本研究主要目的在設計一套適合高中生的死亡教育課程，並探討此課程對學生死亡態度、憂鬱感及自我傷害行為之影響。本研究採準實驗研究法，受試者來自南投高中一年級兩個班級，共九十四名學生。一班為實驗組 (46人)，而另一班為控制組 (48人)。前測時對所有受試者進行「高中系列學業性向測驗」與「賴氏人格測驗」，以了解兩組學生在實驗處理前之差異。然後，實驗組學生由研究者進行九節課 (每節五十分鐘)的死亡教育課程。實驗研究期間，控制組學生不接受任何處理。後測及追蹤測驗以「死亡態度量表」、「鄭氏憂鬱量表」及「自我傷害行為篩選量表」評量。研究所得資料，以獨立樣本t考驗、單因子多變項共變數分析進行分析。
研究結果顯示，從實驗組學生回饋資料發現，皆從死亡教育課程得到有利的影響，支持本研究設計之死亡教育課程適合高中生所採用。其次，統計方面發現，死亡教育對學生死亡態度、憂鬱感以及自我傷害行為並無立即性影響。然而，八週後的追蹤測驗則發現，兩組學生在趨近導向的死亡接受、憂鬱感有顯著差異。此結果暗示死亡教育課程對學生具有持續性影響，可以成功增進學生趨近導向的死亡接受與減少憂鬱感。根據上述研究之發現，研究者提出具體建議作為未來研究者與死亡教育者之參考。

The purposes of this research were to design a death education course for high school students and to explore change in attitudes toward death, depression and self-destructive behaviors resulting from a death education program. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. The subjects were ninety-four high school juniors drawn from Nanton High School. One of the classes which composed the population constituted experimental group (N=46), and the other constituted the control group (N=48). The High School Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Lai-sh Personality Test were administered to all subjects before the experiment. Then the students of experimental group participated in a fifty-minute nine-session death education program conducted by this researcher ; and the control group did not receive any treatment during the study period. The instrument administered during pretesting and follow-up were the Death Attitude Scale, the Zung Depression Scale and the Self-destructive Behaviors Screening Scale. The t-test and one-way multi-analysis of covariance were used where appropriate.
The respondents from students of the experimental group indicated that they experienced a beneficial effect from participating in the course. Statistical analysis showed that the death education course had no immediate effects on the attitudes toward death, depression, and self-destructive behaviors of the students. However, a eight-week follow-up indicated that significant group differences were found for scores on approach-oriented death acceptance and depression, but not for self-destructive behaviors. The data suggest that the evaluated in follow-up study was successful in improving attitude toward death acceptance and decreasing the respondents'' depression. Based on the above mentioned information, the recommendations of this study provide a reference for future researchers and death educators.

致謝辭………………………………………………………….I
中文摘要……………………………………………………...II
英文摘要……………………………………………………..III
目錄…………………………………………………………...V
圖次………………………………………………………….VII
表次…………………………………………………………VIII
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………….1
第二節 研究問題與假設………………………………….5
第三節 名詞界定…………………………………………..8
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 死亡有關之模式…………………………………10
第二節 高中生死亡概念與死亡態度發展之特徵…….22
第三節 學校死亡教育課程之探討……………………..28
第四節 死亡教育課程對高中生之影響效果………….40
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究對象…………………………………………43
第二節 研究架構與設計………………………………...45
第三節 實驗處理…………………………………………47
第四節 研究工具…………………………………………52
第五節 實施程序……………………………….……….. 56
第六節 資料處理…………………………………….….. 57
第四章 結果與討論
第一節 死亡教育對高中生死亡態度、憂鬱感及自我
傷害行為之影響………………………………… 59
第二節 實驗組學生對死亡教育課程反應之分析……. 69
第三節 綜合討論………………………………………… 76
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 研究發現與結論…………………………………88
第二節 研究限制………………………………………….89
第三節 建議………………………………………………..90
參考文獻
中文部分……………………………………………………95
英文部分…………………………………………………...97
附 錄 次……………………………………………………..108

中文部分
石浮、連理譯 (民81)。走過悲傷。台北：業強。
巫珍宜 (民80)。青少年死亡態度之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
呂政達譯 (民87)。當所愛遠逝。張老師文化。
幸曼玲 (民80)。青年期的認知發展。在蔣建文、林美珍、程小危、林惠穎、幸曼玲、陳李稠、吳敏而、柯華葳、
陳淑美，發展心理學 (p.499-516)。台北：心理。
胡海國編譯 (民74)。發展心理學。台北：桂冠。
柯華葳 (民80)。青年期的人格發展與適應。在蔣建文、
林美珍、程小危、林惠穎、幸曼玲、陳李稠、吳敏而、
柯華葳、陳淑美，發展心理學 (p.537-562)。台北：心
理。
俞筱鈞、黃志成 (民73)。曾氏心理健康量表指導手冊。
台北：中國行為科學社。
許文耀 (民87)。自我傷害行為篩選量表使用手冊 。
許文耀、吳英璋、胡淑媛、翁嘉英 (民83)。自我傷害行為與身心健康的關係，中華輔導學報，2，160-179。
陳芳智譯 (民85)。生死大事。台北：遠流。
陳瑞珠 (民83)。台北市高中生的死亡態度、死亡教育態度及死亡教育需求之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教
育研究所碩士論文。
張淑美 (民85)。死亡學與死亡教育─國中生之死亡概念、死亡態度、死亡教育態度及其相關因素之研究。高雄：
復文。
張淑美(民86)。從兒童與青少年的死亡概念與態度談死亡教育與自殺防預。教育研究，5，33-40。
黃天中 (民81)。死亡教育概論─死亡教育課程設計之研究。台北：業強。
黃松元 (民77)。我國台灣地區中小學死亡教育課程之發展。衛生教育論文集刊，2，136-149。
黃堅厚、盧欽銘 (民75)。高中系列學業性向測驗指導手冊。台北：中國行為科學社。
劉文功編 (民83)。南投鄉土大系─民俗篇。南投：南投縣政府。
劉明松 (民86)。死亡教育對國中生死亡概念、死亡態度之影響。國立高雄師範大學研究所碩士論文。
臺灣省高中北一區輔導工作聯絡網譯 (民82)。校園自我傷害行為之防治。南投：台灣省政府教育廳。
鄭淑里 (民84 )。死亡教育課程對師院生死亡態度的影響。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
賴保禎 (民82)。賴氏人格測驗指導手冊。台北：心理。
鍾春櫻 (民81)。死亡教育對護專學生死亡態度之影響。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
羅皓誠 (民85)。高雄地區聯考生與自學方案生學校生活適應之比較研究。高雄醫學院行為科學研究所碩士論
文。
蘇完女 (民80)。死亡教育對國小中年級兒童死亡態度的影響。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
英文部分
Agatstein, F. (1980).Attitude change and death education : Aconsideration of goals. Death Education, 3, 323-332.
Attig, T. (1992). Person-centered death education. Death
Studies, 16, 357-370.
Auten, A. (1982, March). Why teach death education?
Journal of Reading, 602-605.
Bailis, L. A. & Kennedy, W. R. (1977). Effects of a death
education program upon secondary school students. Journal of Educational Research, 71 (2), 63-66.
Balk, D. E. & Corr, C. A. (1996).Adolescents development tasks and encounters with death and bereavement. In C. Corr & D. E. Balk (Eds), Handbook of adolescent death and bereavement (pp.1-24). New York : Springer.
Coffman, V. T. & Coffman, S. L. (1995-96). Behavioral
rehearsal : A way of talking about the dying process.
Omega, 32 (1), 63-76.
Corr, C. A. (1991-92). A task based approach to coping with dying. Omega, 24 (2), 81-94.
Corr, C. A. (1993). Coping with dying : Lessons that we
should and should not learn from the work of Elisabeth
Kubler-Ross. Death Studies, 17, 69-83.
Corr, C. A. , Nabe, C. M. & Corr, D. M. (1997). Death and dying, life and living. Washington, DC : International
Thomason.
Crase, D. (1979). Death education : accountability through scholarly inquiry. College Health, 27, 257-259.
Crase, D. (1989). Development opportunities for teachers of death education. Death Education, 62 (9), 387-390.
De Man, A. F. (1994). Correlates of suicide ideation in high school students : the importatce of depression. The
Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160 (1), 105-114.
Doka, K. J. (1995-96). Coping with life-threatening illness : a task model. Omega, 32 (2), 111-122.
Durlak, J. A. (1994). Changing death attitudes through death education.In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed), Death anxiety
Handbook: Research, instrumention, and application
(pp.243-260). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Durlak, J. A. & Riesenberg, L. A. (1991). The import of
death education. Death studies, 15, 39-58.
Eddy, J. M. & Duff, P. E. (1986). Should values clarification be a goal of death education? Death Studies, 10, 155-163.
Feifel, H. (1965). Attitudes toward death in some normal and mentally III populations. In H. Feifel (Ed) The meaning
of death, p.114-130. New York : MacGraw-Hill.
Fredlund, D. J. (1977, November). Children and death from the school setting viewpoint. Journal of School Health,
533-537.
Glass, J. C. (1991). Changing death anxiety through death education in the public school. Death Studies, 14, 31-52.
Glass, J. C. & Knott, E. S. (1984). Effectiveness of a lesson series on death and dying in changing adolescents'' death anxiety and attitudes toward older adults. Death
Education, 8, 299-313.
Gould, J. B. (1994). " A picture is worth a thousandwords" : a strategy for grief education. Death Edcuation, 18, 65-74.
Hart, E.J. (1976). Death education and mental health. Journal of School Health, 46 (7), 407-412.
Hayslip, B. , Galt, C. P. & Pinder, M. M. (1993-94). Effects of death education on conscious and unconscious death anxiety. Omega, 28 (2), 101-111.
Hetzel, S. , Winn, V. & Tolstoshev, H. (1991). Loss &
change: new directions in death education for adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 14, 323-334.
Heuser, L. (1995). Death education : A model of student-
Participatory learning. Death Studies, 19, 583-590.
Holcomb, L. E. , Neimeyer, R. A. & Moore, M. K. (1993).Personal meanings of death : a content analysis of free-response narratives. Death Studies, 17, 299-318.
Horacek, B. J. (1995). A heuristic model of grieving after
high-grief deaths. Death Studies, 19, 21-31.
Hutchison, T. D. & Scherman, A. (1992). Didactie and
experiential death and dying traing : impact upon death
anxiety. Death Studies, 16, 317- 330.
International Work Group on Death, dying and Bereavement (1992). Interantional work group on death, dying and bereavement : A statement of assumptions and principles concerning education about death, dying and
bereavement. Death Studies, 16, 59-65.
Irwin, H. J. & Melbin-Helberg, Z. B. (1992). Inhancement of death acceptance by a grief counseling course. Omega, 25 (1), 73-86.
Ita, D. J. (1995-96). Testing of a causal model: acceptance of death in hospice patiences. Omega, 32 (2), 81-92.
Kalish, R. A. (1985). Death, grief and caring relationships. Monterey, CA : Brooks / Cole.
Kastenbaum, R. (1992). The psychology of death. New
York : Springer.
Kastenbaum, R. (1993). Reconstructing death in postmodern Society. Omega, 27 (1), 75-89.
Kastenbaum, R. & Thuell, S. (1995). Cookies baking, coffee brewing : toward a contextual theory of dying. Omega,31 (3), 175-187.
Keith, P. M. (1996-97). Feelings of deprivation, death
Anxiety, and depressive symptoms among funeral directors.
Omega, 34 (2), 107-115.
Klatt, H. (1991). In search of a mature concept of death.
Death Studies, 15, 177-187.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1991). On death and dying. New York :
Macmillan.
Kurlychek, R.T. (1977). Death education: some
considerations of purpose and rationale. Educational
Gerontology, 2, 43-50.
Lester, D. (1990). The Collett-Lester fear of death Scale : the original version and a revision. Death Studies, 14, 451-
468.
Leviton, D. (1977). The scope of death education. Death
Education, 1,41-56.
Maglio, C. J. & Robinson, S. E. (1994). The effects of death education on death anxiety : A meta-analysis. Omega,
29(4), 319-335.
Mazza, J. J. & Reynolds, W. M. (1998). A longitudinal
investigation of depression, hopelessness, social support,
and major and minor life events and their relation to suicidal ideation in adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28 (4), 358-373.
McWhirter, J. J. & Kigin, T. J. (1987). Depression. In D.
Capuzzi & L. Golden (Eds), Preventing adolescent suicide. (pp.149-186). Muncie, Indiana : Accelerated.
Miller, J. M. & Rotatori, A. F. (1986). Death Education and the Educator. Springfield, Illionis : Charles & Thomas.
Morin S. M. & Welsh L. A. (1996). Adolescents'' perceptions and experiences of death and grieving. Adolescence, 31(123), 585-595.
Moss, N. L. (1995). An integrative modle of grief. Death
Studies, 19, 337-364..
Noppe, I. C. & Noppe, L. D. (1997). Evolving meanings of death during early, middle and later adolescence. Death
Studies, 21, 253-275.
Noppe, L. D. & Noppe, I. C. (1996). Ambiguity in adolescent understandings of death. In C. A. Corr & D. E. Balk (Eds), Handbook of adolescent death and bereavement
(pp. 25-41). New York : Springer.
Overholser, J. , Evans, S. & Spirito, A. (1990).Sex
differences and their relevance to primary prevention of
adolescent suicide. Death Studies,14, 391-402.
Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A. & Kennedy, R. E. (1991).
Adolescent depression : Why more girls ? Journal of
Youth and Adolescence,120 (2), 247-262.
Pine, V. R. (1986). The age of maturity for death education: A socio-historical protrait of the era 1976-1985. Death Studies, 10, 209-231.
Retsinas, J. (1988). Theoretical reassessment of the
applicability of Kubler-Ross''s stages of dying. Death
Studies, 12, 207-216.
Rodgers, B. L. & Cowles, K. V. (1991). The concept of
grief : an analysis of classical and contemporary thought.
Death Studies, 15, 443-458.
Rosenthal, N. R. (1983). Death education and suicide
potentiality. Death Education, 7, 39-51.
Rublee, D. A. & Yarber, W. L. (1983). Unstructional units of death education : the impact of amount of classroom time on changes in death attitudes. Journal of School Health, 53 (7), 412-415.
Schmitt, R. L. & Ellman, T. D. (1991-92). Devaluating death education through short-term suicide intervention
programs. Omega, 24 (3), 241-245.
Simpson, M. A. (1980). Studying death : problems of
methodology. Death Education, 4, 139-148.
Sheridan, A. M. (1974). Adolescent Suicide. NY :
International Universities.
Stevenson, R. G. & Stevenson E. P. (1996). Adolescents and education about death, dying and bereavement. In C. A.
Corr & D. E. Balk (Eds), Handbook of adolescent death
and bereavement (pp. 235-249).New York : Springer.
Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., Cohen, R. D., Roberts, E. R. & Kaplan, G. A. (1998). Religiosity buffers effects of
some stressors on depression but exacerbates others.
Journal of Gerontology : Social Sciences, 538 (3), 118-
126.
Tandy, R. E. & Sexton, J. (1985, March). A death education course survey. Health Education, 35-36.
Thornton, G. (1991). Assessment of small group discussions in a death-and-dying course. Death Studies, 15, 473-480.
Tomer, A. & Eliason, G. (1996). Toward a comprehensive
model of death anxiety. Death Studies, 20, 343-365.
Vickio, C. J. (1994).Lost and found :finding value in life
through imagining loss. Death studies, 18, 609-621.
Viney, L. L. (1991). The personal construct theory of death and loss : toward a more individually oriented grief
therapy. Death Studies, 15, 139-155.
Vries, B., Bluck, S. & Birren, J. E. (1993). The
understanding of death and dying in a life-span perspective. The Gerontologist, 33 (3), 366-372.
Warren, W. G. (1981).death education :An outline and some critical observations. British Journal of Educational
Studies, 14 (1), 29-41.
Warren, W. G. (1989). Death education and research critical perspectives. NY, London : Haworth.
Wass, H. (1995).Death in the lives of children and
adolescence. In H. Wass & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds), Dying :
Facing the facts (pp.269-301)Washington, DC : Taylor &
Francis.
Weeks, D. & Johnson, C. (1992). A second decade of high school death education. Death Studies, 16, 269-279.
Welch, I. D., Zawistoski, R. F. & Smart, D. W. (1991).
Encountering death : structured activities for death awareness. Muncie : Accelerated.
Wolowelsky, J. B. (1981). Death education in parochial high schools. Death Education, 5, 67-73.
Wong, P. T. P. & Reker, G. T. & Gesser, G. (1994). Death
attitude profile-revised : a multidimensional measure of
attitudes towards death. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed), Death
anxiety handbook: Research, instrumention, and application (pp.121-144). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Zinner, E. S. (1992). Setting standards : Certification efforts and considerations in the field of death and dying. Death Studies, 16, 67-77.