之PAHs皆以基隆市為最高。13. 移動性污染源於單位面積總PAHs、HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之年排放量與人口密度具良好之相關性 (R2＝0.894 ~ 0.975)，而固定性污染源則不具相關性 (R2＝0.118 ~ 0.330)。因此，顯示人口密度及交通工具使用率愈高，單位面積之年排放量則愈高。

Characteristics of PAHs and Metal Elements
in the Stack Flue-Gas of the Steel and Iron Industries
Soon-Onn Lai and Wen-Jhy Lee
Department of Environmental Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan 70101, Taiwan
Abstract
The emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal elements from the stack flue-gas of the ten steel and iron industries in Southern Taiwan, including concentration, composition, emission rate and emission factor were investigated. In addition, the collection efficiencies of PAHs by the air pollution control devices (APCDs) are also studied. The main objective of this study is to set up the basic data bank for the calculation of total amount of PAHs emission, for the dispersion modeling, and for the assessment of cancer risk for PAHs emitted from the steel and iron industries. Both PAHs and metal elements samples from the stack flue-gas are collected isokinetically by a PAHs stack-sampling system. PAH samples are analyzed primarily by a gas chromatography / mass spectrometer (GC/MS), and the element samples are analyzed an inductively coupled plasma / atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES), respectively. The major results of this study are as follows: (1) The mean total-PAH mass distribution from stack flue-gas existing in gas phase, particle phase, cooling water and pipe water residue of sampling system were 88.6%, 6.79%, 3.05% and 1.82%, respectively. (2) The mean concentration of total-PAHs in the stack flue-gas of steel and iron industries I (using coal as supplementary fuel), II (using heavy oil as supplementary fuel) and III (using electric arc furnace), were 583, 1990 and 3430 g/Nm3, respectively. (3) The mean PAH emission factor（by fuel） in the stack flue-gas of the steel and iron industry I, II, III were 4350 /kg-Coal, 6050 g/L-Oil and 2670 g/kWh, respectively; however, the another mean PAHs emission factor (by product ) in the stack flue-gas of the steel and iron industry I, II and III were 1190, 593 and 456g/kg-Product, respectively. (5) The total PAHs collection efficiency of baghouse was 2.58%, and it had better collection efficiency for high molecular weight (HMW); however, the cyclone had only 0.482% of total-PAH collection efficiency. It is indicated that the APCDs play an important role on collecting particles, but cannot remove the PAHs efficiently. This is due that the PAHs are mostly existing in the gas phase. (6) Al, Fe, Ca, As, Mn, Sb, Ti and V were the most seven dominant elements existing in the stack flue-gas of the steel and iron industries. (7) Amount of 615 ton/yr of the total-PAHs emission in Taiwan was estimated, therein stationary sources and mobile sources emitted 65.5% (403 ton/yr) and 34.5% (212 ton/yr). Stationary sources also had higher contribution ratio (84.8% and 90.6%) than mobile sources for HM-PAHs and BbF + BaP + DBA, respectively. (8) Power plants as well as chemical and petroleum plants were regarded the main contributors for HM-PAHs and BbF + BaP + DBA, while the chemical and petroleum plants as well as diesel engines were counted for the main contributors for total-PAHs. (9) The annual emission of total-PAHs, HM-PAHs and BbF + BaP + DBA from mobile sources were highly correlated with the population density.

總 目 錄
授權書……………………………………………………………………..…….......…I
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………...……...III
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………..………..V
誌謝........……………………………………………………………………..……VII
總目錄……………………………………………………………………….....….....IX
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………….………...XIII
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………...XVI
第一章 前言………………………………………………………………….……….1
1-1 研究背景………………………………………...…………………..………....1
1-2 研究目標……….…………………………………………………………........2
第二章 文獻回顧………………….………………………………………………….4
2-1 鋼鐵工業製程介紹…………………………….…………..…….........….…....4
2-2 PAHs之性質…………...……………………….………………...........……….5
2-2-1 PAHs之物化性質……………………………….…………...............……….8
2-2-2 PAHs之來源及形成機制………………….………………….….....………10
2-2-3 PAHs之致癌性及致突變性……………….…...……….………………..…15
2-3 金屬元素之性質..…………………...……………………...……......……….21
2-3-1 金屬元素之物化性質……………………………….…………......……….21
2-3-2 金屬元素之來源與於環境之遷移能力…….………………….…..………27
2-3-3 金屬元素之毒害性……………….…...……….…………….............…..…29
2-4 PAHs之排放特徵..…………………...……………………...……….....…….31
2-4-1 固定性污染源排放PAH之特徵……………………….…………….…….31
2-4-2 移動性污染源排放PAH之特徵…….………………….….…............……35
2-5 金屬元素之排放特徵..…………………...……………………...……..…….36
2-5-1 固定性污染源排放金屬元素之特徵…………………….…………..…….36
2-5-2 移動性污染源排放金屬元素之特徵…….………………….….….....……40
2-6 PAH與金屬元素之控制.…………………...……………………...………….42
2-5-1 PAH之排放控制…………………….……………...................................….42
2-6-2金屬元素之之排放控制…….………………….….…................…...........…43
2-7 煙道採樣之基本原理.…………………...……………………...………...….46
2-7-1 粒狀污染物之採樣原理…………………….……………......................….46
2-7-2美國環保署串聯法簡介及應用…….………………….….……...............…47
2-7-2美國環保署煙道中金屬元素之採樣方法….………………….….……...…50
2-8 排放量估算之基本理論……………...……………………...………........….51
2-8-1 美國環保署之固定性點及面污染源排放量估算方法….……………..….51
2-8-2美國環保署之移動性污染源排放量估算方法………………….….………57
2-9 台灣地區固定性及移動性污染源之分佈...……………………...………….58
2-9-1 固定性性污染源之分佈….………………...................................................58
2-9-2移動性污染源之分佈………………….….……........................................…60
2-10 台灣地區癌症死亡率...………………..…...………….................................64
第三章 實驗設備與方法………...…….………………………………….………...65
3-1 鋼鐵工業煙道基本資料..........……………………….………………………65
3-2 煙道採樣設備與方法.…………………….....……………………………….72
3-2-1 PAHs之採樣….………………......................................................................72
3-2-1-1 煙道廢氣採樣系統………………….….…….......................................…72
3-2-1-2 採樣之樣品………………….….……...................................................…73
3-2-1-3 採樣方法………………….….......…..........….......................................…72
3-2-1-4 煙道PAH採樣器抽取體積計算...….….…….......................................…78
3-3 分析儀器及方法………………......................…………...…………………..82
3-3-1 PAHs之分析儀器….………...........………...................................................82
3-3-2 PAHs之分析方法….………………..............................................................82
3-3-3 金屬元素之分析儀器….……………….......................................................89
3-3-4 金屬元素之分析方法….……………….......................................................89
3-4 排放係數之建立……………….…………........................…………………..94
3-4-1 固定性污染源排放係數之建立….……………..….....................................94
3-4-2 移動性污染源排放係數之建立….……………..….....................................98
3-4-3 排放總量估算之假設條件….……………........….....................................102
3-4-3 排放總量之估算公式及流程….…………....…….....................................103
第四章 品質保證及品質控制………………….………………………………….106
4-1 PAHs之品質保證及品質控制.……………...……….……………………...106
4-1-1 空白試驗………………….…………….....……….……………………...106
4-1-2 穿透率試驗……………………………………………..…………………106
4-1-3 標準品檢量線之建立…….……………….………………………………107
4-1-4 再現性試驗…….……………….................………………………………107
4-1-5 PAHs之方法偵測極限之測定……….……………………………………111
4-1-6 PAHs於分析儀器之滯留時窗……….……………………………………113
4-1-7 PAHs標準溶液之回收率….………………………………………………117
4-2 金屬元素之品質保證及品質控制.………………………………………...117
4-2-1 製定檢量線………………….……….…………….……………………...106
4-2-2 檢量線空白校正………………………………………..…………………121
4-2-3 校正檢查…….……….....................………………………………………121
4-2-4 樣品分析……......................………………………………………………121
4-2-5 ICP之偵測極限….......………….................………………………………122
第五章 結果與討論………………..………………............………………………126
5-1 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中粒狀污染物濃度…...…………....……………………..126
5-2鋼鐵廠煙道排放PAHs之特徵…………………...............................……….128
5-2-1 重油、焦炭及煤炭之PAHs含量…………………..……………………...128
5-2-2 煙道廢氣中PAHs之質量分佈百分比…………........…………………...132
5-2-3 煙道廢氣中PAHs濃度………………................................……………...134
5-2-4 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相PAHs之含量…………………................………...139
5-2-5 煙道廢氣中PAHs之排放率………………………........................……...142
5-2-6 煙道廢氣中PAHs之排放係數（燃料表示法）…………………………...144
5-2-7 煙道廢氣中PAHs之排放係數（產品表示法）…………………………...147
5-2-8 空氣污染防制設備飛灰中PAHs含量…………………....................…...150
5-2-9 鋼鐵廠空氣污染防制設備對於PAHs之去除率………………………...154
5-3鋼鐵廠煙道排放金屬元素之特徵…………………..................................….156
5-3-1 重油、焦炭及煤炭之金屬元素含量………………………….…………...156
5-3-2 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相金屬元素濃度……………………...........………...158
5-3-3 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相金屬元素之含量…………………….......………...161
5-3-4 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相金屬元素之排放率……………………...………...168
5-3-5 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相金屬元素之排放係數（燃料表示法）…..…………168
5-3-6 煙道廢氣中粒狀物相金屬元素之排放係數（產品表示法）….………….171
5-3-7 空氣污染防制設備飛灰中金屬元素之含量…………………...………...171
5-3-8 鋼鐵廠空氣污染防制設備對於粒狀物相金屬元素之去除率..…………174
5-4 台灣地區污染源PAHs排放總量之估算…………..................................….177
5-4-1 台灣地區各污染源排放總PAHs、HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之比例..................................................................................................................177
5-4-2 台灣地區不同環數PAHs自不同固定性污染源及移動性污染源之排放比例……………………..................................................................………...179
5-4-3 台灣地區不同環數PAHs來自各縣市之貢獻比例……………………...182
5-4-4 台灣地區縣市PAHs之單位面積年排放量…............…………………...184
5-4-5 台灣地區縣市PAHs之單位面積年排放量與人口密度之關係…...........186
5-4-6 台灣地區各污染源PAHs排放係數之檢測情況…...................................190
第六章 結論與建議…………………...................………………………………192
6-1 結論..........................................................…………..................................….192
6-2 建議..........................................................…………..................................….194
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………196
附錄…………………………………………………………………………..……..212
圖 目 錄
圖1-1 論文研究架構圖……………………………………………………………….3
圖2-1 一貫作業煉鋼廠煉鋼生產流程……………………………………………...4
圖2-2 電爐煉鋼廠生產流程………………………………………………………….5
圖2-3 單軋鋼廠生產流程…………………………………………………………….5
圖2-4 自由基生成PAHs之機制……………………………………………………13
圖2-5 BaP之生成機制…………………………………………………………..…..14
圖2-6 苯碳之生成機制...........………………………………………………………14
圖2-7 乙烯熱解生成PAHs之機制…………………………………………………14
圖2-8 六碳環之聚合反應........………………….…...……………………………...16
圖2-9 五碳環質六碳環之聚合反應………………………………………………...17
圖2-10 十六種金屬元素揮發性分類圖…………………………………………….26
圖2-11 金屬之廢棄物焚化時，金屬之礦物轉化作用……………………………...28
圖2-12 金屬元素於環境中之傳輸循環圖……………………..…………………30
圖2-13 重金屬物質於焚化過程中之化學反應變化…..…………………………...38
圖2-14 等速抽引之粒狀污染物採樣.………………………………………………48
圖3-1 工作流程圖…………………………………………………………………...67
圖3-2 鋼鐵廠A、B及C之生產流程圖...…………………...………………………69
圖3-3 鋼鐵廠D、E及F之生產流程圖………….…...……………………………...70
圖3-4 鋼鐵廠G、H、I及J之生產流程圖…..………………………………………..71
圖3-5 PAHs煙道採樣系統示意圖………...……………...………………………...73
圖3-6 煙道採樣玻璃套筒之填充方式……………....……………………………...76
圖3-7 玻璃套筒及圓筒濾紙之淨化處理..…….…...……………………………….77
圖3-8 PAHs之分析測定流程…………...………………...………………………...83
圖3-9 金屬元素樣品之分析流程……………….…...……………………………...93
圖3-10 固定性污染源排放PAHs之總量估算流程.……………………………...104
圖3-11 移動性污染源排放PAHs之總量估算流程………………………………105
圖4-1 二十一種PAHs之層析圖........................………………….………….……119
圖4-2 金屬分析QA/QC管制流程圖……….…..........................................………120
圖5-1 鋼鐵廠II之排氣量與粒狀污染物濃度以及耗油量之關係……….………127
圖5-2 不同環數及分子量之PAHs質量分佈百分比……….………………….…131
圖5-3 煙道廢氣中粒狀污染物濃度與總PAHs濃度之關係……….…….………138
圖5-4 鋼鐵業熔解爐、廢棄物焚化爐、以重油為燃料之鍋爐、以重油為燃料之石化業鍋爐及等固定性污染源煙道排放粒狀物相PAHs之含量，並比較本研究中鋼鐵廠I、II及鋼鐵廠III煙道中粒狀物相PAHs含量之質量分佈百分比…………………………………………………………………..……..141
圖5-5 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中Pb、Cd與粒狀物濃度之關係...….………………….…166
圖5-6 鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中Zn、Ni與粒狀物濃度之關係...….………………….…167
圖5-7 各縣市總PAHs之單位面積之年排放量………....….………………….…185
圖5-8 各縣市HM-PAHs之單位面積之年排放量………....….………....……185
圖5-9 各縣市BbF + BaP + DBA之單位面積之年排放量………....….…………186
圖5-10 台灣地區各縣市移動性及固定性污染源於單位面積總PAHs之年排放量與人口密度之關係...…...………………………………....….…………187
圖5-11 台灣地區各縣市移動性及固定性污染源於單位面積HM-PAHs之年排放量與人口密度之關係...……...…………………………....….…………188
圖5-12 台灣地區各縣市移動性及固定性污染源於單位面積BbF + BaP + DBA之年排放量與人口密度之關係………...……...…………....….…………...189
附圖一 台灣地區每十萬人口男性與女性癌症標準化死亡率……...……...……213
附圖二 台灣地區每十萬人口男性與女性肺癌標準化死亡率……...……...……214
附圖三 台灣地區每十萬人口男性與女性肝症標準化死亡率……...……...……215
附圖四 Nap、AcPy、Acp及Flu於GC/MS之檢量線…………….…...….………216
附圖五 PA、Ant、FL及Pyr於GC/MS之檢量線…………….…...……...…….…..217
附圖六 CYC、BaA、CHR及BbF於GC/MS之檢量線…………….…...………….218
附圖七 BkF、BeP、BaP及PER於GC/MS之檢量線…………….…...……………219
附圖八 IND、DBA、BbC及BghiP於GC/MS之檢量線……….…….…...….……220
附圖九 COR於GC/MS之檢量線…………….…...……...……………………….221
附圖十 Al、Ca、Fe及Mg之檢量線……………………………….…...…………222
附圖十一 Zn、Ba、Mn及Pb之檢量線…….……………………….…...……...…223
附圖十二 Ni、Cr、Cu及Cd之檢量線…………………………….…...……...……224
附圖十三 Na、Ag、Sr及Mo之檢量線…….…………………………….…...…….225
附圖十四 Sb、As、v及Ti之檢量線…….…………………………….…...……..…226
附圖十五 台灣地區污染源排放總PAHs之比例…………………….…..….……227
附圖十六 台灣地區污染源排放HM-PAHs之比例…………………….….……228
附圖十七 台灣地區污染源排放BbF + BaP + DBA之比例…………………...…229
表 目 錄
表2-1 二十一種PAHs之分子量、化學式與及結構式…….…....……….…………..6
表2-1 二十一種PAHs之分子量、化學式與及結構式（續）…..…………..…………7
表2-2 PAHs之蒸氣壓、溶解度、親電性反應 (E)、熔點及沸點…...........……….....9
表2-3 PAHs之來源…………………….....................................……………………11
表2-4 其他PAHs來源之文獻整理……………………………………....................11
表2-5 二十一種PAHs之毒理特性…………………………………………………18
表2-6 二十一種PAHs之致癌性…………………....................................................19
表2-7 二十三種金屬元素之原子量、熔點及沸點….............................................…22
表2-8 一些金屬元素可能之分佈型態及特性…...................................................…23
表2-9 十九種金屬元素之蒸氣壓 (p).................….............................................…25
表2-10 不同波峰之懸浮微粒表面之金屬元素分佈………….................................27
表2-11 金屬元素對人體健康之危害性….............................................................…32
表2-12 不同種類燃燒之排放特徵….....................................................................…33
表2-13 各種污染源之指標性PAHs…...................................................................…33
表2-14 其他有關移動性污染源排放PAHs之文獻整…......................................…37
表2-15 重金屬於焚化廠內之分佈情況 (%)….....................................................…39
表2-16 文獻中常見之固定性污染源指標性金屬元素.........................................…41
表2-17 文獻中常見之移動性污染源指標金屬元素….........................................…42
表2-18 三種空氣污染控制設備對金屬元素之去除效率….................................…45
表2-19 空氣污染控制設備去除金屬元素之建議操作參數….............................…46
表2-20 數據品質評估.............................................................................................…53
表2-21 排放係數品質評估….................................................................................…53
表2-22 固定性污染源數目之統計資料….............................................................…59
表2-23 移動性污染源數目之統計資料….............................................................…61
表2-24 八十七年度各縣市機動車輛之年用油量 ...............................................…62
表2-25 交通部統計之機動車輛相關資訊 …………………….......................……62
表2-26 八十七年度各縣市機動車輛之年用油量 .......……………………………63
表3-1 十座鋼鐵工業煙道之基本資料…….…....……….….......................………..68
表3-2 二十一種PAHs之標準溶液…..........……............................................……..85
表3-3 自動注射系統之基本操作參數………………..............……………………87
表3-4 氣相層析儀 (GC) 之基本操作參數………………………..........................87
表3-4 氣相層析儀 (GC) 之基本操作參數（續）………………………..................88
表3-5 質譜儀 (MS) 之基本操作參數……………………......……………………88
表3-5 質譜儀 (MS) 之基本操作參數（續）…………………....…………………89
表3-6 二十一種各別PAH 標準品在質譜儀中掃描之主要質量數 (Primary Ion) 與次要質量數 （Secondary Ion)……..…………….......................................90
表3-7 分析金屬元素於ICP-AES中之參考波長…..............................................…91
表3-8 固定性污染源之排放係數….....................................................................…95
表3-8 固定性污染源之排放係數（續）..........…...................................................…96
表3-9 移動性污染源之排放係數........................….............................................…99
表3-10 柴油引擎操作控制條件…..............................……….................................100
表3-11 汽油引擎操作控制條件….......................................................................…100
表3-12 機車引擎操作控制條件….......................................................................…101
表4-1 玻璃套筒之穿透率試驗…….…....……….….......................………............108
表4-2 PAHs標準溶液之GC/MS圖譜積分面積…..........……................……........109
表4-3 PAHs標準溶液之GC/MS圖譜積分面積平均值、標準偏差及相對標準偏差 (RSD, %).................................……………..............…………………….......110
表4-4 GC/MS 之方法偵測極….....................……………………..........................114
表4-5 二十一種PAHs於GC/MS滯留時間…....................................……………115
表4-6 二十一種PAHs於GC/MS滯留時間之平均值及標準偏差………............116
表4-7 PAHs標準溶液之回收率….......................................................................…118
表4-8 各種金屬元素之重複分析相對差異….....................................................…123
表4-9 ICP之偵測極限.........................…..............................................................…125
表5-1 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣中粒狀污染物之含氧百分率之校正係數及平均濃..................................................................................................................127
表5-2 中油低硫燃料油 (0.5%) 之規範值…...........………...................................129
表5-3 焦炭及煤炭之基本性質…………………….....................................………129
表5-4 重油、焦炭及煤炭之PAHs含量之範圍及平均值…………........................130
表5-5 二十一種PAHs依分子量大小及苯環環數之分類表…………………..…131
表5-6 十座鋼鐵廠之煙道廢氣中氣相、粒狀物相、冷凝水、清洗管線殘留之個別 PAHs質量分佈………………….................................................................133
表5-7 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣PAHs濃度之範圍及平均值（以6%氧氣為參考基準）...................................................................................................................135
表5-8 八種具有潛在致癌性之PAHs之煙道排放濃度之比較…..........................136
表5-9 不同環數PAHs及低、中、高分子量PAHs於鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣之質量分佈百分比 (%)....................................................................................................138
表5-10 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相PAHs含量之範圍及平均值…................140
表5-11 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣PAHs排放率之範圍及平均值…............................143
表5-12 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣PAHs排放係數（燃料）之範圍及平均值....…........145
表5-13 不同污染源BaP之排放係數…...................................................................146
表5-14 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣PAHs排放係數（產品）之範圍及平均................…148
表5-15 不同污染源BaP之排放係數 ......................................................….......…149
表5-16 袋式及旋風集塵器飛灰之PAHs平均含量及相對標準偏差....................151
表5-17 不同環數PAHs與低、中、高分子量PAHs於袋式及旋風集塵器 飛灰之質量分佈百分比 ......................................................................…152
表5-18 不同燃燒源產生飛灰之PAHs含量 .................….................................…153
表5-19 袋式及旋風集塵器對PAHs之平均去除率…..........................................…155
表5-20 重油、焦炭及煤炭之金屬元素含量之範圍及平均值.................................157
表5-21 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相金屬元素濃度之範圍及平均值（以6%氧氣為參考基準）…........................................................................................…159
表5-22 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相金屬元素含量之範圍及平均值….......…162
表5-23 以重油為燃料之鍋爐（無空氣污染防制設備）、以重油為燃料之石化業鍋爐、鋼鐵業熔解爐及鋼鐵業電弧爐排放粒狀物相金屬元素之含量，及比較本研究鋼鐵廠I、II及III煙道中粒狀物相金屬元素含量之比例…..........164
表5-24 各污染源排放粒狀物中之重要金屬元素（含量高於1 mg/g）…............…165
表5-25 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相金屬元素排放率之範圍及平均值 .……169
表5-26 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相金屬元素排放係數（燃料）之範圍及平均值..................................................................................................................170
表5-27 十座鋼鐵廠煙道廢氣粒狀物相金屬元素排放係數（產品）之範圍及平均值..................................................................................................................172
表5-28 袋式及旋風集塵器飛灰之金屬元素含量….................................…..........173
表5-29 袋式及旋風集塵器對粒狀物相金屬元素之平均去除率….................…175
表5-30 台灣地區固定性及移動性污染源排放總PAHs、HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之排放量及排放比例.....................................................................…178
表5-31 不同環數PAHs於各種固定性污染源及移動性污染源之排放比例…......180
表5-32 台灣地區不同環數PAHs來自各縣市之貢獻比例….............................….183
表5-33 台灣地區各污染源PAHs排放係數之檢測情況….............................…...191
附表一 固定性污染源之分類….................................…..........................................230
附表一 固定性污染源之分類（續）….......................................................................231
附表一 固定性污染源之分類（續）.............................…..........................................232
附表二 不同環數之PAHs於固定性及移動性污染源之排放量….................…....233
附表三 不同環數PAHs於各種固定性污染源及移動性污染源之排放總量.....…234
附表四 台灣地區各縣市人口密度及土地面積…...................................................235
附表五 各縣市總PAHs、HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之排放量…............….236
附表六 各縣市總PAHs、HM-PAHs及BbF + BaP + DBA之單位面積排放量...237

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