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研究生:林淑芬
研究生(外文):Lin Shu Fen
論文名稱:併同活性污泥及生物膜營養鹽去除程序中脫氮除磷反應特性之探討
論文名稱(外文):Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal by Activated Sluge Process Combined with Biofilm System
指導教授:歐陽嶠暉歐陽嶠暉引用關係劉文佐劉文佐引用關係
指導教授(外文):Ouyang Chiao FeiLiu Wen Tzo
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中央大學
系所名稱:環境工程研究所
學門:工程學門
學類:環境工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:1999
畢業學年度:87
語文別:中文
論文頁數:130
中文關鍵詞:脫硝除磷菌除磷脫硝PHAs
外文關鍵詞:Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organismsphosphorus removaldenitriyingPHAs
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以生物程序處理生活污水中之營養鹽物質已成為主流,但是系統中磷菌與硝化菌時常會遭遇所需SRT長短不同之衝突點,以致於會發生顧此失彼的現象。另外,近年來許多研究發現,各種處理程序中,都含有若干比例之脫硝除磷菌(DPB),而DPB會以硝酸鹽當成攝磷時的電子接受者,因此厭氧/缺氧SBR與厭氧/好氧SBR同時馴養並比較兩系統之除磷效率,可觀察到相同程度之除磷效率。
因此,本研究中比較A2O與TNCU-I兩程序操作於SRT=10天時,系統之硝化效率與活性污泥中菌相分布之差異,並設計一系列之批次實驗,以TNCU-I程序之活性污泥探討微生物體內碳源含量高、低之不同,有無添加外部碳源時,脫硝除磷之反應特性同時觀察微生物體內PHAs濃度之變化。
由實驗結果顯示,TNCU-I程序有較A2O程序優良之硝化穩定性,此點證實旋轉生物圓盤(RBC)確實發揮使硝化菌附著生長之功用,而附著生長之硝化菌更扮演著維持系統硝化能力穩定性之要角;且硝化批次實驗中TNCU-I程序之活性污泥也呈現出較A2O程序之活性污泥高之比硝化速率。而兩程序之活性污泥均由相同比例之反應槽所馴養,由分子生物分析所得之菌相分布相似。
而由脫硝攝磷/脫硝釋磷之批次實驗可看出微生物因為內部碳源含量高、低之不同,對反應結果也有截然不同之呈現。當微生物內部碳源低時,不添加外部碳源,所呈現之脫硝量與攝磷量均低;若加入外部碳源後,則有明顯脫硝量之增加,且實驗結果為釋磷反應,可知此時,微生物直接利用醋酸鹽進行釋磷反應並將部份碳源以PHAs之形式儲存於體內。
微生物含高內部碳源,不添加外部碳源時,脫硝量與攝磷量均隨外加磷酸鹽濃度之增加而增加,但PHAs濃度卻無明顯變化,推測此時用以反應之能量,為非PHAs形式之其他內部碳源。添加外部碳源時,有利於進行脫硝反應,但磷酸鹽濃度只呈現少量之減少,而PHAs呈現持續累積之情況。
The biological nutrient removal process (BNR process) is the main process to treat the municipal wastewater. However, there is a conflict of SRT between phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) and nitrifier. Additionally, the characteristic of denitrification phosphate accumulation organism (DNPAO) was not researched clearly yet. In this thesis, the comparison stability of nitrification between A2O and TNCU-I processes under the SRT is 10 days and the characteristic of DNPAO of TNCU-I was investigated.
In the experiment data of nitrification, it showed that the stability and rate of nitrification of TNCU-I was better than the A2O process. This indicated that the rotation biological contactor (RBC) did increase the nitrification efficiency and play an important role on nitrification.
In the research of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO), it was observed that both phosphate release anaerobiclly and phosphate uptake aerobically could accumulate the PHA when the acetate was added. The PAO use acetate as the energy source directly for phosphate uptake under aerobic condition.
It was also observed that the denitrification/phosphate uptake or denitrification/phosphate release amount was influenced by the amount of intracellular polymer content. When the sludge was low intracellular polymer content and no outer carbon was added, the denitrification/phosphate uptake amount is lower. After the outer carbon was added, the denitrification amount was increased obviously, and the phosphate release and PHA accumulation were occurred. Thus, the microorganisms used acetate as carbon source directly to release the phosphate and to accumulate the PHA.
When the sludge was high intracellular polymer content and no outer carbon was added, the denitrification/phosphate uptake amount was increased as phosphate concentration in the bulk solution increased, but the PHA concentration of all batch experiments were no change. It was hypothesized that the carbon source needed for denitrification/phosphate uptake was the intracellular polymer other than PHA. After the outer carbon was added, the denitrification amount was increased, but only a few phosphate in the bulk solution was uptaken. The PHA was also accumulated as the batch experiments of low intracellular polymer.
目錄
第一章 前言1
1.1研究緣起1
1.2研究目的與內容2
第二章 文獻回顧4
2.1生物脫氮除磷之基本理論4
2.1.1生物脫氮4
2.1.1.1硝化作用5
2.1.1.2脫硝作用5
2.1.2生物除磷8
2.1.3.1 A2O程序13
2.1.3.2 TNCU-I程序 14
2.2代謝模式之發展 15
2.2.1 The Comean / Wentzel Model及Mino Model15
2.2.2脫硝釋磷 / 脫硝攝磷之探討19
2.3聚合酵素連鎖反應器(Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR)原理24
2.3.1 PCR基本原理24
2.3.2參與反應物種25
2.4變性梯度明膠電泳法(Denature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, DGGE)之原理30
第三章 實驗設備與方法34
3.1模型廠實驗35
3.1.1 TNCU-I模廠35
3.1.2 A2O模型廠37
3.2批次實驗38
3.2.1硝化批次實驗40
3.2.2活性污泥釋磷與攝磷批次實驗40
3.2.3好氧污泥脫硝釋磷 / 脫硝攝磷之批次實驗40
3.3 分析方法與設備44
3.3.1分析方法44
3.3.2 分析設備45
第四章 結果與討論46
4.1 SRT=10天操作下TNCU-I及A2O程序之處理特性46
4.1.1 TNCU-I及A2O程序於SRT=10天各槽物種濃度變化比較48
4.1.2 SRT﹦10天操作下TNCU-I及A2O程序之硝化批次反應特性52
4.1.3 SRT=10天,TNCU-I與A2O處理程序之比較56
4.2厭氧釋磷及好氧攝磷之批次反應特性58
4.2.1厭氧釋磷反應特性59
4.2.2好氧攝磷反應特性62
4.3缺氧條件下不同磷酸鹽濃度及內外部碳源對污泥脫硝除磷反應的影響65
4.3.1低內部碳源不添加外部碳源之脫硝除磷反應特性68
4.3.2低內部碳源添加外部碳源之脫硝釋磷反應特性75
4.3.3高內部碳源不添加外部碳源之脫硝攝磷反應特性83
4.3.4高內部碳源並添加外部碳源之脫硝攝磷反應特性90
4.4批次實驗綜合討論99
4.5應用分子生物技術於族群判定之結果102
第五章結論與建議104
5.1結論104
5.2建議106
參考文獻107
A、氮磷之去除107
B、分子生物技術113
附錄A:PHAs分析方法115
附錄B:PCR實驗步驟及添加藥劑量118
附錄C:DGGE之實驗步驟及添加藥劑121
附錄D 批次試驗數據124
表目錄
表2.1 生物處理脫氮作用機制(Chuang,1997)7
表2.2生物處理除磷之步驟(Jenkins, 1992)10
表2.4 PCR循環次數與DNA擴增量(Watson,1992)29
表3.1 人工合成污水之主要水質34
表3.2 人工合成基質主要成份35
表3.3批次實驗計畫39
表4.1 TNCU-I各試程及其操作條件47
表4.2 A2O各試程及其操作條件47
表4.3 TNCU-I各槽中物種濃度及去除效率50
表4.4 A2O各槽中物種濃度及去除效率50
表4.5 TNCU-I與A2O處理程序之除氮效率與批次硝化速率比較57
表4.6脫硝除磷批次實驗結果總表(單位:mg/L)67
表4.7低內部碳源,添加與不添加外部碳源之比較82
表4.8高內部碳源,添加與不添加外部碳源之比較98
圖目錄
圖2.1 生物處理程序中氮的轉換4
圖2.2 厭氧/缺氧/好氧程序對於磷及氮去除模式示意圖9
圖2.3 磷蓄積菌厭氧/好氧代謝模式示意圖9
圖2.4 A2O程序示意圖13
圖2.5 TNCU-I程序示意圖14
圖2.6 Comeau / Wentzel模式之厭氧代謝 17
圖2.7 Mino模式之厭氧代謝 17
圖2.8 聚合酵素連鎖反應示意圖28
圖2.9 典型的DGGE電泳示意圖33
圖3.1 TNCU-I模廠示意圖36
圖3.2 A2O模廠示意圖37
圖3.3批次實驗反應槽示意圖38
圖3.5低內部碳源未添加外部碳源41
圖3.6低內部碳源並添加外部碳源41
圖3.7高內部碳源未添加外部碳源42
圖3.8高內部碳源並添加外部碳源43
圖4.1 TNCU-I各槽中物種濃度變化51
圖4.2 A2O各槽中物種濃度變化51
圖4.3 TNCU-I程序之污泥硝化批次實驗54
圖4.4 A2O程序之污泥硝化批次實驗54
圖4.5 TNCU-I與A2O程序之活性污泥硝化反應線性比較圖55
圖4.6長期記錄TNCU-I及A2O程序好氧槽中殘留氨氮濃度57
圖4.7厭氧釋磷批次反應PO4-P濃度變化61
圖4.8厭氧釋磷批次反應COD濃度與PHAs變化61
圖4.9好氧攝磷批次反應PO4-P濃度變化64
圖4.10好氧攝磷批次反應COD濃度與PHAs變化64
圖4.11低內部碳源,不添加外部碳源與磷酸鹽之脫硝反應特性71
圖4.12低內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽10mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性71
圖4.13低內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽45mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性72
圖4.14低內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽90mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性72
圖4.15低內部碳源,比較添加四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之硝酸鹽濃度變化73
圖4.16低內部碳源,比較添加不同磷酸鹽濃度磷酸鹽濃度變化73
圖4.17低內部碳源,未添加外部碳源且添加不同磷酸鹽濃度與比脫硝速率、比攝磷速率之關係74
圖4.18低內部碳源,添加外部碳源與但無添加磷酸鹽脫硝釋磷反應特性78
圖4.19低內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽10mg/L之脫硝釋磷反應特性78
圖4.20低內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽45mg/L之脫硝釋磷反應特性79
圖4.21低內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽90mg/L之脫硝釋磷反應特性79
圖4.22低內部碳源,比較添加外部碳源後四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之硝酸鹽濃度變化80
圖4.23低內部碳源,比較添加外部碳源後四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之磷酸鹽濃度變化80
圖4.24低內部碳源,添加外部碳源與不同磷酸鹽濃度與比脫硝率、比攝磷率之關係81
圖4.25低內部碳源,添加外部碳源與不同磷酸鹽濃度與比基質利用率、PHB累積量/消耗HAc莫耳比值之關係81
圖4.26高內部碳源,不添加外部碳源與磷酸鹽之脫硝反應特性86
圖4.27高內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽10mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性86
圖4.28高內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽45mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性87
圖4.29高內部碳源,不添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽90mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性87
圖4.30內部碳源高,比較不添加外部碳源與加入四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之硝酸鹽濃度變化88
圖4.31內部碳源高,比較不添加外部碳源與加入四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之磷酸鹽濃度變化88
圖4.32高內部碳源,未添加外部碳源且添加不同磷酸鹽濃度與比脫硝速率、比攝磷速率之關係89
圖4.33高內部碳源添加外部碳源但不添加磷酸鹽之脫硝反應特性94
圖4.34高內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽10mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性94
圖4.35高內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽45mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性95
圖4.36高內部碳源,添加外部碳源且加入磷酸鹽190mg/L之脫硝攝磷反應特性95
圖4.37內部碳源高,比較添加外部碳源與加入四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之硝酸鹽濃度變化96
圖4.38內部碳源高,比較添加外部碳源與加入四組不同磷酸鹽濃度之磷酸鹽濃度變化96
圖4.39高內部碳源,添加外部碳源與不同磷酸鹽濃度與比脫硝率、比攝磷率之關係97
圖4.40高內部碳源,添加外部碳源與不同磷酸鹽濃度與比基質利用率、PHB累積量/消耗HAc莫耳比值之關係97
圖4.41 SRT=10天TNCU-I與A2O程序經PCR倍增後電泳圖103
圖4.42 DGGE結果圖103
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蘇慧慈, 原位分子生物學技術, 徐氏基金會, 1996.
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