臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人類使用語言為一種表達思想的工具，在自然語言中一字多意的現象是很普遍的。本文試圖藉由觀察分析「上」和「下」兩個多意詞的相關現象，說明以認知觀點出發分析多意詞的重要性。特別是「上」和「下」兩個詞素的使用跨方位詞、動詞、動後補語等句法位置，以及「上」和「下」的語意既有表空間概念也有表非空間概念，其間語意相關性的串聯亦說明語言分析須以認知為基礎。
本文採用的理論架構主要是概念結構(Jackendoff 1983, 1990)，研究方法是將有關「上」和「下」的表層結構分解成有限語意要素，對於表移動等相關語意的詞組，進而假設出概念結構，觀察概念結構是如何經由對應關係轉換成句法結構；至於表空間關係的方位用法，則以圖像模組來表示物理空間如何轉成認知圖像，進而提供表方位的概念結構中的訊息，使得「上」和「下」產生不同的語意。
主控多意詞「上」和「下」語意延伸的機制則有組合性、比喻、換喻、根據語境或外在世界知識所做的推論，而它們的基本義及延伸出來的語意則形成一個輻射範疇。在語意延伸的探討中，我們也發現「上」和「下」有語法化的現象，這些語意延伸和語法化的現象都和「上」和「下」為人類基本認知能力有關。

Human beings use language to express their thoughts and ideas. Polysemy, i.e. a property that a linguistic form has more than one meaning, is common in a natural language system. This thesis attempts to furnish a cognitive perspective toward lexical semantics by the observations and analyses of related issues concerning shang (上) and xia (下). Polysemous words shang and xia can be used not only as locative words, but also as main verbs and verbal complements, and sense extension occurs ranging from spatial domain to non-spatial domain. The network of these related senses also attests to cognition as the foundation of linguistic analysis.
The methodology adopted in this thesis is conceptual structure approach (Jackedoff 1983, 1990). The surface expressions concerning shang and xia are decomposed into a set of finite semantic elements, and the mapping from conceptual structures to surface forms are made possible by lexicalization patterns. Expressions of locative meaning are represented by image-schema in order to illustrate how we transform spatial configuration in physical world into linguistic forms.
The mechanisms involved in sense extension are the notion of compositionality, metaphor, metonymy and inference from context or real world knowledge. The basic sense and extended senses form a radial structure category. Meanwhile, we also find that shang and xia are in the process of grammaticalization. Both sense extension and grammaticalization are motivated by the fact that vertical spatial notion is human beings' basic cognitive ability.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Preliminaries 5
2.1 Polysemy 5
2.2 Form, Thought, Reality and Meaning 6
2.2.1 Form and Meaning 6
2.2.2 Form, Thought and Reality 8
2.3 Conceptual Structure and Its Mapping to Surface Structure 9
2.4 Approaches to the Setting Up of Conceptual Structures 10
2.4.1 Decomposition 11
2.4.2 Lexicalization 11
2.4.3 Mapping between Linguistic Levels 13
2.4.3.1 Conceptual Structure, Syntactic Structure and Their Correspondence13
2.4.3.2 Non-one-to-one Correspondence 14
2.4.3.3 Profiling and Shadowing 15
2.5 Mechanisms of Sense Extension 16
2.5.1 Effect of Semantic Type and Generative Lexicon 16
2.5.2 Metaphor 18
2.5.3 Metonymy 19
2.6 Construction Grammar 19
2.6.1 Compositionality 20
2.6.2 Construction 20
2.7 Models of Categorization Related to Lexical Analysis and Polysemy21
2.7.1 Prototype Model 22
2.7.2 Family Resemblance Model 22
2.7.3 Radial Model 23
Chapter 3 Previous Studies of 'Shang' and 'Xia': An overview 24
3.1 General Classification of Locative Words- Shang And Xia 24
3.2 Comment on Previous Descriptive Studies of Shang and Xia 25
3.3 Postverbal Complement: Liu's Analysis 28
3.4 Restrictions of Liu's Analysis 31
Chapter 4 Shang and Xia as Verbs and Verbal Complements 33
4.1 Shang 33
4.1.1 Directional meaning (I) 33
4.1.2 Directional Meaning (II) 38
4.1.3 Causativity Imposed Construction 41
4.1.4 Grammaticalized Non-directional Causative Construction 45
4.1.5 The Grammaticalized Shang Denoting Aspectuality 46
4.2 Xia 49
4.2.1 Directional meaning 49
4.2.2 Directional Meaning (II) 54
4.2.3 Xia in Causative Constructions 55
4.2.4 Causative Constructions with the Grammaticalized Xia 58
Chapter 5 The Locative Meaning of Shang and Xia 67
5.1 The Way of Coding and Lexicalization of Locative Words in Mandarin68
5.2 Restrictions of Enumerative Sense Classification and the Effects of Nominals71
5.3 Schematic Analysis for Localizers 74
5.3.1 Shang 74
5.3.1.1 The Basic Schema 74
5.3.1.2 The Parameter of Rotated Schema 76
5.3.1.3 The Parameter of Conventionalized Conceptualization 77
5.3.2 Xia 80
5.3.2.1 The Basic Schema 80
5.3.2.2 The Parameter of Reference Object and Its Relation to Target Object81
5.3.2.3 The Parameter of Conventionalized Conceptualization 83
5.4 The Influence of the Semantics of Co-occurring Verbs and Constructions84
5.4.1 The Specification of the Meaning of Localizers By the Semantics of the Verbs84
5.4.2 The Compelling Effect of the Semantics of the Verb 85
5.4.3 The Selection of the Constructions Compatible with the Schema 85
Chapter 6 Related Issues 89
6.1 Cognition of Space 89
6.2 Mechanisms of Sense Extension 90
6.2.1 Metaphor 91
6.2.2 Metonymy 99
6.2.3 A Radial Model Account for the Sense Extension of Shang and Xia100
6.3 Grammatical Issues 104
6.3.1 Aspectuality 104
6.3.2 Grammaticalization 107
6.4 Interaction Between Morphology And Syntax 110
6.4.1Compound Word vs. Phrasal Constituent 110
6.4.2 Argument Structure 112
6.5 Composition and Construction 114
6.5.1 Composition 114
6.5.2 Constructional Meaning Involving Shang 116
6.5.3 Special Constructions Involving Xia 119
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Further Questions 122
References 127

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