臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　台灣地區規劃於民國93年前興建完成36座焚化廠，其中包括環保署所提案之21座，及15座採用BOO或BOT方式興建之焚化廠，屆時將有大量焚化灰渣必須妥善處理、處置及資源化。焚化灰渣資源化勢必成為資源循環型社會重要之廢棄物處理方法。
　　本研究將底灰篩分為粒徑小於1.41mm之細料(F-Ash)，及粒徑介於4.76-1.41mm經粉碎後之粗料(P-Ash)兩部分。各於400-1000℃予以成形燒結，分別調查影響燒結之操作條件、燒結體之材料特性，以及重金屬之溶出特性，用以探討焚化底灰燒結材料化之可行性。實驗結果顯示，粗灰部分之TCLP溶出液pH值為6.11，細灰部分高達10.76，屬強鹼性。燒結後細灰pH介於10.04-11.49、粗灰介於7.49-11.26，隨燒結溫度上升其pH呈上升之趨勢，亦即酸中和當量隨溫度增加而增加。整體而言，燒結後之抗壓強度較原灰加壓成形者小，約介於500-550kgf/cm2，且不論粗灰或細灰，兩者均隨溫度由400℃增至600℃而有所遞減。
　　底灰燒結之問題點包括於1000℃高溫燒結時，玻璃質熔解造成燒結體變形；800℃以上燒結時，產生鋁金屬及鈣鹽析出現象，造成燒結體崩解。碳酸鈣於650℃分解產生大量CO2，亦為燒結體崩解之主因之一。綜合燒失量、體積變化、吸水率、健度、抗壓強度及容積密度等條件，顯示磁選及去除夾雜物後之底灰，於400-600℃之溫度範圍內，可得符合中國國家標準透水磚骨材之規格。

The decreasing availability of landfill sites, the growing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), and the increasing disposal costs have hastened efforts to adopt incineration technologies and energy recovery strategies. By the year 2004, the completion of 36 MSW incinerators will generate more than 4000 tons incineration ashes each day, which has to be properly treated, disposed of, or recovered.
Recognizing the trend toward more usage of bottom ash as constructional materials, the author investigated the feasibility of recovering bottom ash as aggregates, by sintering size-fractioned MSW incinerator bottom ashes (particle size less than 1.41 mm and between 4.76-1.41 mm) at 400-1000 degree C for 60-240 min, to determine their sintered characteristics such as compressive strength, heavy metal leachability, and principal material properties. The results indicate that the pH of the TCLP leachate for the fine and the coarse ashes, ranging from 10.04-11.49, and from 7.49-11.26, respectively, showed a decreasing trend with increasing sintering temperature. Correspondingly, the acid-neutralization capacity for both ashes decreased with increasing sintering temperature. In addition, for both ashes, the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths, ranging from 500-550 kgf/cm2, slightly decreased when the sintering temperature was increased from 400 degree C to 600 degree C. Problems such as deformation may result from the melting of glassy substance in the ash when the bottom ash was sintered at higher than 1000 degree C. Moreover, when sintering between 800 to 1000 degree C, the sintered bottom ash may be destroyed due to the formation of calcium salts and/or aluminum. The decomposition of calcium carbonate at 650degree C, releasing significant amount of carbon dioxide, may also cause the destruction of the monolith.
Based on considerations of the loss on ignition, volume change, water adsorption, soundness, bulk density, and the compressive strength of the sintered ash, the general results from the experiments suggest that acceptable aggregates meeting Chinese National Standards(CNS) for permeable block can be developed by sintering the bottom ash between 400 to 600 degree C after removing its coarse impurities.

第一章 前言
1-1研究緣起
1-2研究內容
第二章 文獻回顧
2-1焚化底灰來源及特性
2-1-1焚化底灰之物理特性
2-1-2焚化底灰之化學組成
2-1-3焚化底灰溶出特性與酸中和能力
2-1-4焚化底灰物種型態
2-1-5結語
2-2焚化灰渣再利用
2-2-1焚化底灰再利用現況
2-2-2焚化底灰再利用注意要點
2-2-3結語
2-3底灰資源化技術
2-3-1燒結資源化技術
2-3-2熔融資源化技術
2-3-3直接材料化技術
2-3-4固化資源化處理技術
2-3-5結語
2-4燒結理論
2-4-1物質移動
2-4-2緻密化－氣孔之改變
2-4-3異常粒子成長
2-4-4影響燒結之工程參數
2-4-5結語
2-5固化體長期性能測試
第三章 研究設備與方法
3-1研究流程
3-2研究材料
3-2-1底灰來源
3-2-1底灰前處理及基本性質分析
3-3實驗流程
3-3-1實驗配置
3-4研究設備及方法
3-4-1實驗設備
3-4-2分析項目及方法
第四章 結果與討論
4-1焚化底灰基本特性分析
4-1-1焚化底灰之物理特性
4-1-2焚化底灰化學組成與物種型態
4-1-3焚化底灰重金屬總量及毒性溶出試驗
4-1-4結語
4-2燒結條件篩選試驗
4-2-1成形壓力之影響
4-2-2燒結溫度之影響
4-2-3結語
4-3焚化底灰燒結試體物理性質變化
4-3-1燒失量變化
4-3-2體積變化
4-3-3健度及吸水率變化
4-3-4抗壓強度
4-3-5顆粒微結構變化
4-3-6燒結體密度及孔隙變化
4-3-7結語
4-4焚化底灰燒結試體化學性質變化
4-4-1重金屬總量變化
4-4-2毒性溶出試驗
4-4-3燒結程序pH值與酸中和當量變化
4-4-4燒結前後物種變化
4-4-5熱重損失變化
4-4-6結語
4-5綜合探討
4-5-1孔隙特性與抗壓強度
4-5-2酸中和能力與物種變化
4-5-3結語
第五章 結論與建議
5-1結論
5-2建議

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