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The purpose of this study is by using cognitive style as a main factor and considering trait theory (cognitive style), leadership behavior theory(leadership style), and situational leadership theory to investigate the relationship between elementary school principals'' cognitive style and their leadership style. In addition, this study used the concept of Hersey and Blanchard''s Situational Leadership Theory as the foundation to investigate the relationship between principals'' leadership style and leadership effectiveness when teachers'' cognitive styles are considered as the situation. This study used literature analysis and questionnaire method. The samples of this study were 26 principals and 220 teachers from 26elementary schools in Hualien county area. Data were analyzed by normality test, Pearson product-moment correlation, one-way ANOVA and two-level hierarchical linear model (HLM). The conclusions were as follows: (1) Elementary school principals'' cognitive style fitted to normal distribution and was affected by principals'' age. (2) Elementary school teachers'' cognitive style didn''t fitted to normal distribution but was affected by school size. (3) The most possible leadership style of the principals in different situations was the "telling" style and the following styles were:"coaching", "participating" and "deligating" style. (4) Teachers'' consciousness of principals'' leadership style was affected by scchool size and school area. (5) Principals'' leadership effectiveness was most effective in the first development stage. (6) Different principals'' background variables didn''t affect the consciousness of principals'' leadership effectiveness. (7) A statistically significant relationship was found between elementary principals'' cognitive style and their leadership style. (8) A statistically significant negative relationship was found between elementary principals'' leadership style and their leadership effectiveness when teachers'' cognitive styles are considered as the situation.
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