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研究生:王淑姿
研究生(外文):ShuTzu Wang
論文名稱:空氣污染氟化物為害植物之分佈及指標植物之研究
論文名稱(外文):Studies on Distribution of Fluoride-injured vegetation and Indicator Plants of Fluoride
指導教授:孫岩章孫岩章引用關係
指導教授(外文):EnJang Sun
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:植物病理學研究所
學門:農業科學學門
學類:植物保護學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:1999
畢業學年度:87
語文別:中文
論文頁數:83
中文關鍵詞:空氣污染
外文關鍵詞:air pollution
相關次數:
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中 文 摘 要
  空氣污染物中,氟化物為對植物的毒性最強的一種污染物。氟化物對農林業引起的損失日益受注意,為於二次大戰後,使用氟化物為原料的重要工業大幅地擴增起。而其對植物的為害為不可逆之反應,同時具有累積的特性。在台灣,對植物發生為害的氟化物污染源多為磚瓦廠、陶瓷工廠與磷肥工廠。又因,許多房屋的建才必須用到大量的磚及瓦製品,因而磚瓦廠成為台灣最主要的氟化物排放源。而台灣磚瓦廠大部份位於新竹、苗栗、彰化與高雄。而其於磚瓦的製程中如冰晶石、螢石及黏土之原料,經高熱後即排放HF和SiF4於大氣中為害植物。同一種植物於長時間所累積的氟含量與離污染源的距離與季風有密切的關係。
此研究目地為1)調查離污染源不同距離之植物體氟化物累積含量。2)利用相蕉及相思樹體內氟含量畫出當地受氟化物為害之範圍。3)利用具熏氣設備的人工產氣熏氣系統試驗植物的病徵及dose-response。
藉由廣域性的採樣並測量同一種植物體內氟化物含量,可藉由Surfer軟體繪出等氟含量曲線(Isofluore map) ,由此些氟污染分佈圖可供了解污染與受害區的關係,並供評估污染範圍及為害程度。本研究發現1997年鶯歌地區香蕉等濃度曲線,十分吻合口述論點,而此一污染區之污染面積超過20×14平方公里。而由同地區相思樹等濃度曲線圖,亦顯示相似的結果,為其污染源污染範圍應為32×64平方公里。而此一地區污染最嚴重的地方應為污染源西南方4~4.5公里的地方。但在1999年之等氟濃度調查則顯示污染中心與污染源相接近,可能與氣象條件不同有關。而1998年在彰化花壇地區之調查研究則發現污染中心與污染源邊離5.9公里。
  由植物體不同部位葉片病部,葉片健部,枝條,花,果實氟含量之分析可知,植物體氟化物含量多以葉片病部最高,以後依次為,葉片健部,枝條,花,果實。但香蕉葉片甚大,其葉片以基部者高於尖部,顯示與淋洗可能有關。之氟含量有越往基部氟化物累積含量越高的趨勢。
  在氟污染指標植物人工熏氣驗證方面,發現香蕉與相思樹有相似的臨界劑量,極為38ppb×28 小時。而唐菖蒲則遠較此二者為敏感。但唐菖蒲在田間分佈太少,故無法成為氟污染分佈調查的良好植物,相對的香蕉與相思樹則因田間分佈普遍,而具有田間調查評估污染區之價值。

English Summary
Fluoride is the most phytotoxic of the common air pollutants. The losses to agriculture and forestry from fluoride have been greatly noticed since the second world war with the vast expansions of industries that are major users of materials high in fluoride. The Fluorides-mitting industrial sources are mostly brick factory, ceramic factory and phosphate fertilizer factory in Taiwan. However brick factory is the most important Fluorides-emitting sources in Taiwan, because a large amount of bricks and tiles are utilized in the construction of houses. In Taiwan the brick factories are mostly located Hsinchu, Miaoli, Changhua and Kaohsiung. The materials included cryolite and clays are heated to high temperatures during processing of bricks and tiles, fluoride such as HF and SiF4 , are emitted and cause damage to crops. The fluoride concentration that accumulated in the same plant in a long term was closely related with the distances from the pollution source and a seasonal wind.
The purposes in this study were 1) investigated degree of fluoride concentration in plants that were variant distances from pollution source. 2) drew the damaged rang of fluoride that used bananas and acacias in an area. 3) examined the symptoms and dose-response of different plants that were caused by HF produced by production and fumigation system with CSTRs.
From the fluoride content in banana and Taiwan acacia collected in large area in Ying Ko, Taipei, the isofluor maps were drawn by surfer software. The fluoride distribution in affected areas and in vegetation was analyzed to illustrate the relationship between pollution source and affected areas. The affected areas in Ying Ko area in 1997 according to the isofluor map of banana leaves was over 32×64Km2. The most severely affected area was at a distances of 4~4.5Km south western from ht suspect ceramic factory. The 1999 isofluor map in Ying Ko area, However, showed that the most severely affected area was very close to the pollution source. The difference between 1997 and 1999 was supposed to be caused by different meteorological factors. In 1998, the isofluor map was analyzed at Huatan area of Changhwa country. The results showed that the most severly affected area was located at a distance of about 5.9Km southeastern away from the source area.
The fluoride different a pottions of showed that the highest concentration existed usually at the diseased leaf portion, followed in decreasing order by healthy base; branches flowers, and fruits. For the very large leaf of banana, the fluoride contents in diseased portion at basal section were high than those at the tip portion ,indicating the effect of leaching. Bananas and acacia trees were exposed to 38ppb HF for 7hrs×4days, that proved to be the threshold dose of these two plants. The 4 gladiolus varieties, however, showed much higher sensitivty to fluoride. The limited abundance of gladiolus limited the usefulness of gladiolus as a field indication plant in Taiwan, whereas, the banana and Taiwan acacia are usually widely grown, and are suitably for use as field indicator as in this report, although they are the second highest sensitive species toward the fluoride.

目錄
前言---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
前人研究---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
材料與方法------------------------------------------------------------------25
一、 植物樣品之採集與處理-----------------------------------25
二、 植物組織氟含量之分析方法-----------------------------25
三、 台北縣鶯歌地區植物體內氟含量及其分佈-----------26
四、 利用田間指標植物之氟含量等濃度曲線分析氟化物污染
範圍----------------------------------------------------------27
五、 彰化花壇地區香蕉植物體氟化物之累積量及其分佈調查
---------------------------------------------------------------27
六、 指標植物之人工熏氣驗證-------------------------------27
(一) 人工產氣與熏氣設備--------------------------------27
(二) 供試植物及其栽種方法-----------------------------28
結果--------------------------------------------------------------------------36
一、台北縣鶯歌地區植物體內氟含量及其分佈---------------36
二、香蕉葉片不同部位氟含量之分析調查--------------------38
三、利用田間指標植物之氟含量等濃度曲線分析氟化物污染
範圍--------------------------------------------------------------39
(一) 台北鶯歌地區香蕉氟化物等濃度曲線圖--------39
(二) 台北鶯歌地區相思樹氟化物等濃度曲線圖-----47
(三) 彰化花壇地區香蕉植物體氟化物之累積量與累積範圍-------------------------------------------------------53
四、指標植物人工熏氣驗證結果----------------------------------57
(一) 香蕉氫氟酸熏氣病徵------------------------------------57
(二) 香思樹氫氟酸熏氣病徵---------------------------------59
(三) 唐菖蒲氫氟酸熏氣病徵---------------------------------60
討論------------------------------------------------------------------------64
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------67
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------70
文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------71

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